Wɔ adwene ne nneyɔeɛ ho nimdeɛ anaa nhwehwɛmu(ite Self Psychology) mu no, onipa biara wɔ adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho. Adwene a obi nya wɔ ne ho yɛ gyidie ahodoɔ a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛfa ne ho.^[1][2] Mpɛn pii no, onipa biara firi aseɛ dwene adwene a ɔwɔ fa ne ho berɛ a ɔfiri aseɛ bisa ne ho asɛmmisa a ɛne "Meyɛ hwan?".^[3]

Nsonsoneɛ da obi ankasa adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho (self awearness) ne obi nimdeɛ a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho (self knowledge) ntam, a ɛyɛ baabi a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ obi ankasa ho nimdeɛ mu, ɛkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ, na mprempren yi, wɔde di dwuma wɔ ne suban ne ne su ahodoɔ ho. Nsonsonoeɛ da obi adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho ne gyidie a ɔwɔ wɔ ne mu ntam. [1] Obi adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ n'ankasa ho no yɛ sedeɛ n'adwene mu no ɔsi hu ne ho fa (self esteem). (Sɛ ebia "metumi tu mmirika ntɛmnyɛm"), ɛna gyidie a obi wɔ wɔ n'ankasa mu no nso yɛ biribi te sɛ adwenkyerɛ (sɛ ebia "ɛyɛ me anigye sɛ metumi mirika ntɛnmtɛm").

obi ankasa ho adwene yɛ nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ, na ɛne obuo a ɔwɔ ma ne ho, ne ho nimdeɛ, ne asetena mu nipa su di nkitaho de hyehyɛ nipa su no nyinaa. Ɛka nea atwam, mprempren, ne daakye Boadi ho, baabi a daakye nipasu (anaasɛ nea ebetumi aba) gyina hɔ ma ankorankoro adwene wɔ nea ebia wɔbɛyɛ, nea wɔbɛpɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ, anaa nea wosuro sɛ wɔbɛyɛ ho. Ankasa a ebetumi aba no betumi ayɛ adwuma sɛ nea ɛkanyan nneyɛe bi.^[4]

Adwene a nkurɔfo wɔ wɔ wɔn kan anaa daakye nipa su ho no fa adwene a wɔwɔ wɔ wɔn mprempren nipasu ho no ho. Nhwehwɛmu nsusuiɛ ^[5] kyerɛ sɛ nkurɔfo wɔ su a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so akura wɔn ho nhwehwɛmu pa mu denam wɔn ho a wɔbɛtwe afi wɔn nipasu a enye no ho na wɔde wɔn adwene asi wɔn nipasu pa no so kɛse no so. Bio nso, nkurɔfo wɔ su a ɛma wohu wɔn ho a atwam no yiye (sɛ ebi a "Meyɛ papa sen kan no") ne daakye nipasu yie.^[6]

Adwene ne nneyɔeɛ ho animdefoɔ ne nhwehwɛmufoɔ (Psychology) Carl Rogers ne Abraham Maslow nyaa nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ sɛnea nnipa dwen a ɛne sɛ obi susu ne ho no gyee din wɔ atɔeɛ fam no mu. Wɔ Rogers nhwehwɛmu no, obiara bɔ mmɔden sɛ obedu “nipa a ɔfata” ho

^[7][8]

Na ɔgye di sɛ obi nya kwan ma ne ho yɛ nokware bere a wɔda no adi kyerɛ ne ho sɛ otumi du ne botae ne n’akɔnnɔ ahorow ho no, nanso sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obenya nea obetumi ayɛ nyinaa no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtetee onipa no wɔ mmeae a ahoɔden wom a ɛyɛ "nokware, gye a wogye tom, ne tema", nanso, abusuabɔ a enni hɔ a ɔne nnipa a wɔwɔ nipasu pa nni no bɛma onipa no anyin "te sɛ dua a owia hann ne nsu nni mu" na aka onipa no kwan sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi ayɛ wɔn ho ankasa. Rogers nso susuwii sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ adwene mu apɔwmuden de nsiyɛ twe wɔn ho fi dwumadi ahorow a afoforo akwanhwɛ de ba no ho, na mmom wɔhwehwɛ wɔn mu hwehwɛ sɛ wogye tom. Ɔkwan foforo so no, nnipa a wɔnntini mu yɛ den no wɔ "wɔn ho adwene a ɛne wɔn suahu ahorow nhyia. Wosuro sɛ wobegye wɔn ankasa osuahu atom sɛ ɛfata, enti wɔkyinkyim no, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho ban anaasɛ wobenya afoforo anim dom.

