Musulunci a Mali
Islam of an area (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Islam on the Earth (en) da Addini a Mali
Facet of (en)	Mali
Ƙasa	Mali

Musulunci yana da matukar muhimmanci ga al'adun gargajiya na Mali. Musulmai a halin yanzu sun kai kusan kashi 95 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Mali. Yawancin Musulmai a Mali sune Malikite Sunni, waɗanda suka rinjayi Sufism.^[1] Hakanan rassan Ahmadiyya da Shia suna nan.^[2]

Musulunci ya kasance a Yammacin Afirka sama da shekara dubu, kuma Mali ta kasance cibiyar daular Musulunci daban-daban, kamar Daular Ghana da Daular Songhai. Mali ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma yanzu tana bin tsarin Faransanci wanda gwamnati ba ta shiga tsakani a cikin al'amuran addini.^[3]

Musulunci kamar yadda ake yi a kasar har zuwa kwanan nan an ruwaito cewa yana da ɗan haƙuri kuma ya dace da yanayin yankin. Mata sun shiga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki da siyasa, sun shiga cikin hulɗar zamantakewa, kuma gabaɗaya ba sa sutura. Musulunci a Mali ya shawo kan abubuwa masu ban mamaki, girmama kakanninmu da Addinin gargajiya na Afirka wanda har yanzu yana bunƙasa. Al'amuran da yawa na al'ummar gargajiya ta Mali suna ƙarfafa ka'idojin da suka dace da zama ɗan ƙasa na dimokuradiyya, gami da haƙuri, amincewa, jam'iyya, rabuwa da iko da lissafin shugaban ga wanda ake mulki.

An sami karuwar fassarar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Islama a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a Arewacin Mali inda kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yi niyya ga' yan tsiraru na addini da tashin hankali. Duk da wannan karuwar, shugabannin Musulmai da yawa sun yi jayayya da tilasta dokar Shari'a. Masu wa'azi na Kirista ba su lura da nuna bambanci ga Kiristoci ko wasu 'yan tsiraru a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ba, kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnati ta ci gaba da bin ka'idojin kundin tsarin mulki don bi da dukkan addinai daidai.^[4]

A cikin karni na 9, 'yan kasuwa Musulmi Berber da Tuareg sun taimaka wajen yada addinin Islama a yankin, tare da wadanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Sufi (tariqah) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Juyowa zuwa Islama ta haɗa savannah na Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar gaskatawa da Allah ɗaya da irin waɗannan sababbin siffofin siyasa, zamantakewa da fasahar fasaha. Biranen da suka hada da Timbuktu, Gao da Kano nan da nan sun zama cibiyoyin duniya na ilmantarwa na Islama.

Mafi mahimmancin sarakunan Mali shine Mansa Musa (1312-1337), wanda ya fadada tasirin Mali a kan manyan biranen Nijar na Timbuktu, Gao, da Djenné. Mansa Musa Musulmi ne mai ibada wanda aka ruwaito cewa ya gina manyan masallatai daban-daban a duk faɗin tasirin Mali; aikin hajji mai cike da zinariya zuwa Makka ya sanya shi sanannen mutum a cikin tarihin tarihi.

Dangantaka tsakanin mafi yawan Musulmai da Kirista da sauran 'yan tsiraru na addini - gami da masu bin Addinin gargajiya na Afirka an ruwaito su da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa kwanan nan, kodayake akwai lokuta da yawa na rashin kwanciyar hankali da tashin hankali a baya. Ya zama ruwan dare a sami masu bin addinai daban-daban a cikin iyali ɗaya. Yawancin mabiyan addini ɗaya galibi suna halartar bukukuwan addini na wasu addinai, musamman bukukuwan aure, baftisma, da jana'iza.

Tun lokacin da aka ɗora mulkin Shari'a a sassan arewacin ƙasar a cikin 2012, tsananta wa Kiristoci a arewa ya karu sosai kuma Missionaries of Open Doors wanda ke buga ƙididdigar tsanantawa ta Kirista ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai tsanani; Mali ya bayyana a matsayin lamba 7 a cikin jerin ƙididdigat na 2013.^[5]

Aiwatar da Shari'a a arewacin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tawaye ya haɗa da haramta kiɗa, yanke hannaye ko ƙafafun ɓarayi, jajjefe masu zina, da bulala jama'a ga masu shan sigari, masu shan barasa, da mata marasa ado. Shafukan Musulunci da yawa a Mali sun lalace ko lalace ta hanyar masu fafutuka da ke da alaƙa da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Al Qaeda waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa shafuka suna wakiltar "bautar gumaka".

