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Zhao Tingyang (simplified Chinese: 赵汀阳; traditional Chinese: 趙汀陽; pinyin: Zhào Tīngyáng; born 1961 in Guangdong, China) is a political philosopher credited with modernising the ancient Chinese concept of Tianxia.^[1][2] He argues that the concept of a new Tianxia or all-under-heaven can offer an alternative blueprint for creating a more peaceful and inclusive world.^[3]

Zhao Tingyang graduated from Renmin University of China and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and is now a professor in the Institute of Philosophy at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and is a senior fellow of Peking University Berggruen Research Institute. He was also a Pusey Distinguished Fellow at the Harvard–Yenching Institute in 2013.^[1][4]

His works are mainly on metaphilosophy, ethics and political philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, he published The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution. His book Investigations of the Bad World: Political Philosophy as First Philosophy was published in 2009.^{[citation needed]}

According to Zhao's reconstruction of the tianxia system, tianxia presupposed "inclusion of all" and implied acceptance of the world's diversities, emphasizing harmonious reciprocal dependence and ruled by virtue as a means for lasting peace.^[5]

• On Possible Life, 1994, 2004
• One or All Problem, 1998
• The World without a World-view, 2003
• The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution (Chinese Edition: 2005). ISBN 978-7-300-14265-4^[6]
• All under Heaven: The Tianxia System for a Possible World Order. Berkeley: University of California Press. English Edition (2021). IISBN 978-0-520-32502-9
• Investigations of the Bad World: Political Philosophy as First Philosophy, 2009
• First Philosophy: From Cogito to Facio, 2012
• Contemporary Chinese Political Thought: Debates and Perspectives^[7]

• Zhao Tingyang. 2012. ‘The Ontology of Coexistence: From Cogito to Facio’. Diogenes 57:4, (228): 27-36
• Zhao Tingyang and Yan Xin. 2008. The Self and the Other: An Unanswered Question in Confucian Theory. Frontiers of Philosophy in China 3, (2): 163-176
• Zhao Tingyang. 2009. Ontology of Coexistence. Diogenes 228, (4): 35-49
• Zhao Tingyang. 2009. A Political World Philosophy in terms of All-under-Heaven (tian-xia). Diogenes 56, (1): 5–18, 140
• Zhao Tingyang. 2006. Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept 'All-under-Heaven' (tian-xia). Social identities 12, (1): 29-41
• Zhao Tingyang. 2007. ‘“Credit Human Rights”: A Non-western Theory of Universal Human Rights’. Social sciences in China XXVIII, (1): 14-26
• Zhao Tingyang. 2005. On the Best Possible Golden Rule. Social sciences in China XXVI, (4): 12-22^[8]

• Zhao's Web Page
• The Implications of "Tianxia" as a New World System (US-China Institute)