Sɛnea Carl Rogers ne Abraham Marslow kyerɛ no, obi nimdeɛ a ɔwɔ wɔ ɔno ankasa ne ho no wɔ nkyekyɛmu mmeɛnsa.^[9]

.Sɛdeɛ n'ankasa hu ne ho

.Gyidie a ɔwɔ wɔ n'ankasa mu.

.Nipa su a anka ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ

Adwene a obi wɔ fa ne ho no dwumadie gyina nhwehwɛmu a obi yɛ fa ne ho so.^[10] Wobetumi asusu nsakraeɛ a ɛba wɔ adwene a obi susuw wɔ ne ho bere a obi bisa no asɛmmisa a ɛne "Woyɛ hena?".^[11] Mpɛn pii no bere a wɔresusuw nsakrae a ɛba wɔ adwene a obi wɔ wɔ ne ho a wɔhwehwɛ mu no no ho, sɛ́ ebia obi wɔ ne ho adwene pa anaa bɔne no, w'ɔdwen nea afoforo susuw mmom wɔ wɔn ho sen sɛ wobesusu wɔn ankasa ho.^[11]

Obi ankasa ho adwene, ne ho nimdeɛ, obu a ɔwɔ ma ne ho, ne asetena mu nipa su ɔyɛ no ɛkyerɛkyerɛ ne ho.

Ankasa ho adwene yɛ emu nhwɛsoɔ a ɛde ne ho nhwehwɛmu di dwuma sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛkyerɛkyerɛ obi ankasa nhyehyɛɛ mu. Wobetumi asusuw nsakrae a ɛba ankasa ho adwene mu denam ankasa amanneɛbɔ a ɛba ara kwa a asɛmmisa te sɛ "Woyɛ hena?" Mpɛn pii no sɛ wɔresusuw nsakrae a ɛba ankasa ho nhwehwɛmu mu a, sɛ́ ebia obi wɔ adwene pa anaa bɔne wɔ ne ho no, wɔsusuw mmom sen sɛ wɔbɛsusuw ne ho.

Wɔsɔ nneɛma te sɛ nipasu, ahokokwaw ne tumi, adwuma ne anigyede, nipadua mu su, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, ne nea ɛkeka ho hwɛ na wɔde di dwuma wɔ ankasa nhyehyɛe ahorow mu, a ɛyɛ obi ho adwene wɔ ɔfa pɔtee bi mu (e.g., obi a obu ne ho sɛ geek de su horow a "te sɛ geek" bɛbata ne ho). Ankasa nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano na ɛyɛ ne ho adwene nyinaa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, asɛm "Meyɛ ɔkwasea" yɛ ankasa nhwehwɛmu a ɛboa ma wonya wɔn ho adwene. Nanso, nsɛm te sɛ "Mabrɛ" no renyɛ obi ankasa adwene fa, efisɛ ɔbrɛ yɛ bere tiaa mu tebea ma enti entumi nyɛ ne ho nhyehyɛe fa. Ebia obi adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho no bɛsakra bere a bere kɔ so no, wɔsan susuw ne ho no, na wɔ tebea horow a emu yɛ den mu n

Nsusuwii ahorow a ɛkyerɛ adwene a onipa wɔ fa ne ho no afa ahodoɔ bi ne;

• Ne ho mfonini Adwene a obi wɔ wɔ ne ho^[7][8]
• Wo ho a wobu no Sɛnea wubu wo ho sɛ ɛsom bo^[7][8]
• Nea wopɛ sɛ woyɛ^[7][8]
• Asetena mu nipa su Onipa no fa a emufo a wɔwɔ asetena mu akuw mu na wɔkyerɛ^[12][13]

