DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

common ancestor of synapsids and sauropsids shared a single lower temporal fenestra. The basal amniotes (reptiliomorphs) from which synapsids evolved were historically...

These lists of synapsids collectively include every genus that has ever been included in the clade Synapsida- the mammals and their evolutionary precursors...

representatives. Although early synapsids have historically been referred to as "mammal-like reptiles", all synapsids are more closely related to mammals...

basal or primitive synapsids are instead used where needed. Because Pelycosaur excludes its own descendants, the advanced synapsid group Therapsida, the...

as "primitive synapsids" or "basal synapsids"; the name "mammal-like reptiles" is also traditionally used for non-mammalian synapsids due to some of...

their origin in the Carboniferous; the synapsids, which was the dominant group, and the sauropsids. The synapsids continued to prosper and increase in number...

has been questioned, since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention, that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes...

neoreptilians, not varanopid synapsids.) Parental care is known in Heleosaurus, suggesting that it is ancestral to synapsids as a whole. Varanopids are...

Therapsida is a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids. It includes mammals, as well as their ancestors and close relatives. Many defining traits of...

Sphenacodontia is a stem-based clade of derived synapsids. It was defined by Amson and Laurin (2011) as "the largest clade that includes Haptodus baylei...

Canine teeth in synapsids Canine teeth emerged early within the synapsid lineage (which includes mammals). In some "pelycosaurian" synapsids, multiple pairs...

that synapsids, eureptiles and parareptiles developed eardrums connected to the inner ear by stapes during the Permian. The jaws of early synapsids, including...

infratemporal fenestra, as displayed most clearly by early synapsids. In later synapsids, the cynodonts, the orbit fused with the fenestral opening after...

Caseasauria is generally regarded as the most basal clade of synapsids, with all other synapsids being grouped in the clade Eupelycosauria. However, not all...

Synapsids Taxon Material Notes Archosauriformes sp. Teeth, a coracoid, a centrum fragment, and cranial fragments Various indeterminate fragments, some...

these synapsids were neither reptiles nor even part of reptile lineage. Therapsids descended from sphenacodonts, a group of primitive synapsids, in the...

Synapsids of the Wolfville Formation Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Images Arctotraversodon A. plemmyridon...

Synapsids of the Bull Canyon Formation Genus / Taxon Species Locality Material Notes Images Pseudotriconodon P. chatterjeei Bull Canyon Teeth A "dromatheriid"...

Synapsids Name Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Cynodontia Indeterminate Wasson Bluff Scots Bay Member Partial right unla...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Cryptodontia is a group of dicynodont therapsids that includes the families Geikiidae, Oudenodontidae, and Rhachiocephalidae. It was first named in 1860...

Archaeothyris, along with a more poorly known synapsid called Echinerpeton, are the oldest undisputed synapsids known. The name means ancient window (Greek)...

early synapsids, found in Joggins, Nova Scotia. The name means 'first Clepsydrops', and refers to it being the predecessor of the other early synapsid Clepsydrops...

Kammerer et al. (2011): Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gordonia (synapsid). Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

insectivores. Synapsids (the group that would later include mammals) thrived and diversified greatly during the Cisuralian. Permian synapsids included some...

extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive...

Eupelycosaurs are synapsids, animals whose skull has a single opening behind the eye. They are distinguished from the Caseasaurian synapsids by having a long...

diversity and evolution of the parietal foramen in Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids and reptiles is published by Jenkins et al. (2026). Warshaw, Singh & Benton...

The Kundaram Formation is a geological formation in India, located within the Pranhita–Godavari Basin. The unit is between 250–400 metres thick and at...

The Endothiodon Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone (also called a biozone) in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and...

other species. As an ophiacodontid, Ophiacodon is one of the most basal synapsids and is close to the evolutionary line leading to mammals. Ophiacodon has...

fauna is known to consist of brachiopods, fish, amphibians, reptiles and synapsids. There is also a high diversity of ichnotaxa based on coprolites. "(Rewan...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

discovered by synapsid paleontologist Nikolay Kalandadze. List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids of Los Colorados Formation Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Chaliminia C. musteloides A tritheledontid cynodont. Jachaleria J. colorata...

from the anterior part of the upper jaw of the reptilian-like ancestors (synapsids). Acting as the first interface between the external environment and an...

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is primarily Carnian in age (Late Triassic), and is notable...

groups, namely the sauropsids (including all reptiles and birds) and synapsids (including mammals and extinct ancestors like "pelycosaurs" and therapsids)...

Synapsids of the Salarevo Formation Taxon Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Annatherapsidus A. petri Sokolki Upper A skull...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

ago from a "pelycosaur" ancestor (a poorly defined group including all synapsids which are not therapsids). The therapsid takeover from pelycosaurs took...

The squamosal bone lies anterior to the quadrate bone. In non-mammalian synapsids, the jaw is composed of four bony elements and referred to as a quadro-articular...

A cloacal impression in a trace fossil was created by a non-mammalian synapsid, likely a caseid, has been reported from the early Permian of Germany....

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

large (up to 3 m (9.8 ft) or more) Late Carboniferous to Early Permian synapsids. Edaphosaur fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

appearing in the Late Carboniferous. Ophiacodontids are among the most basal synapsids, an offshoot of the lineage which includes therapsids and their descendants...

This list of nicknamed non-dinosaur fossils is a list of non-dinosaurian fossil specimens given informal names or nicknames, in addition to their institutional...

"wedge point tooth") is an extinct family of carnivorous sphenacodontian synapsids, known from the latest Carboniferous (or earliest Permian) to the early...

the large labyrinthodont amphibians, groups of small reptiles, and most synapsids. Some of the early, primitive dinosaurs also became extinct, but more...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

as a member of a group called Pelycosauria, an evolutionary grade of synapsids more basal than therapsids. It has been variously grouped in the family...

group possessed a horny, typically toothless beak, unique amongst all synapsids. Dicynodonts first appeared in Southern Pangaea during the mid-Permian...

The cladogram below shows Cutleria phylogenetic position among other synapsids following Benson (2012). Cutleria was first described and named by George...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids of the Timezgadiouine Formation Genus / Taxon Species Subunit Notes Images Azarifeneria A. barrati lower Irohalene Member A dubious dicynodont...

The Niederhäslich Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Sakmarian stage of the Permian period. Ianthasaurus...

Newly named non-mammalian synapsids Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type unit Location Notes Images Tritylodon Gen et sp nov Valid Owen Hettangian–Sinemurian...

