He led the cochlear implant team at UCSF,[1][7] which transferred its technology to Advanced Bionics,[8] and their version is the Clarion cochlear implant.[9] He collaborated with Bill Jenkins and Gregg Recanzone to demonstrate sensory maps are labile into adulthood in animals performing operant sensory tasks.[10][11][12] He collaborated with Paula Tallal, Bill Jenkins, and Steve Miller to form the company Scientific Learning.[1][13] This was based on Fast ForWord software they co-invented that produces improvements in children's language skills that has been related to the magnitude of their temporal processing impairments prior to training,[14] though the program's effectiveness is disputed.[15][16]
Merzenich was director and Chief Scientific Officer of Scientific Learning between November 1996 and January 2003. Merzenich took two sabbaticals from UCSF, in 1997 and 2004. In 1997 he led research teams at Scientific Learning Corporation, and in 2004 at Posit Science Corporation.[17] Currently, Merzenich's second company, Posit Science Corporation, is working on a broad range of behavioral therapies. Their lead product is a brain-training application called BrainHQ (TM).[18] Merzenich is Chief Scientific Officer, and on the Board of Directors, at Posit Science.[17]
Early life and education
Born in Lebanon, Oregon in 1942,[19][20] Merzenich grew up fascinated by science. He attended the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon earning his Bachelor of Science in 1964.[1][21] Here, he was valedictorian, receiving only one non-A, a C in a philosophy course in which he argued with the instructor. In 1968 he earned his PhD in Physiology at Johns Hopkins Medical School in the lab of Vernon Mountcastle, studying neural coding of stimulus magnitude in the hairy skin.[21][22] He left Johns Hopkins to conduct his postdoctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin under Jerzy Rose. There, he did a cross-species analysis of the cochlear nucleus in large game cats and pinnipeds, did the first auditory cortical microelectrode maps in the macaque with John Brugge, and the first somatosensory maps in the macaque with neurosurgeon Ron Paul. He earned his neurophysiology fellowship between 1968 and 1971.[21] He left Wisconsin to join the faculty at UCSF as the only basic scientist in the clinical Otolaryngology department, head and neck surgery.[21][23] Merzenich started with UCSF in 1971 as faculty member becoming full professor in 1980.[17] Merzenich was Co-Director at the Coleman Memorial Laboratory where he conducted research on the cerebral cortex. He was also the Francis A. Sooy Chair of Otolaryngology, in the Keck Center for Integrative Neurosciences at UCSF.[13] His research examines neurological illness, learning processes and the neurological processes of the cerebral cortex.[21] He remains in the same department, now as a professoremeritus, retiring in 2007.[1]
Research on Brain Plasticity
Merzenich has collaborated in numerous studies researching brain plasticity. In February 2004, Merzenich gave a TED talk titled “Growing evidence of brain plasticity” which outlines the basic findings of his research.[24] Merzenich has helped to identify two distinct periods of brain plasticity: The Critical Period and the period of Adult Plasticity.[24] The Infant Critical Period is when a child’s brain establishes neural processes for the stimuli to which it is presented.[24] The Adult Plasticity period is when the brain refines its neural processes as it masters a variety of tasks.[24][25]
Understanding how the brain can re-wire itself has allowed Merzenich, Tallal, and other colleagues to develop strategies intended to remediate individuals with any speech, language, and reading deficits.[25][26] Through research in experience dependent learning with non-human primates, neurophysiologists including Merzenich have demonstrated that neuroplasticity remains through adulthood.[24][25][26][27]
Further studies with monkeys suggested that the Hebbian learning principles that drive neuroplasticity can be used to treat learning-language impaired children.[25][26][27]
Dr. James T. Todd, a professor of psychology, has criticized Michael Merzenich for using the term "miraculous" to describe evidence allegedly supporting the rapid prompting method, claiming that scientific outliers are hard to analyze in the laboratory and replicate. Todd says that it is always important to question scientific outliers.[28]
He went on to be elected to the National Academy's Institute of Medicine in 2008, making him one of a very select few to have been elected to more than one of the National Academies.[29]
As of 2001, he received the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.[19] He has been awarded the International Ipsen Prize,[13]
He has appeared on Sixty Minutes II, CBS Evening News and Good Morning America. His work has been featured on four PBS specials and the ABC Australia documentary "Redesign My Brain" (which aired on Discovery Channel as "Hack My Brain" in the United States.)