Nhwehwɛmufo gye akyinnye wɔ bere a onipa biara fi ase tete adwene a ɔwɔ fa ne ho. Ebinom ka sɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea su ho adwen a ɛnteɛ ne akwanhwɛ ahoro a awofo de si hɔ ma wɔn mma na ɛkyerɛ mmofra adwene a wɔwɔ wɔn ho na efi ase bere a wɔadi bɛyɛ afe abiesa.^[14] Bere a onipa renyin no, wɔ mmofra mu no adwene a wɔwɔ fa wɔn ho no yɛ nea ɛtrɛw yiye, mpɛn pii no wofi ase de nsɛmfua tesɛ kɛse anaa fɛ de ka wɔn ho asɛm kyerɛ afoforo.^[14][15] Afoforo susuw sɛ adwene a nnipa wɔ fa wɔn ho no fi ase akyiri koraa bere a wɔre fi ase tetew wɔn ahosodie.

Saa bere yi de, mmofra tumi fi ase te tebea a wɔwɔ mu ase ne nneɛma a wɔn tumi boa wɔn ma wotumi yɛ ase. Afei nso wotie nsɛm a nkurɔfo ka fa wɔn ho a efi atipɛnfo, akyerɛkyerɛfo, ne abusua hɔ na wɔasusuw ho nso.^[1]

Adwene a obi wɔ wɔ ne ho no betumi ɛkanyan no. Eyi ne nneɛma a ebetumi akanyan obi no mu anan a ne adwene a obi wɔ fa ne ho no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse:^[16]

• Adwene a onipa wɔ fa ne ho mu nhwehwɛmu: ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wobenya nsɛm a ɛfa ankasa ho a ɛyɛ nokware
• Wo ho a wobɛma anya nkɔso: ɔpɛ a wɔwɔ sɛ wobenya nsɛm a wɔka a ɛma wohu su pa a wowɔ ne su ahorow a wowɔ a ɛma nnipa ani gye wo ho.
• Ankasa ho adansedi: ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ obesi nea obi nim dedaw fa ne ho no so dua
• Wo ho a wobɛma atu mpɔn: ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ wubesua nneɛma a ɛbɛboa ma wo ho atu mpɔn

Wiase adwene a obi kura wɔ ne ho a ɔde totow afoforo ho no gu ahorow wɔ amammerɛ ahorow mu. Amammerɛ ahorow nso nya adwene a obi wɔ wɔ ne ho so nkɛntɛn so.

Afie nso, mmara ahorow a atwa onipa ho ahyia no nya adwene a ɔwɔ wɔ ne ho ne n'adwene so nkɛntɛn so.^[17] Sɛ obi tumi kyerɛkyerɛ n'ammamerɛ mmara mu ne sɛnea ode di dwuma wɔ n'abrabɔ mu a saa nnipa ko yi tumi susuw papa m ne ho na eyi ma onya adwene papa wɔ ne ho.^[17]