Synapsids of the Chandler Formation Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Arnognathus A. parvidens A cynodont....

red beds, aquatic vertebrates are absent at Bromacker while carnivorous synapsids (like Dimetrodon) are rare and herbivorous diadectids are abundant. Plant...

Synapsids of the Fleming Fjord Formation Genus / Taxon Species Locality Member Materials Notes Images Brachyzostrodon B. cf. sp. Ørsted Dal Member A morganucodont...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids of the Quebrada del Barro Formation Taxon Species Material Notes Images Tritheledontidae sp. 36 specimens, including a partial skeleton an undescribed...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Remigiomontanus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids belonging to the Edaphosauridae. The type species is R. robustus. Spindler, Frederik; Voigt...

member of the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation has produced many species of synapsids (animals distantly related to mammals). Dicynodonts (herbivores with tusks...

fossils of the two surviving amniote groups, synapsids and sauropsids, date from around 313 Ma. The synapsid pelycosaurs and their descendants the therapsids...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

features for synapsids, meaning that Eocasea inherited a carnivorous lifestyle from similarly small-bodied carnivorous ancestors of synapsids. As the earliest...

paraphyletic grouping of basal synapsids. However, more recent analysis reptiles may have been more diverse than synapsids during the Late Carboniferous...

Synapsids of the Caturrita Formation Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Botucaraitherium B. belarminoi Sesmaria do Pinhal...

non-mammalian synapsids and extant chameleons, interpreted as consistent with the presence a mandibular middle ear in early synapsids, is presented by...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids of the Redonda Formation Taxa Presence Notes Images Redondagnathus teeth A trirachodontid cynodont...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The Panchet Formation is an Early Triassic geological formation from the Damodar Valley of India. It is among the few geological formations outside of...

Zone). Paleontology portal List of therapsids "†Myosauroides". fossilworks. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Caseidae are an extinct family of basal synapsids that lived from the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian between about 300 and 265 million years ago...

The Kotel'nich Tetrapod Assemblage is a tetrapod assemblage zone (also called a biozone) in Russia. Its fossils are from "a red-coloured predominantly...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The Popo Agie Formation (/poʊˈpoʊʒə/ poh-POH-zhə) is a Triassic geologic formation that crops out in western Wyoming, western Colorado, and Utah. It was...

mouth was closed. The first saber-tooths to appear were non-mammalian synapsids, the gorgonopsians; they were one of the first groups of animals within...

canals in synapsids as correlated with a shift from increased sensitivity of the rostral tip of the jaws to touch in early nonmammalian synapsids to the...

de la Quebrada Formation is controversial. Biostratigraphy based on the synapsid fauna (Cynognathus, Diademodon, Kannemeyeria) has correlated the RSQ with...

Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images Clepsydrops Gen nov Valid Cope early Late Carboniferous USA Illinois An ophiacodontid synapsid...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

palatalized, postalveolar, alveolopalatal, and uvular consonants. Early synapsids lacked the secondary palate separating the mouth and nasal cavities, with...

Sigogneau-Russell, Denise; Sun, Ai-Lin (1981). "A brief review of Chinese synapsids". Geobios. 14 (2): 275–279. Bibcode:1981Geobi..14..275S. doi:10...

The Pebbly Arkose Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation found in southern Africa. The formation comprises mainly coarse, arkosic sandstones....

Ianthodon is an extinct genus of basal haptodontiform synapsids from the Late Carboniferous about 304 million years ago. The taxon was discovered and...

Sauropsida (the reptile and bird clade), except Dimetrodon (which is a synapsid). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs...

particular there was a major changeover from faunas dominated by basal synapsids ("pelycosaurs") and reptiliomorphs (Diadectes) to faunas dominated by...

precanines are small and anteriorly serrated, similar to what is seen in the synapsids Dimetrodon and Tetraceratops. In the palate region of the skull, the anterior...

provides evidence that the tracks were left by diadectids or non-therapsid synapsids ("pelycosaurs"). Paleontology portal Lucas, Spencer G.; Lerner, Allan...

linking Echinerpeton with synapsids were also present in other basal amniotes, so it could not be placed definitively on the synapsid branch of Amniota (the...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1987 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

It preserves the fossils of numerous tetrapods, including reptiles and synapsids. It is of Late Permian age. More recent publications refine the age to...

"Selection towards larger body size in both herbivorous and carnivorous synapsids during the Carboniferous". FACETS. 2 (1): 68–84. Bibcode:2017Facet...2...

tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and...

lizard" for dense clusters of its teeth) is a genus of extinct edaphosaurid synapsids that lived in what is now North America and Europe around 303.4 to 272...

(Macro- is Greek/Latin for "large") is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids, specifically Pelycosaurs, in the family Sphenacodontidae from Late Carboniferous...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

tentatively assigned Dimacrodon to Therapsida in 1953 (along with other unusual synapsids from the San Angelo Formation) due to its therapsid-like teeth and general...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Diagram showing synapsid jaw evolution from early "pelycosaur" synapsids to modern mammals, with the malleus/articular in light orange...

Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (22 October 2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

of which includes fish, amphibians and the fully terrestrial amniotes (synapsids and sauropsids). The Mesozoic features the evolution of crocodilians,...

Eothyris is one of the most primitive synapsids known and is probably very similar to the common ancestor of all synapsids in many respects. The only known...

Gorgonops (from Greek: Γοργών 'Gorgon' and ὤψ 'eye, face', literally 'Gorgon eye' or 'Gorgon face') is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid, of which...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1997 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The Yerrapalli Formation is a Triassic geological formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita–Godavari Basin in southeastern...

Eothyrididae is an extinct family of very primitive, insectivorous synapsids. Only three genera are known, Eothyris, Vaughnictis and Oedaleops, all from...

synapsid discovered by synapsid paleontologist Nikolay Kalandadze. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at...

in its region and likely preyed on amphibians, diadectids, and early synapsids and diapsids. Sphenacodon appears to have died out before about 280 million...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

important type specimens are also known from the formation. Some notable synapsids include Apsisaurus witteri, Edaphosaurus boanerges, Ophiacodon uniformis...

allowing them to conserve water but losing their cutaneous respiration. Synapsids and sauropsids acquired new niches faster than amphibians, and new feeding...

dinosaurs (including birds). Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull. Primitive synapsids included the largest and...