Merzenich holds nearly 100 U.S. patents. Along with Peter B. Delahunt, Joseph L. Hardy, Henry W. Mahncke, and Donald Richards hold the patent for visual emphasis for cognitive training exercises.[49] This patent explores a computer system of visual learning. The participant observes a scene which shows at least one foreground object against a background. The background or foreground are modified to enhance the participants response to achieve a correct response in an iterative basis.[50]
Published works
Merzenich has contributed to over 232 publications.[51]
Allard, T.T.; Clark, W. M. Jenkins and M. M. Merzenich (September 18, 1987). "Syndactyly results in the emergence of dougle-digit fields in somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys". Soc. Neurosci. Abstract 11:965 (Listed in the bibliography for Abstract 11:965).
Jenkins, W.M.; Merzenich, M. M.; Ochs, M. T. (September 18, 1987). "Behaviorally controlled differential use of restricted hand surfaces induce changes in the cortical representation of the hand in area 3b of adult owl monkeys". Soc. Neurosci. Abstract 10:665 (Listed in the bibliography for Abstract 11:965): 303.
Jenkins, William M.; Merzenich, Michael M. (1987). "Chapter 21 Reorganization of neocortical representations after brain injury: A neurophysiological model of the bases of recovery from stroke". Neural Regeneration. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 71. pp. 249–266. doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61829-4. ISBN978-0-444-80814-1. PMID3588947.
Merzenich, M. M.; Sur, M.; Nelson, R. J.; Kaus, J. H. (1981). "The organization of the Si cortex. Multiple representations of the body in primate.". In Woolsey, C. N. (ed.). Cortical Sensory Organization. Vol. 1: Multiple Somatic Areas. p. 303.
Merzenich, M. M.; Kaas, J. H.; Wall, J.; Nelson, R. J.; Sur, M.; Felleman, D. (1983). "Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation". Neuroscience. 8 (1): 33–55. CiteSeerX10.1.1.520.9299. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(83)90024-6. PMID6835522. S2CID6278328.
Merzenich, M. M.; Kaas, J. H.; Wall, J. T.; Sur, M.; Nelson, R. J.; Felleman, D. J. (1983). "Progression of change following median nerve section in the cortical representation of the hand in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys". Neuroscience. 10 (3): 639–65. CiteSeerX10.1.1.459.5967. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(83)90208-7. PMID6646426. S2CID4930.
Merzenich, M. M.; Jenkins, W. M.; Middlebrooks, J. C. (1984). "Observations and hypotheses on special organizational features of the central auditory nervous system.". In G. Edleman; M. Cowan; E. Gall (eds.). Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Function. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 303.
Merzenich, M. M.; Jenkins, W. M. (1995). "Cortical plasticity, learning, and learning dysfunction". In B. Julesz; I. Kovacs (eds.). Maturational Windows and Adult Cortical Plasticity. Vol. 23. pp. 247–271.
Merzenich, M. M.; Tallal, P.; Peterson, B.; Miller, S. L.; Jenkins, W. M. (1999). "Some neurological principles relevant to the origins of - and the cortical plasticity based remediation of - language learning impairments". In J. Grafman (ed.). Neuroplasticity: Building a Bridge from the Laboratory to the Clinic. pp. 169–187.
^Paul, R.L.; Merzenich, M. & H. Goodman (1972). "Representation of slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the hand in Brodmann's areas 3 and 1 of Macaca mulatta". Brain Research. 36 (2): 229–49. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90732-9. PMID4621596.
^Jenkins, W.M.; Merzenich, M.M., M. T. Ochs, T. Allard and E. Guic-Robles (1990). "Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation". J Neurophysiol. 63 (1): 82–104. doi:10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.82. PMID2299388. S2CID3954439.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdMerzenich, M.; Jenkins, W.M. (1995). "Cortical plasticity, learning, and learning dysfunction". Maturational Windows and Adult Cortical Plasticity. 23: 247–271.
^ abcMerzenich, M.; Tallal, P.; Peterson, B.; Miller, S.L.; Jenkins, W.M. (1999). "Some neurological principles relevant to the origins of - and the cortical plasticity based remediation of - language learning impairments". Neuroplasticity: Building a Bridge from the Laboratory to the Clinic: 169–187. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59897-5_12.
