Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9.[5] c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus.[6]
Function
The ABL1proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in processes of cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress response such as DNA repair.[7][8][9][10] Activity of ABL1 protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, and deletion of the SH3 domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene. The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in many cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitously expressed ABL1 tyrosine kinase is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for ABL1. The ABL1 gene is expressed as either a 6- or a 7-kb mRNA transcript, with alternatively spliced first exons spliced to the common exons 2–11.[11]
Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous.
This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. The BCR-ABL transcript encodes a tyrosine kinase, which activates mediators of the cell cycle regulation system, leading to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules. One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle. Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under development
to inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.[12]
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^Shafman T, Khanna KK, Kedar P, Spring K, Kozlov S, Yen T, Hobson K, Gatei M, Zhang N, Watters D, Egerton M, Shiloh Y, Kharbanda S, Kufe D, Lavin MF (May 1997). "Interaction between ATM protein and c-Abl in response to DNA damage". Nature. 387 (6632): 520–3. Bibcode:1997Natur.387R.520S. doi:10.1038/387520a0. PMID9168117. S2CID4334242.
^Ling X, Ma G, Sun T, Liu J, Arlinghaus RB (January 2003). "Bcr and Abl interaction: oncogenic activation of c-Abl by sequestering Bcr". Cancer Res. 63 (2): 298–303. PMID12543778.
^Pendergast AM, Muller AJ, Havlik MH, Maru Y, Witte ON (July 1991). "BCR sequences essential for transformation by the BCR-ABL oncogene bind to the ABL SH2 regulatory domain in a non-phosphotyrosine-dependent manner". Cell. 66 (1): 161–71. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90148-R. PMID1712671. S2CID9933891.
^Yuan ZM, Shioya H, Ishiko T, Sun X, Gu J, Huang YY, Lu H, Kharbanda S, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D (June 1999). "p73 is regulated by tyrosine kinase c-Abl in the apoptotic response to DNA damage". Nature. 399 (6738): 814–7. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..814Y. doi:10.1038/21704. PMID10391251. S2CID4421613.
^Miyamura T, Nishimura J, Yufu Y, Nawata H (February 1997). "Interaction of BCR-ABL with the retinoblastoma protein in Philadelphia chromosome-positive cell lines". Int. J. Hematol. 65 (2): 115–21. doi:10.1016/S0925-5710(96)00539-7. PMID9071815.
^Rafalska I, Zhang Z, Benderska N, Wolff H, Hartmann AM, Brack-Werner R, Stamm S (August 2004). "The intranuclear localization and function of YT521-B is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation". Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (15): 1535–49. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh167. PMID15175272.
^Bueno MJ, Pérez de Castro I, Gómez de Cedrón M, Santos J, Calin GA, Cigudosa JC, Croce CM, Fernández-Piqueras J, Malumbres M (June 2008). "Genetic and epigenetic silencing of microRNA-203 enhances ABL1 and BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression". Cancer Cell. 13 (6): 496–506. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.018. hdl:10261/7369. PMID18538733. (Erratum: doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.013, PMID27070707)
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Keung YK, Beaty M, Steward W, Jackle B, Pettnati M (2002). "Chronic myelocytic leukemia with eosinophilia, t(9;12)(q34;p13), and ETV6-ABL gene rearrangement: case report and review of the literature". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 138 (2): 139–42. doi:10.1016/S0165-4608(02)00609-X. PMID12505259.
1ab2: THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE SRC HOMOLOGY 2 DOMAIN OF C-ABL
1abo: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF THE ABL TYROSINE KINASE SH3 DOMAIN WITH 3BP-1 SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE
1abq: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNLIGANDED ABL TYROSINE KINASE SH3 DOMAIN
1awo: THE SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF ABL SH3 AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SH2 IN THE SH(32) CONSTRUCT, 20 STRUCTURES
1bbz: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ABL-SH3 DOMAIN COMPLEXED WITH A DESIGNED HIGH-AFFINITY PEPTIDE LIGAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR SH3-LIGAND INTERACTIONS
1fpu: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ABL KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR
1iep: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE C-ABL KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH STI-571.
1ju5: Ternary complex of an Crk SH2 domain, Crk-derived phophopeptide, and Abl SH3 domain by NMR spectroscopy
1m52: Crystal Structure of the c-Abl Kinase domain in complex with PD173955
1opj: Structural basis for the auto-inhibition of c-Abl tyrosine kinase
1opk: Structural basis for the auto-inhibition of c-Abl tyrosine kinase
1opl: Structural basis for the auto-inhibition of c-Abl tyrosine kinase
1zzp: Solution structure of the F-actin binding domain of Bcr-Abl/c-Abl
2abl: SH3-SH2 DOMAIN FRAGMENT OF HUMAN BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE
2e2b: Crystal structure of the c-Abl kinase domain in complex with INNO-406
2f4j: Structure of the Kinase Domain of an Imatinib-Resistant Abl Mutant in Complex with the Aurora Kinase Inhibitor VX-680
2fo0: Organization of the SH3-SH2 Unit in Active and Inactive Forms of the c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase
2g1t: A Src-like Inactive Conformation in the Abl Tyrosine Kinase Domain
2g2f: A Src-like Inactive Conformation in the Abl Tyrosine Kinase Domain
2g2h: A Src-like Inactive Conformation in the Abl Tyrosine Kinase Domain
2g2i: A Src-like Inactive Conformation in the Abl Tyrosine Kinase Domain
2gqg: X-ray Crystal Structure of Dasatinib (BMS-354825) Bound to Activated ABL Kinase Domain
2hiw: Crystal Structure of Inactive Conformation Abl Kinase Catalytic Domain Complexed with Type II Inhibitor
2hyy: Human Abl kinase domain in complex with imatinib (STI571, Glivec)
2hz0: Abl kinase domain in complex with NVP-AEG082
2hz4: Abl kinase domain unligated and in complex with tetrahydrostaurosporine
2hzi: Abl kinase domain in complex with PD180970
2hzn: Abl kinase domain in complex with NVP-AFG210
2o88: Crystal structure of the N114A mutant of ABL-SH3 domain complexed with a designed high-affinity peptide ligand: implications for SH3-ligand interactions