Invertebrates, early fish, Permian synapsids, dinosaurs, extinct mammals, and early hominids. The Field Museum's non-mammalian synapsid collection consists of over...

1080/02724634.1994.10011544. Benson, R.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies"...

Cotylorhynchus is an extinct genus of herbivorous caseid synapsids that lived during the late Lower Permian (Kungurian) and possibly the early Middle...

came next; then in time, the more terrestrially adapted reptiles and synapsids evolved herbivory. Almost all predatory fish (most sharks, tuna, billfishes...

The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils...

size, and some the largest animals of the Permian period, and the first synapsids to reach a body size around one tonne. The herbivorous or omnivorous Jonkeria...

2015). "The origins of the cochlea and impedance matching hearing in synapsids" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60. doi:10.4202/app.00140.2014...

Diagram showing synapsid jaw evolution from early "pelycosaur" synapsids to modern mammals with the tympanic/angular in dark green...

Synapsids reported from the Erfurt Formation Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images Aff. Dinodontosaurus Neidenfels, Baden-Württemberg...

Scalopolacerta is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids. List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

largest synapsids of its time, estimated to have weighed around 41 kilograms. It may be a third example of large body size developing in synapsids in the...

modern reptiles). The family Varanopidae are typically classified as synapsids (amniotes related to mammals), but some studies, starting in 2018, suggest...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The Arroyo Formation, sometimes termed the Lower Clear Fork Formation, is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Kungurian...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The San Angelo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. Along with the Chickasha Formation is...

finds from the formation include tritylodonts, a family of herbivorous synapsids, and crow-sized dimorphodontid pterosaurs. Other dinosaurs discovered...

Triassic (Anisian) geological formation in Zambia, preserving fossils of synapsids, archosaurs, and temnospondyls. Several different facies are present in...

lizard") is an extinct genus within Varanopidae, a family of non-mammalian synapsids. It lived between 252-299 million years ago during the Early Permian in...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

(meaning "cutting-tooth lizard") is an extinct genus of "pelycosaur" synapsids that lived from between about 285 to 272 million years ago during the...

suggests that dicynodonts laid eggs, as is thought to be ancestral for synapsids and amniotes, though the lack of preserved eggshell suggests that the...

(2026) reconstruct the musculature of the forelimbs five non-therian synapsids, including Vincelestes neuquenianus. Migliaro Petroni et al. (2026) describe...

snakes). First marine reptiles. Therapsids and cynodonts evolve from synapsids. Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary mass extinction linked to eruption of...

Datheosaurus, two historical and previously mistaken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00221...

synapsids. Reisz & Modesto (2025) argued that the holotype was an undiagnostic nomen dubium and a recumbirostran "microsaur" rather than a synapsid,...

diet was herbivorous. Paleontology portal List of therapsids Paleofile.com The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

typical of all other dicynodonts (and indeed all other non-mammalian synapsids), and shares many independently evolved features of its limbs with large...

extinct genus of therocephalians. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Shashajaia is a genus of extinct non-mammalian synapsids from the late Carboniferous to Early Permian. It was one of the earliest members of the group...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Efremov, who erected the genus. Mesenosaurus are small sized varanopid synapsids. They are characterized by mainly cranial features. Many of the postcranial...

including several Late Triassic drepanosaurs, and possibly the Late Permian synapsid Suminia. Tongue Giraffes', anteaters' and lizards' tongues in particular...

Pristerodontia is a group of dicynodont therapsids that includes cryptodontids, geikiids, lystrosaurids, kannemeyeriids, and other related forms. Pristerodontians...

species as it provides proof of the cosmopolitan range of basal varanopseid synapsids, especially within Gondwana where therapsids were the dominant fauna....

microsaurs. Many other microsaurs had heavily reduced quadratojugals. In synapsids (mammals and their extinct relatives), the quadratojugal undergoes significant...

Diagram showing synapsid jaw evolution from early "pelycosaur" synapsids to modern mammals, with the incus/quadrate labelled in purple...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

amphibians, sauropsids (which include extant reptiles and birds), and early synapsids (which include ancestors of mammals). The reptilian quadrate, articular...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

24468. ISSN 1932-8486. Modesto, S.P. (1995). "The skull of the herbivorous synapsid Edaphosaurus boanerges from the Lower Permian of Texas" (PDF). Palaeontology...

Casea is a genus of herbivorous caseid synapsids that lived during the late Lower Permian (Kungurian) in what is now Texas, United States. The genus is...

early synapsids, including the predatory Kenomagnathus and Tetraceratops. However, Gordodon is thus far the only herbivorous non-therapsid synapsid to possess...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Melanedaphodon (meaning "black pavement tooth") is a genus of edaphosaurid synapsids that lived in North America during the Late Carboniferous epoch, during...

having an erect stance as opposed to the sprawling stance of contemporary synapsids and reptiles. Tracking (hunting) Krantz, Grover S. (1968). "Brain size...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Neosaurus ('New Lizard') is an extinct genus of pelycosaur-grade synapsids from the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian of the Jura region of France. It...

Driveria is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids the Lower Permian of San Angelo Formation, Texas. It is mostly known from several postcranial...

Abrahamskraal Formation of South Africa. Paleontology portal List of synapsids Lee, M.S.Y (1997). "A taxonomic revision of pareiasaurian reptiles: Implications...

their teeth, suggest that they were carnivores. Like other non-mammalian synapsids, therocephalians were once described as "mammal-like reptiles". Therocephalia...

the sauropsids (reptiles, including dinosaurs and therefore birds) and synapsids (extinct "pelycosaurs", therapsids and all extant mammals, including humans)...

Ulemosaurus is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived 265 to 260 million years ago, at Isheevo in Russian Tatarstan. It was a tapinocephalid...

organization across two amniotes: implications for reconstructing non-mammalian synapsids". PeerJ. 8 e8556. doi:10.7717/peerj.8556. PMC 7034385. PMID 32117627....

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Biarmosuchus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids that lived around 267 mya during the Middle Permian period. Biarmosuchus was discovered in...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

jaw", in reference to the diastema in its upper tooth row) is a genus of synapsid belonging to the Sphenacodontia, which lived during the Pennsylvanian subperiod...

occipital (braincase) portion, sloping downwards in the process. Early synapsids inherited postparietals (sometimes paired) from their non-amniote ancestors...

the earlier-diverging Qilinyu. Splenials are present in non-mammalian synapsids, but lost in mammals, though there are some claims of a vestigial splenial...