Sedeɛ Obi Adwene a Ɔwɔ Wɔ He Ho No Boa Ɔne Afoforɔ Nkitahodie

ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam nsɛm mu no, ebinom ka sɛ, mmaayewa taa pɛ sɛ wɔnne ankorankorɛ nya nkitahodie, na mmom mmarimaa pɛ akuo akuo dwumadie ahodoɔ.^[18] Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ, ɛrekame ayɛ sɛ mmarimaa yɛ adwuma yie mmɔho mmienu wɔ akuo mu sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma baanu baanu, berɛ a mmaayewa nkyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛte saa.^[19] Wɔ mmeranteberɛ ne mmabaaberɛ mfitiaseɛ no, ɛte sɛ nea nsakraeɛ a ɛwɔ nipadua mu ankasa ho adwene mu no mu yɛ den kakra ma mmarimaa sene mmaayewa. Yei ka nipadua ahosiesie ne nipadua mu su afoforoɔ ho. Nanso wɔ mmerɛ a nipadua mu nsakraeɛ te sɛ nkokoaaberɛ, mmeranteberɛ, mmabaaberɛ ne onyin mu no, mfasoɔ wɔ so sɛ wɔde saa nsusuwiɛ ahodoɔ yi bɛtoto ahokokwa a wɔasusu ho ansa na wɔde nsɛm a ɛtrɛ aba awieiɛ. Nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ bi kyerɛ sɛ ankasa adwene wɔ asetena mu nneyɛeɛ ho no di nsɛ kɛse a nsakraeɛ pɔtee bi wɔ ma mmaayewa ne mmarimaa. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, mmaayewa taa twɛn wɔn de kasa, ne afoforɔ yɛ adwene, na wogye afoforoɔ mmoa tom sen mmarimaa. Ɛte sɛ nea mmarimaa hu wɔn ho sɛ wɔrekyekyere kuo abusuabɔ akɛseɛ a egyina nneɛma a wɔn ani gye ho nyinaa so, wohunahuna, hoahoa wɔn ho, na wɔfrɛ din.^[20] Wɔ mmɔfra mmienu a wɔne wɔn ho da a wɔadi bosome aduasa 33 mu no, na mmaayewa taa hwɛ abarimaa bi a wɔredi agorɔ a wɔnyɛ hwee, na na mmarimaa taa nyɛ wɔn ade wɔ nea mmeawa no reka no ho.^[21] Wɔ amammerɛ bi mu no, su horow a ɛte saa a ɛyɛ katee no kɔ so fi mmofraase kosi mpanyin afe so a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnipa afoforo a wɔwɔ saa amammerɛ ahorow yi mu akwanhwɛ ahorow nya nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Nkɛntɛnso titiriw a asetra mu ankasa nsusuwii nya wɔ asetra mu nneyɛe so ne asetra mu nneyɛe wɔ asetra mu ankasa adwene so no yɛ ade titiriw a wɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ so.

