Dpkg

dpkg
Original author(s)	Ian Murdock
Developer(s)	The Debian Project
Initial release	January 1994; 31 years ago
Stable release	1.21.22 / 24 May 2023
Preview release	1.22.7 / 17 July 2024
Repository	git.dpkg.org/git/dpkg/dpkg.git ;
Written in	C, C++, Perl
Operating system	Unix-like
Available in	42 languages
Type	Package manager
License	GPLv2
Website	wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg

dpkg is the software at the base of the package management system in the free operating system Debian and its numerous derivatives. dpkg is used to install, remove, and provide information about .deb packages.

dpkg (Debian Package) itself is a low-level tool. APT (Advanced Package Tool), a higher-level tool, is more commonly used than dpkg as it can fetch packages from remote locations and deal with complex package relations, such as dependency resolution. Frontends for APT, like aptitude (ncurses) and synaptic (GTK), are used for their friendlier interfaces.

The Debian package "dpkg" provides the dpkg program, as well as several other programs necessary for run-time functioning of the packaging system, including dpkg-deb, dpkg-split, dpkg-query, dpkg-statoverride, dpkg-divert and dpkg-trigger.^[6] It also includes the programs such as update-alternatives and start-stop-daemon. The install-info program used to be included as well, but was later removed^[7] as it is now developed and distributed separately.^[8] The Debian package "dpkg-dev" includes the numerous build tools described below.

History

The first attempt at a package management system for Linux was possibly the development of StopAlop by Greg Wettstein at the Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota. It provided inspiration for the creation of dpkg.^[9]^[10]^[11] dpkg was originally created by Ian Murdock in January 1994 as a Shell script.^[1] Matt Welsh, Carl Streeter and Ian Murdock then rewrote it in Perl,^[12] and then later the main part was rewritten in C by Ian Jackson in 1994.^[13]^[14] The name dpkg was originally a shortening of "Debian package", but the meaning of that phrase has evolved significantly, as dpkg the software is orthogonal to the deb package format as well as the Debian Policy Manual which defines how Debian packages behave in Debian.

Example use

To install a .deb package:^[15]

dpkg -i filename.deb

where filename.deb is the name of the Debian package (such as pkgname_0.00-1_amd64.deb).

The list of installed packages can be obtained with:

dpkg -l [optional pattern]

To remove an installed package:

dpkg -r packagename

Development tools

dpkg-dev contains a series of development tools required to unpack, build and upload Debian source packages.^[16] These include:

dpkg-source packs and unpacks the source files of a Debian package.
dpkg-gencontrol reads the information from an unpacked Debian tree source and generates a binary package control package, creating an entry for this in Debian/files.
dpkg-shlibdeps calculates the dependencies of runs with respect to libraries.
dpkg-genchanges reads the information from an unpacked Debian tree source that once constructed creates a control file (.changes).
dpkg-buildpackage is a control script that can be used to construct the package automatically.
dpkg-distaddfile adds a file input to debian/files.
dpkg-parsechangelog reads the changes file (changelog) of an unpacked Debian tree source and creates a conveniently prepared output with the information for those changes.

Database

The dpkg database is located under/var/lib/dpkg; the "status" file contains the list of installed software on the current system. There is no information about repositories in this database.^[15]

dselect

The dpkg source package also contains dselect, a frontend software.^[17]

wpkg packager for Windows

wpkg was created as a dpkg look-alike that would run under the Microsoft Windows operating system.^[18] It subsequently evolved to include functionality similar to parts of the APT suite, improved repository management, distribution management and was ported to Linux and Unix-like systems, including Cygwin, Mingw32, macOS, OpenSolaris and FreeBSD.^[19]^[20] It retains .deb file format compatibility^[21] and is supplied with the ready-to-use executable wpkg.exe. As of March 2024^[update], the most recent release of the software was in 2015.^[19]

References

^ ^a ^b "dpkg Shell implementation". Dpkg Developers. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
^ Guillem Jover (3 September 2023). "Release 1.21.22". Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ Guillem Jover (17 July 2024). "Release 1.22.7". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ "dpkg on git.dpkg.org". Dpkg Developers. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "po/LINGUAS". Dpkg Developers. 2022-11-22.
^ "dpkg package file list". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ Jover, Guillem. "Removal of install-info from dpkg". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ "GNU Texinfo project". GNU project. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ "Linux in the Trenches". Linux Journal.
^ The dpkg shell implementation
^ "StopAlop 0.6 packaging/Installation facility available".
^ "dpkg perl implementation". git (Dpkg Developers). Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ "dpkg C implementation". git (Dpkg Developers). Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ Akkerman, Wichert. "dpkg history". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ ^a ^b "dpkg". Debian. 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
^ "dpkg-dev package file list". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ Siever, Ellen; et al. (2005). Linux in a Nutshell. O'Reilly. p. 620. ISBN 9780596529499.
^ Fox, Richard (7 October 2014). "13.4.3: APT". Linux with Operating System Concepts. Routledge. p. 544. ISBN 978-1482235890.
^ ^a ^b "A Build System with wpkg". Alexis Wilke. 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ "wpkg --repository ..." Alexis Wilke. 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ "A Unix Packager For MS-Windows Systems". Alexis Wilke. Retrieved 2018-11-05.

External links

[first-release-1] "dpkg Shell implementation". Dpkg Developers. Retrieved 2017-08-30.

[wikidata-8750aa01b2f6df4441753e38e9a3e273ad6b4c20-v18-2] Guillem Jover (3 September 2023). "Release 1.21.22". Retrieved 3 September 2023.

[wikidata-5b2478c06341a1d5c5bafc3ac59b92176155c4c4-v18-3] Guillem Jover (17 July 2024). "Release 1.22.7". Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[4] "dpkg on git.dpkg.org". Dpkg Developers. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2018-07-15.

[5] "po/LINGUAS". Dpkg Developers. 2022-11-22.

[6] "dpkg package file list". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.

[7] Jover, Guillem. "Removal of install-info from dpkg". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.

[8] "GNU Texinfo project". GNU project. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

[9] "Linux in the Trenches". Linux Journal.

[10] The dpkg shell implementation

[11] "StopAlop 0.6 packaging/Installation facility available".

[12] "dpkg perl implementation". git (Dpkg Developers). Retrieved 2015-03-09.

[13] "dpkg C implementation". git (Dpkg Developers). Retrieved 2015-03-09.

[14] Akkerman, Wichert. "dpkg history". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2017-08-29.

[man-15] "dpkg". Debian. 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-18.

[16] "dpkg-dev package file list". Debian project. Retrieved 2015-03-09.

[17] Siever, Ellen; et al. (2005). Linux in a Nutshell. O'Reilly. p. 620. ISBN 9780596529499.

[Fox-book-18] Fox, Richard (7 October 2014). "13.4.3: APT". Linux with Operating System Concepts. Routledge. p. 544. ISBN 978-1482235890.

[wpkg-doc-build-19] "A Build System with wpkg". Alexis Wilke. 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2013-08-28.

[wpkg-doc-repo-20] "wpkg --repository ..." Alexis Wilke. 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2013-08-28.

[wpkg-home-21] "A Unix Packager For MS-Windows Systems". Alexis Wilke. Retrieved 2018-11-05.

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