Thomas Schindler; Dieter Schweiss (2011). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany" (PDF). Acta...

from fragmentary material. Early synapsids were dominant members of the terrestrial Permian ecosystem. Some early synapsids adapted an herbivorous diet, however...

at this time. Major revisions since have included the reassignment of synapsids as non-reptiles, and classification of turtles as diapsids. Gauthier 1994...

Scalenodontoides is an extinct genus of the herbivorous cynodont family Traversodontidae. It lived during the Late Triassic in what is now South Africa...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Marsupialia: kangaroos, opossums Nearly all basal mammals and non-mammalian synapsids were plantigrade Birds Loons, grebes and penguins Reptiles Nearly all...

Castorocauda is an extinct, semi-aquatic, superficially otter-like genus of docodont mammaliaforms with one species, C. lutrasimilis. It is part of the...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids reported from the Lueders Formation Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Dimetrodon D. sp. Maybelle Member. Neural spine & bone fragments...

dating to the Middle Permian. Moschops were heavy set dinocephalian synapsids, with the AMNH 5552 specimen recorded has having a spine approximately...

early synapsids that generally resembled the unrelated monitor lizards. Features that could identify Ascendonanus as a "pelycosaur" grade synapsid and a...

has preserved the fragmentary remains of archosaurs, phytosaurs, and synapsids, as well as fish bones and scales. Fossil footprints and trackways of...

Extinct genus of synapsids...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

the skeleton. They were the last-known family of the non-mammaliaform synapsids, persisting into the Early Cretaceous. Most tritylodontids are thought...

The Naobaogou Formation is a geological formation in the Daqing Mountains of China. It is likely of Lopingian (Late Permian) age. It consists of three...

terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs (a paraphyletic group of early synapsids), diadectids, and temnospondyls, The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late...

Paleolontologists have mostly assigned them in the past as eupelycosaurian synapsids. Others have placed them as basal neodiapsids. A compromise is to place...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

The Chañares Formation is a Carnian-age geologic formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, located in La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is characterized...

varanopids, a group of reptile-like tetrapods traditionally considered to be synapsids (amniotes more closely related to mammals than to modern reptiles). However...

synapsid predators". Paleontological Society Papers. 8: 267–288. doi:10.1017/S1089332600001121. Prothero, Donald R. (18 April 2022). "20. Synapsids:...

diadectomorph Diasparactus, a diadectid diadectomorph Thylacinus, an amniote synapsid Velociraptor, an amniote sauropsid List of reptiliomorphs Long, John A...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Synapsids of the Chinle Formation Genus Species State Member Abundance Notes Images Kataigidodon K. venetus Arizona Blue Mesa Partial dentaries. A non-mammalian...

after which both birds (only extant dinosaurs) and mammals (only extant synapsids) would diversify and share the world. Temnospondyl amphibians made a quick...

Perplexisaurus is a genus of therocephalian therapsid from the Middle to Late Permian Deltavjatia vjatkensis Assemblage Zone, Vanyushonki Member of the...

amniotes known as varanopids. Varanopids are traditionally considered early synapsids (part of the lineage of amniotes leading to mammals), although some studies...

Stereorachis is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids from the Late Carboniferous of France. List of pelycosaurs Gaudry, A. (1880). "Sur un reptile...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

upper molariform) tooth. It might represent the last known non-mammalian synapsid. The holotype specimen, GSI/SR/PAL-B215 has suffered breakage at the mesial...

Elph (an arbitrary combination of letters) is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsids from Russia. Four specimens have been found from the Sokolki Assemblage...

rex, but it had deteriorated (common with animatronics). Dimetrodon, a synapsid which existed before the dinosaurs, also appears in the film. Although...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

evolution of the brain, sensory organs and behaviour in non-mammalian synapsids is published by Benoit et al. (2022). A study on the anatomy of the skull...

Eubrachiosaurus is an extinct genus of stahleckeriid dicynodont known from the Late Triassic (Carnian stage) of Wyoming, United States. Eubrachiosaurus...

teach her more about dinosaurs, pterosaurs, prehistoric marine reptiles, synapsids, prehistoric insects and prehistoric mammals. She often also increases...

Indotherium is an extinct genus of mammaliaforms that lived in what is now India during the Early Jurassic. It contains one species, I. pranhitai, which...

development of groups such as arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles and synapsids. Like its predecessors Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) and Walking with...

later displaced in terrestrial environments by early reptiles and basal synapsids (predecessors of mammals). The origin of modern lissamphibians, which...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

common ancestor of mammals, the synapsids, about 300 million years ago. It is currently unknown at what stage the synapsids acquired mammalian characteristics...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

reptiliomorphs lying just outside the clade Amniota, or as early-diverging synapsids (members of the amniote group containing mammals and their extinct relatives)...

00824.x. S2CID 129081834. Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica...

Turfanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian Sunan, Guodikeng, and Naobaogou Formations of China. The holotype of T. bogdaensis...

Lalieudorhynchus is an extinct genus of caseid synapsids that lived during the Guadalupian (= Middle Permian) in what is now Southern France. The genus...

reptile, three groups of amniotes would evolve: anapsids, diapsids, and synapsids. These broad groupings of amniotes are most easily differentiated by the...

adaptations for grasping, likely onto tree trunks. Suminia, a anomodont synapsid from Russia dating to the Late Permian, about 260 million years ago, was...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2003 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Fahn-Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2020). A study aiming to determine whether a vicariance pattern can explain early synapsid evolution...

1130/spe28-p1. Benson, R. B. J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: Cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies"...

Archaeovenator is an extinct genus of Late Carboniferous varanopid synapsids known from Greenwood County, Kansas of the United States. It was first named...

cynodonts in the late Triassic being the first stem mammals. Permian synapsids like Dimetrodon or Anteosaurus are stem mammals in the wider sense but...

evolution of the synapsids (a group of amniotes that includes the mammals), and has been focused on the transition from basal synapsids to mammals, from...

Russian Academy of Sciences. His research largely focused on Permian synapsids and reptiles, having published over 50 works and naming 130 new fossil...

Eosimops is an extinct genus of pylaecephalid dicynodonts. They were small synapsids superficially resembling modern mammals. Eosimops is known from several...

Diagram showing synapsid jaw evolution from early "pelycosaur" synapsids to modern mammals, showing the transformation of the articular into the malleus...

Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018-10-22). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher...

amniotes evolve. c. 320 Ma – First sauropsids evolve. c. 318 Ma – First synapsids evolve. c. 312 Ma – Hylonomus makes first appearance, one of the oldest...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Sołtyków Footprints Small Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes Brasilichnium B. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Small Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes...

Synapsids of the Elliot Formation Genus Species Location Stratigraphy Assemblage Zone Materials Notes Images Ameghinichnus A. sp. Upper Elliot Massospondylus...

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Kannemeyeria is a genus of dicynodont that lived during the Anisian age of Middle Triassic period in what is now Africa and South America. The generic...

Phreatophasma is an extinct genus of synapsids from the Middle Permian of European Russia. It includes only one species, Phreatophasma aenigmatum, which...

Restoration of the Permian synapsid (mammal precursor) Cutleria...

therapsids, Lycaenodon shares many features with earlier and less mammal-like synapsids like Dimetrodon. A 2012 phylogenetic analysis of biarmosuchians found...

Therioherpeton is an extinct genus of small, carnivorous cynodonts belonging to the clade Prozostrodontia, which lived in what is now Brazil during the...

major turnover in terrestrial tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids. Edwin H. Colbert drew parallels between the system of extinction and...

Bocatherium is an extinct genus of tritylodont mammaliamorphs from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is known only from a skull...

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Life restoration of the Carboniferous synapsid (mammal precursor) Archaeovenator...

non-mammalian synapsids. List of pelycosaurs "Stereophallodon". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 8 August 2011. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at...

Bridetherium is an extinct genus of morganucodontan from Early Jurassic deposits of southern Wales, United Kingdom. Bridetherium is known from some isolated...

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This synapsid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information....

density of fossils. It preserves a diverse assortment of Late Triassic synapsids, temnospondyls, and reptiles, including some of the earliest unambiguous...

Mandagomphodon is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Middle Triassic Lifua Member of the Manda Beds of Ruhuhu Valley, Tanzania. The...

prosauropod dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, choristoderes and in some early synapsids. In dinosaurs, the elements articulate with each other in a sort of zig-zag...

apparatus from their sphenacodont ancestry. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Therapsida: Biarmosuchia at Palaeos v t e...

Callibrachion is an extinct genus of caseid synapsids that lived in east-central France during the Lower Permian (Asselian). The holotype and only known...

from this locality, including the temnospondyl Compsocerops, several synapsids, pseudosuchians, avemetatarsalians (including various dinosaurs), and...

Status Authors Age Location Notes Images Phreatophasma Valid Ivan Yefremov Middle Permian Russia A synapsid of uncertain affinities, perhaps a caseid....

Maubeugia is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Late Triassic of France. Isolated postcanine teeth are known from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1979 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

Arisierpeton is an extinct genus of synapsids from the Early Permian Garber Formation (Sumner Group) of Richards Spur, Oklahoma. It contains a single...

Tappenosaurus ("Tappen's lizard") is an extinct genus of synapsids from the Middle Permian of Texas. American paleontologists Everett C. Olson and James...

Gorgodon is an extinct genus of basal synapsids. The genus is monotypic, known only from the type species Gorgodon minutus from the Early Permian of the...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1995 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

theropod dinosaurs, as well as histological research done on the sails of synapsids (stem mammals), the sinusoidal sail of Ichthyovenator was likely used...

However, they were relatively homogenous on the same skull. While most synapsids and many early eureptiles had a caniform region of enlarged fang-like...

ISBN 978-1-4684-3658-7. Oftedal, Olav T. (2002). "The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 7 (3): 225–252...

Pseudotribos ("false chewing") is an extinct genus of mammaliaform that lived in Northern China during the Middle Jurassic some 165 million years ago,...

Deccanodon is an extinct genus of dromatheriid cynodonts which existed in India during the Late Triassic. The type species is D. maleriensis, named in...

Habayia is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Late Triassic of Belgium. A single postcanine tooth was found in Habay-la-Vieille in southern...

Synapsids of the Petrolia Formation Genus Species Dimetrodon D.natalis D.limbatus A small species of Dimetrodon. Large species of Dimetrodon. Secodontosaurus...

Vivaxosaurus is a genus of dicynodont from the late Permian (Changhsingian) of Russia. It has been found at Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas...

Sinoconodon is an extinct genus of mammaliamorphs that appears in the fossil record of the Lufeng Formation of China in the Sinemurian stage of the Early...

marks, adding credence to this theory. Platyhystrix 299–279.5 Mya Many Synapsids Edaphosaurids ~307–272 Ma Sphenacodontids 300–272 Ma Many Poposauroids...

earliest sauropsid reptiles (Hylonomus), and the earliest known synapsid (Archaeothyris). Synapsids quickly became huge and diversified in the Permian, only...

Euromycter is an extinct genus of caseid synapsids that lived in what is now Southern France during the Early Permian (late Artinskian) about 285 million...

Paraná) indicates a Guadalupian age for these localities, given that this synapsid group is restricted to this age in the rest of the world. In the Fagundes...

primitive nontherapsid synapsids (pelycosaurs). Restudy of the type specimen indicates that A. megalops is a nondiagnosable primitive synapsid and is, therefore...

on the morphological diversity of vertebral regions in non-mammalian synapsids, and on its implication for elucidating the evolution of anatomically...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Sinokannemeyeria is a genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont that lived during the Anisian age of Middle Triassic period in what is now Shanxi, China. Sinokannemeyeria...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Rhachiocephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Lupeosaurus is an extinct genus of pelycosaurian synapsids, assigned to the family Edaphosauridae. Lupeosaurus was about 3 metres (9.8 ft) long and weighed...

mammaliaforms. Mammaliaforms lack the proatlas bones in the neck seen in other synapsids. With the possible exception of Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium (as well...

Heleosaurus scholtzi is an extinct species of basal synapsids, known as pelycosaurs, in the family of Varanopidae during the middle Permian. At first...

A varanopid. Eocasea E. martini A caseid synapsid. Ianthasaurus I. cf. I. hardestii/hardestiorum An edaphosaurid synapsid. ?Lupeosaurus Indeterminate...

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Sinognathus is an extinct genus of gomphodont cynodonts from the Middle Triassic Ermaying Formation of China. Its type and only species is Sinognathus...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

are notable for their large size, as well as for being among the first synapsids with specializations towards cursoriality. Below is a cladogram from Martínez...

