Sholom Moiseevich Dvolaitsky (Russian: Шолом Моисеевич Дволайцкий, S. M. Dvolaitsky; 1893–27 November, 1937) was a Soviet economist and state official.

Dvolajckij was born in Žagarė, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire.^[1]

He collaborated with Alexander Bogdanov in producing the 10th revised edition of Kratkii kurs ekonomicheskoi nauki (1920) which appeared in an English translation by Joe Fineberg as A Short Course in Economic Science (1923).^[2]

However Bogdanov was to criticise Dvolajckij's view that the method of K. Marx’s Das Kapital was not applicable to the analysis of non-capitalist social-economic formations.^[3]

In 1928 his Ćastnyj kapital v torgovle SSSR was published in Russia.

In 1934 his translation of a chapter of Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital was published in Moscow: Tugan-Baranovsky

He was director of the Department of Culture and Propaganda of the Azov-Black Sea Territorial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) from 1936–7 when he was purged.^[4] He was arrested on 15 October 1937 and tried and shot on 27 November 1937. His ashes are buried in the Donskoye Cemetery^[1]