Wasu masu wa'azin Islama na kasashen waje suna aiki a arewacin kasar, yayin da masallatai da ke da alaƙa da Dawa (ƙungiyar Islama) suna cikin Kidal, Mopti, da Bamako. Kungiyar Dawa ta sami mabiya daga cikin Bellah, waɗanda suka kasance bayi na manyan Tuareg, da kuma tsakanin matasa marasa aikin yi. Sha'awar da waɗannan kungiyoyin ke da ita a Dawa ya dogara ne akan sha'awar raba kansu da tsoffin iyayensu, da kuma neman hanyar samun kudin shiga. Ƙungiyar Dawa tana da tasiri sosai a Kidal, yayin da aka ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar Wahabi tana ci gaba da girma a Timbuktu. Hanyar gargajiya ta kasar ga Islama tana da matsakaici, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce daga tsohuwar Jami'ar Timbuktu.

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, rikici ya ɓarke a ƙauyen Yerere a Yammacin Mali lokacin da masu aikin Sunni na gargajiya suka kai hari ga Wahhabi Sunnis, waɗanda ke gina masallaci mai izini.^[6]

Ƙungiyoyin mishan Kirista na ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a Turai sun shiga cikin aikin ci gaba, da farko samar da kiwon lafiya da ilimi.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini kuma bai ba da izinin kowane nau'i na nuna bambanci na addini ko rashin haƙuri daga gwamnati ko mutane ba. Babu addinin jihar kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana kasar a matsayin kasa mai zaman kanta kuma yana ba da damar ayyukan addini waɗanda ba sa haifar da barazana ga zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya.^[1]

Gwamnati tana buƙatar duk ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da ƙungiyoyin addini, su yi rajista tare da gwamnati. Koyaya, rajista ba ya ba da fifiko na haraji kuma babu wasu fa'idodi na doka, kuma rashin yin rajista ba a hukunta shi a aikace. Ba a buƙatar addinan gargajiya na asali don yin rajista.^[1]

Ƙungiyoyin mishan na ƙasashen waje da yawa suna aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. Dukkanin Musulmai da wadanda ba Musulmai ba an ba su damar juyar da mutane kyauta.

Dokar iyali, gami da dokokin da suka shafi saki, aure, da gado, sun dogara ne akan cakuda al'adun yankin da dokar Musulunci da aiki.

A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a watan Afrilu da Mayu na shekara ta 2002, Gwamnati da jam'iyyun siyasa sun jaddada rashin addini na jihar. Bayan 'yan kwanaki kafin zaben, wani shugaban Islama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya yi kira ga Musulmai da su zabi tsohon Firayim Minista Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Babban Majalisar Islama, babbar kungiyar Islama a kasar, ta soki sanarwar sosai kuma ta tunatar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa su zabi dan takarar da suka zaɓa.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2002, an kirkiro Babban Majalisar don daidaita al'amuran addini ga dukan al'ummar musulmi da daidaita ingancin wa'azi a masallatai. Dukkanin kungiyoyin Musulmai a kasar a halin yanzu sun amince da ikonta.

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance da alhakin wasu ayyukan da ba su dace ba a Mali, musamman abin da aka ba da laƙabi game da Yaƙin Gao, inda ƙungiyar masu tsattsa ra'ayi ta Islama, Ansar Dine ta fara lalata wurare daban-daban na Tarihin Duniya na Musulmi. Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan shine mausoleum na Islama na Sidi Mahmoud Ben Amar da kuma a cikin mausoleums a kusa da babban birnin, gami da na Sidi Yahya, 'yan ta'adda sun shiga kuma sun lalata kaburbura na Musulmai.

Garuruwa da yawa a Mali suna fama da aiwatar da fassarar ƙungiyarsu game da dokar Shari'a, wanda aka hana al'adun Afirka da jin daɗi da yawa. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan a cikin The Guardian ya bayyana cewa kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun haramta kiɗa a wasu yankuna kuma an san su da juya ba tare da saninsa ba a ƙauyuka, dauke da makamai, don ƙone kayan kiɗa da kayan kiɗa a kan wuta. An yi wa wani mai kunna guitar barazanar cewa za a yanke yatsunsa idan ya sake nuna fuskarsa a wani gari.^[7]A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2017, an jajjefe wani mutum da wata mace saboda rayuwa a matsayin aure ba tare da yin aure ba. A cewar jami'ai, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fara haƙa ramuka biyu, ɗaya ga namiji ɗayan kuma ga mace, sannan aka binne ma'auratan har zuwa wuyansu sannan masu tsattasuran ra'ayinsu huɗu suka fara jefa duwatsu a kansu kuma suka ci gaba da jefawa har sai sun mutu daga raunukan su. An gayyaci jama'a su shiga cikin wannan dutse. An zargi ma'auratan da keta dokar Islama ta hanyar zama tare ba tare da aure ba.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} "International Religious Freedom Report 2015 - Mali". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "usdepstate" defined multiple times with different content
2. ↑ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
3. ↑ Lebovich, Andrew (1 November 2019). "Sacred struggles: How Islam shapes politics in Mali – European Council on Foreign Relations". ECFR.
4. ↑ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mali". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
5. ↑ "OPEN DOORS World Watch list 2012". Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
6. ↑ "Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor - Mali". US Department of State. 2006-03-08. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GUAR