Polonodon is an extinct genus of dromatheriid cynodonts that lived in what is now Poland during the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic. It includes one...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

and hindlimb musculature of synapsids are published by Bishop & Pierce (2023). A study on the ecomorphology of synapsids throughout their evolutionary...

and particularly for identifying the criteria by which proto-mammals (synapsids) should be classified as mammals. He is an emeritus fellow of St John's...

Diegocanis is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Argentina. The type species, Diegocanis elegans, was named in 2013 from...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

by Stephan Kutorga in 1838. Syodon was one of the first non-mammalian synapsids to be described, named by Stepan Kutorga in 1838 from an isolated canine...

different skull structure. Tritylodonts are now regarded as non-mammalian synapsids. If a living Tritylodon were to be seen today, it would look a lot like...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

refers to an ecomorph consisting of various groups of extinct predatory synapsids (mammals and close relatives), which convergently evolved extremely long...

Apsisaurus is an extinct genus of Early Permian varanopid synapsids known from Texas of the United States. It was first named by Michel Laurin in 1991...

Trirachodon (Greek: "three ridge tooth") is an extinct genus of cynodonts. Fossils have been found in the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group...

Formation of Russia. List of therapsids Rhinodicynodon at Fossilworks.org The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Scymnosaurus is a dubious genus of therocephalian therapsids from the Middle Permian of what is now South Africa based upon the fossils of large, but indeterminate...

fossils found in the Fremouw Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains. Synapsids (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as Lystrosaurus...

Eocene of Chile. A study on the diel activity patterns of non-mammalian synapsids is published by Angielczyk & Schmitz (2014). The presence of plicidentine...

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earlier amniotes (such as Westlothiana) which predate the split between synapsids and sauropsids. Benton M.J. and Donoghue P.C.J. 2006. Palaeontological...

‘’Jubbulpuria’’. Synapsids are also known form the formation, such as the possibly late surviving Avashishta, possibly the last known non- mammalian synapsid the possibly...

Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (Owen, R. 1876. Descriptive and illustrated...

non-mammalian synapsids from the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation of South Africa. It contains the single species L. vanderhorsti. List of synapsids Kammerer...

diversity and morphological changes of the humeri of Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids through time is published by Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019). A study on the...

Arboroharamiya is an extinct genus of mammaliaform from the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. Arboroharamiya belongs to a group...

caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1385 (1): 3–20. Bibcode:2016NYASA1385...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Angielczyk, K. D.; Peecook, B. R.; Sidor, C. A. (2021). "The evolution of the synapsid tusk: Insights from dicynodont therapsid tusk histology". Proceedings of...

Cyrtlatherium is a dubious genus of extinct docodontan mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic rocks of Oxfordshire, England. As it is only known from a...

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skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". Cladistics. 40 (3): 282–306. doi:10.1111/cla.12577. PMID 38651531...

(fingers/toes) are reduced in length so that they are more like that of later synapsids (therapsids and mammals) (Carroll 1988 pp. 370–1). Biarmosuchians ranged...

and Patranomodon. The septomaxilla—a bone found in the nose unique to synapsids in the fossil record—is also exposed on the lateral surface of the snout...

the decimation of the dinosaurs (and perhaps more relevantly competing synapsids). Mammals also exploited niches that the non-avian dinosaurs had never...

the world. Other vertebrate fossils as fish, amphibians, reptiles and synapsids have been recovered from the formation too, as well as minor fossil flora...

amphibian with a distinctive sail along its back, similar to the unrelated synapsids, Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus. It lived during the boundary between the...

specialized teeth, is mostly a mammalian adaptation that appeared in early Synapsids, although some later herbivorous dinosaurs, now extinct, also developed...

occlusion between palatal and marginal teeth is not known in any other synapsids. The precise occlusion, heavy wear, and rapid tooth replacement of anomocephaloid...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

the Late Permian of South Africa. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

suggested that anteosaurs, were semiaquatic piscivorous (fish-eating) synapsids, mostly similar to modern-day otters. Christian F. Kammerer in 2011 questioned...

Chiniquodon is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa...

Gardens, The Fiery Furnace and Bearclaw. He also wrote the novels The Last Synapsid, The Darwin Affair, The Nightingale Affair, and the book and lyrics for...

therocephalian species can be found throughout the biozone. Apart from synapsids, the biozone is rich in other fossil fauna, including procolophonid parareptiles...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Dinodontosaurus (meaning "terrible-toothed lizard") is a genus of dicynodont therapsid that lived in Brazil from the Middle Triassic to the Upper Triassic...

however, more recently the same mechanism has been postulated for early synapsids. As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

earliest sauropsid reptiles (Hylonomus), and the earliest known "pelycosaur" synapsids (Archaeothyris). Small lizard-like animals quickly gave rise to many descendants...

basal dinocephalians. It contains two genera, Phreatosuchus and Phreatosaurus. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive...

undergrowth were various types of early mammals, as well as tritylodont synapsids, lizard-like sphenodonts, and early lissamphibians.[citation needed] Geology...

Borealestes is a genus of docodontan from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland, first discovered on the Isle of Skye near the village of Elgol. It was the earliest...

locality within the Cynognathus AZ, as part of the subzone characterized by synapsids Trirachodon and Kannemeyeria. Through biostratigraphy, the Trirachodon–Kannemeyeria...

part of the jaw joint in all tetrapods except mammals. In non-mammaian synapsids, the unossified portion of Meckel's cartilage remained sheathed inside...

contains the oldest known fossils of tetrapods from Antarctica, including synapsids, reptiles and amphibians. Fossilized trees have also been found. The formation's...

Kannemeyeriiformes is a group of large-bodied Triassic dicynodonts. As a clade, Kannemeyeriiformes has been defined to include the species Kannemeyeria...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

tetrapods, it bears teeth (palatal dentition), though these are lost in all synapsids and diapsid reptiles. Holliday, Casey M.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2009-09-12)...

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Struthiocephalus ("ostrich head") is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of South Africa. Struthiocephalus...

and relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown: List of synapsids Boos, Alessandra D. S.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Soares...

temporal fenestrae, a characteristic once thought to be present only in synapsids and diapsids. This confirmed the previous results of German paleontologist...