Nea ɛne yei bɔ abira no, nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ nsɛdi wɔ mmarima ne mmaa akuo mu wɔ wɔn ankasa adwene wɔ adesua adwuma ho. Mpɛn pii no, nsakraeɛ biara gyina ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so nanso ɛyɛ ketewaa wɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ akɛseɛ mu. Nsonsonoeɛ biara kyerɛ sɛ adesua mu no adwendwene bi wɔ hɔ sɛ mmarima bɔ wɔn ho mmɔden pa ara sene mmaa wɔ akontabuo, nyansahu ne mfiridwuma mu na mmaa nso bɔ wɔn ho mmɔden sene mmarima wɔ kasa ho nimdeɛ ho. Ɛho hia sɛ yɛhwɛ sɛ abusuabɔ biara nni ankasa ho adwene( self concept) ne ahokokwa ntam [i.e., abusuabɔ a ɛfa r = 0.19 ho no yɛ mmerɛ, mmom sɛ akontaabuo mu nteaseɛ wɔ nhwɛsoɔ akɛseɛ mu a. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ, nsakraeɛ nketenkete mpo a ɛwɔ adwene a wosusu sɛ ɛfa wɔn ho mu no taa da ɔbarima ne ɔbaa ntam nsusuiɛ hunu a ɛda adi wɔ amammerɛ ahodoɔ bi mu adi .^[22] Nnansa yi mfeɛ mu no, mmaa pii rehyɛn STEM adwuma no mu, na wɔreyɛ adwuma wɔ akontaabuo, mfididwuma ne nyansahunu ho adwuma titiriw mu. Nneɛma pii di dwuma wɔ nsakraeɛ a ɛba wɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɔbarima ne ɔbaa nya wɔ ankasa adwene so no mu ma ɛboaboa ano sɛ akontaabuo ne nyansahunu ho adwene; titiriw no, nkɛntɛnsoɔ a afoforo akwanhwɛ mmom senne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nhwɛsofoɔ wɔ yɛn ankasa adwene so .^[23]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} https://kuleuven.limo.libis.be/discovery/search?query=any,contains,LIRIAS351267&tab=LIRIAS&search_scope=lirias_profile&vid=32KUL_KUL:Lirias&offset=0 (in English), retrieved 2023-07-01 {{citation}}: External link in |title= (help)
2. ↑ Lisa Flook, Rena Repetti, Jodie B Ullman (2005-04), "Classroom Social Experiences as Predictors of Academic Performance.", Developmental Psychology, The American Psychological Association, vol. 41(2), pp. 319–27 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Myers, David G (2009) [2009], Social psychology, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education., ISBN 978-0073370668
4. ↑ Hazel Markus, Paula Nurius (1986-09), "Possible selves.", American Psychologist (in English), vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 954–969, doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954, ISSN 1935-990X, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
5. ↑ n2:0022-3514 - Search Results, retrieved 2023-07-27
6. ↑ Robert Pierpoint (1914-11-28), "Motto: "So Ho Ho Dea Ne."", Notes and Queries, vol. s11-X, no. 257, pp. 428–428, doi:10.1093/nq/s11-x.257.428b, ISSN 1471-6941, retrieved 2023-07-27
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3} Self-Concept in Psychology: Definition, Development, Examples (in American English), 2022-11-03, retrieved 2023-07-01
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3} Rogers, C. (ɛ959), "A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework.", S. Koch, Psychology: A study of a science. Formulations of the person and the social context, New York: McGraw Hill., vol. 3 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
9. ↑ Book sources - Wikipedia (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
10. ↑ APA Dictionary of Psychology (in English), retrieved 2023-07-01
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Jonathan S. Gore, Susan E. Cross (2011-03-01), "Defining and Measuring Self-Concept Change", Psychological Studies (in English), vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 135–141, doi:10.1007/s12646-011-0067-0, ISSN 0974-9861, retrieved 2023-07-01
12. ↑ John C. Turner, Penelope J. Oakes (1986-09), "The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence", British Journal of Social Psychology (in English), vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 237–252, doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00732.x, retrieved 2023-07-01 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. ↑ "The thoughts and feelings that arise when you think about the group you belong to form your social identity.", Social Psychology in Action: Evidence-Based Interventions from Theory to Practice., Springer Link: Springer Nature, 2020, ISBN 978-3-030-13790-8, OCLC 1182516016
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} Tiedemann, Joachim (2000), ""Parents' gender stereotypes and teachers' beliefs as predictors of children's concept of their mathematical ability in elementary school"", Journal of Educational Psychology., American Psychological Association, vol. 92(1), pp. 144–151, doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.144
15. ↑ C., Broderick, Patricia (2014-01-06), The life span : human development for helping professionals., Blewitt, Pamela., ISBN 9780132942881, OCLC 858749675{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
16. ↑ Koole, S. (2007), "Self-Concept. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs", Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, SAGE Publications, vol. 2, pp. 797–798
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1} Usborne, Esther; Taylor, Donald M (2010), ""The Role of Cultural Identity Clarity for Self-Concept Clarity, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Well-Being"", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin., Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin., vol. 36(7), pp. 883–897{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
18. ↑ E. E. Maccoby (1990-04), "Gender and relationships. A developmental account", The American Psychologist, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 513–520, doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.4.513, ISSN 0003-066X, PMID 2186679, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Boys-withdraw-more-in-one-on-one-interactions,-more-Benenson-Heath/c4ac8ad8233796cdac5f1f6c3c09ff1c72eda52a, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
20. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Physical-Self-Concept-and-Sports:-Do-Gender-Still-Klomsten-Skaalvik/a4e183438c0639a07b87ace85957a694861cc447, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
21. ↑ Carol Nagy Jacklin, Eleanor E. Maccoby (1978), "Social Behavior at Thirty-Three Months in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Dyads", Child Development, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 557–569, doi:10.2307/1128222, ISSN 0009-3920, retrieved 2023-07-27
22. ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Gender-Differences-in-Math-and-Verbal-Self-Concept,-Skaalvik-Skaalvik/5b4f7ddfa8eefd1a01ddba3a204d667f489d29fe, retrieved 2023-07-27 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
23. ↑ Bernhard Ertl, Silke Luttenberger, Manuela Paechter (2017), "The Impact of Gender Stereotypes on the Self-Concept of Female Students in STEM Subjects with an Under-Representation of Females", Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, p. 703, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00703, ISSN 1664-1078, PMC 5434750, PMID 28567022, retrieved 2023-07-27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)