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Haramiyavia is a genus of synapsid in the clade Haramiyida that existed about 200 million years ago in the Rhaetian stage of the Triassic. Like other haramiyidans...

that may have extended into the Roadian, with many lineages of early synapsids becoming extinct in the Kungurian. However, assessment of the exact timing...

basal dinocephalian therapsids. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Amazon basin Saber-toothed predator, several distantly related lineages of synapsids Thylacosmilus, a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators from the...

Delsatia is an early mammaliaform genus that lived during the Late Triassic and has been found in the Gres infralisiques Formation of France. The type...

Botucaraitherium is an extinct genus of prozostrodontian cynodonts from the early Norian Riograndia Assemblage Zone in the Candelária Formation of the...

of periosteum: the shaft and the footplate. Within mammals and other synapsids the columella has evolved into the stapes, a homologous bone within the...

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Eocaecilia and possibly Dinilysia. The oldest example of burrowing in synapsids, the lineage which includes modern mammals and their ancestors, is a cynodont...

Early Therapsids. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR. pp. 1–230. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

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The Teekloof Formation is a geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group, one of the five geological groups that comprises the Karoo Supergroup...

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D.; Mangera, Taahirah; Benoit, Julien (August 12, 2025). "150 years of synapsid paleoneurology: the origins of the mammalian brain, behavior, sense organs...

Koksharovia is an extinct genus of therocephalian synapsid that inhabited what is now the Kirov Oblast of Russia during the Permian period. It contains...

S2CID 258835757. Lloyd, J. K.; Durand, F. (2025). "A new akidnognathid synapsid specimen from the Permian of Cradock, South Africa and the revision of...

patterns of synapsids and reptiles, is published by Brocklehurst (2021), who interprets his findings as challenging the assumption that synapsids dominated...

Kayentatherium is an extinct genus of tritylodontid cynodonts that lived during the Early Jurassic. It is one of two tritylodonts from the Kayenta Formation...

multicusped cheek teeth probably evolved from single-cusped teeth in synapsids, although the diversity of therapsid molar patterns and the complexity...

times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". PeerJ. 9 e12577. doi:10.7717/peerj.12577. ISSN 2167-8359...

undiagnostic remains of basal synapsids, no more closely related to therapsids than are other pelycosaur-grade synapsids. Paleontology portal List of therapsids...

belonging to Hyperodapedon, as well as unnamed aetosaurs, herrerasaurids, and synapsids (possible dicynodont and gomphodontosuchine traversodontid cynodont) have...

herds and startles easily. Sailback – a general term used for sailed synapsids such as Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus. Shark – Cretoxyrhina. A species of...

create a cladogram can be roughly categorized as either morphological (synapsid skull, warm blooded, unicellular, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA, or protein...

evidence originated in the upper and lower jaws and the hyoid bone of their synapsid ancestors, and further back still were part of the gill arches of early...

evolution of the parietal foramen in Paleozoic and Triassic reptiles and synapsids is published by Jenkins et al. (2026). Evidence supporting the presence...

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Jachaleria was a dicynodont herbivore that lived from the Ladinian to Norian stages of the Middle to Late Triassic, from approximately 240 to 220 million...

Dinanomodon is a genus of dicynodont that lived during the Late Permian (Lopingian) of the South Africa and China. Two species are recognised, D. gilli...

and Reisz coauthored a widely cited article providing evidence that the synapsids are the sister group of all other amniotes. He later worked on untangling...

Struthiosaurus Rhoetosaurus Rhomaleopakhus Rhopalodon – subsequently found to be a synapsid Riabininohadros Richardoestesia "Rileya" – preoccupied name, now known...

Forerunners of Mammals. Indiana University Press. pp. 121–149. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Portal: Paleontology...

Hopson, James A. (March 1990). "The septomaxilla of fossil and recent synapsids and the problem of the septomaxilla of monotremes and armadillos". Zoological...

Schizoneura sp. Planolites Umfolozia Geology portal Paleontology portal List of synapsids Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo...

Stylidens is an extinct genus of mammaliaforms, possibly belonging to Morganucodonta, that lived in what is now England during the Middle Jurassic. Its...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

attachment was a critical requisite in the evolution of the mammalian (synapsid) tusk. "Module – Introduction to Joints". Archived from the original on...

Synapsids reported from the Joggins Formation Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Images Asaphestera A. platyris Coal Mine Point Division...

sturgeons, shad, herring, and menhaden. Prehistoric ancestors of mammals, the synapsids, are thought to have scutes which were later reduced and replaced by hair...

Pennsylvanian) from the lattermost group, and included both sauropsids and synapsids, but it was not until the very end of the Carboniferous, during a rainforest...

Kalaallitkigun is an extinct genus of haramiyidan mammaliaforms from the Late Triassic of Greenland. It contains a single species, Kalaallitkigun jenkinsi...

to open wider. This made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids. Eutheriodontia refers to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians. They...

thought to be the member of Tuditanidae, was reclassified as primitive synapsid in 2020. Paleontology portal Carroll, R. L.; Gaskill, P. (1978). "The Order...

Pascualgnathus is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Middle Triassic of Argentina. Fossils have been found from the Río Seco de la Quebrada...

Placerias (meaning 'broad body') is an extinct genus of dicynodonts that lived during the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic period (230–215 million...

in early development. A separate supratemporal was retained by early synapsids and reptiles, but was strongly reduced in many groups. Squamates (lizards...

Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Permian synapsid (mammal precursor) Cotylorhynchus...

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Charruodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts which existed in the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Formation in the Paraná Basin in southeastern...

possesses a jaw structure that is similar to both mammals and more basal synapsids. Its primitive jaw joint is located between the quadrate and articular...

subsequent Permian period. Some scientists assert that sphenacodontoid synapsids such as Dimetrodon "were the first terrestrial vertebrate to develop the...

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basal dinocephalian therapsids. Paleontology portal List of therapsids The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Basilodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species, Basilodon woodwardi was originally named in 1921 as Dicynodon woodwardi. Fossils...

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"On some small therocephalians". Palaeontologia Africana. 7: 155–182. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

mentioned briefly in a study concerning the nocturnal vision of non-mammalian synapsids, is referred to as S. cf. parringtoni. The skull size of Sauroctonus is...

crown-group mammals. Evidence for endothermy has been found in basal synapsids ("pelycosaurs"), pareiasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, and...

Diagram showing synapsid jaw evolution from early "pelycosaur" synapsids to modern mammals, showing the transformation of the angular to the tympanic...

Diictodon. This small herbivorous animal was one of the most successful synapsids in the Permian period. Diictodon had disproportionally large heads that...

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cladogram below shows Pantelosaurus' phylogenetic position among other synapsids following Benson (2012). Spindler (2016) utilized use of the name Palaeohatteriidae...

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This synapsid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information....

early synapsids. More recently, Baldwinonus has been placed in the family Ophiacodontidae. Its phylogenetic relationship to other early synapsids remains...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

have given rise to the reptiles (traditionally including the mammal-like synapsids), which in turn have given rise to the mammals and birds. Most scientists...

Etjoia is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts that lived during the Middle Triassic or Late Triassic period in southern Africa. This medium-sized...

The smallest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of organism size, including volume, mass, height, length, or genome...

Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (2): 261–304. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.492645. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

Megazostrodon is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms belonging to the order Morganucodonta. It is approximately 200 million years old. Two species...

The rod-like interclavicle of Ophiacodon (a Permian synapsid) connected to a pair of rounded clavicles. Seen in ventral view (i.e. looking towards the...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study...

1080/02724634.1994.10011544. Benson, R.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies"...

the primitive quadrate-articular jaw joint found in most non-mammalian synapsids, in addition to the newer dentary-squamosal joint found in mammals and...

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view. These observations are consistent with most pelycosaurian grade synapsids. The fourth distal tarsal is enlarged, with its proximal articular surface...

crown group Amniota (the group consisting of the last common ancestor of synapsids and sauropsids and all its descendants). Casineria pushes back the origin...

the original on 21 May 2023. Prothero, Donald R. (18 April 2022). "20. Synapsids: The Origin of Mammals". Vertebrate Evolution: From Origins to Dinosaurs...

Acratophorus is an extinct genus of dicynodont that lived during the Anisian age of the Middle Triassic-aged Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation in what...

eosuchian diapsid, was restudied and classified as a varanopid synapsid. Ctenorhachis Valid Hook Hotton Upper Permian USA ( Texas) A sphenacodontid synapsid....

resembled the gorgonopsians and therocephalians, two other groups of synapsids that existed at the time, but differed from most other cynodonts, whose...

Ictidosuchus is an extinct genus of therocephalian therapsids. The main groups of non-mammalian synapsids at Mikko's Phylogeny Archive v t e...

genus of dicynodont therapsids, a highly diverse group of herbivorous synapsids that were widespread during the middle-late Permian and early Triassic...

History in 1913, as part of a collection that consisted almost entirely of synapsid fossils. This specimen (AMNH 24000) was first identified as belonging to...

Symmetrodonta is a group of Mesozoic mammals and mammal-like synapsids characterized by the triangular aspect of the molars when viewed from above, and...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1986 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

Varanops is an extinct genus of Early Permian varanopid known from Texas and Oklahoma of the United States. It was first named by Samuel Wendell Williston...

maxilla, similar to the placement of the canine tooth of many derived synapsids. This tooth morphology has been used to infer that Limnoscelis was a carnivore...

"Evolutionary patterns in the history of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic synapsid predators" (PDF). In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P.H. (eds.). The Fossil Record...

Clepsydrops is an extinct genus of primitive synapsids from the early Late Carboniferous that was related to Archaeothyris. The name means 'hour-glass...

Sarahsaurus, a heterodontosaurid, and the thyreophoran Scutellosaurus. Synapsids include the tritylodontids Dinnebitodon, Kayentatherium, and Oligokyphus...

Elphidae is a clade of bidentalian dicynodonts containing Elph, Katumbia, and Interpresosaurus. It is exclusively known from the Late Permian of Russia...

appeared in the Middle (or Early) Permian, and were the first group of synapsids to have specialized saber-like canines. The largest specimen, BP/1/699...

thought to be the smallest mammal that ever lived, as well as the smallest synapsid that ever lived. On the basis of the size of its molar teeth, it is estimated...

in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Menadon was unique among non-mammalian synapsids for the presence of hypsodont (high-crowned) postcanine teeth. Hypsodont...

Lepagia is an extinct genus of poorly known carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Upper Triassic in Europe. Partly due to the paucity of remains...

Skutschas, P.P.; Rico, S.; Krasnolutskii, S.A. (2017). "A tritylodontid synapsid from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and the taxonomy of derived tritylodontids"...

Tetragonias from sprawling motion, but rather, a parasaggital gait. Most synapsids possess only 3 sacral vertebrae, which articulate with the ilium and are...

skeleton A tritylodontid cynodont, likely the youngest known non-mammalian synapsid Liaoconodon L. hui A nearly complete skeleton A eutriconodont Unnamed mammal...

such as Pisanosaurus, as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids. The similarity of its dental microwear patterns to those of modern slender-snouted...

amphibians. Another 30 million years (310 Ma) saw the divergence of the synapsids (including mammals) from the sauropsids (including birds and reptiles)...

an anapsid skull lacks openings behind the orbits (as opposed to the synapsid or therapsid skull). The smooth softshell turtle, as with all softshells...

Elliotherium is an extinct genus of cynodonts which existed in South Africa during the upper Triassic period. The type species is Elliotherium kersteni...

Arctognathus is an extinct genus of short-snouted gorgonopsian that lived during the Late Permian in the Karoo basin of what is now South Africa. Although...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1996 in paleontology. Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the...

land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised gorgonopsid synapsids like Inostrancevia, anomodont synapsids like Daptocephalus and Dicynodon, and parareptiles...

Martensius is an extinct genus of caseid synapsid from the Early Permian of Germany. The type species is Martensius bromackerensis. Berman, David S.; Maddin...

Shenshou is an extinct monotypic genus of haramiyidan dating from the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic, approximately 160 million years ago. Fossils...

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refers to an ecomorph consisting of various groups of extinct predatory synapsids (mammals and close relatives), which convergently evolved extremely long...

basically reptilian, their stance was far more upright than in more primitive synapsids, like pelycosaurs, which were more sprawling. Regular locomotion of gorgonopsians...

teeth". The members of this family were all small to medium-sized advanced synapsids with combined specialized structures for herbivorous eating. The first...

(Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". In Lee, Y.-N. (ed.). Windows into Sauropsid and Synapsid Evolution: Essays in Honor of Prof. Louis L. Jacobs. Seoul: Dinosaur Science...

Thomas Schindler; Dieter Schweiss (2011). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany" (PDF). Acta...

Arctotraversodon is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Late Triassic of Canada. Fossils first described from the Wolfville Formation...