Incus

This article is about ossicle. For other uses, see Incus Records and Cumulonimbus incus.
Incus
Left incus. A. From within. B. From the front.
Auditory tube, laid open by a cut in its long axis.
Details
Pronunciation/ˈɪŋkəs/
PrecursorFirst branchial arch[1]
Part ofMiddle ear
ArticulationsIncudomalleolar and incudostapedial joint
Identifiers
Latinincus
MeSHD007188
TA98A15.3.02.038
TA2888
FMA52752
Anatomical terms of bone


The incus (pl.: incudes) or anvil in the ear is one of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear. The incus receives vibrations from the malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes medially. The incus is named for its resemblance to an anvil (Latin: incus).

Structure

See also: Ossicles

The incus is the second of three ossicles, very small bones in the middle ear which act to transmit sound. It is shaped like an anvil, and has a long and short crus extending from the body, which articulates with the malleus.[2]: 862  The short crus attaches to the posterior ligament of the incus. The long crus articulates with the stapes at the lenticular process.

The superior ligament of the incus attaches at the body of the incus to the roof of the tympanic cavity.

The incus is homologous to the quadrate bone found in other tetrapods.[3]

Function

Main article: Hearing

Vibrations in the middle ear are received via the tympanic membrane. The malleus, resting on the membrane, conveys vibrations to the incus. This in turn conveys vibrations to the stapes.[2]

History

"Incus" means "anvil" in Latin. Several sources attribute the discovery of the incus to the anatomist and philosopher Alessandro Achillini.[4][5] The first brief written description of the incus was by Berengario da Carpi in his Commentaria super anatomia Mundini (1521).[6] Andreas Vesalius, in his De humani corporis fabrica,[7] was the first to compare the second element of the ossicles to an anvil, thereby giving it the name incus.[8] The final part of the long limb was once described as a "fourth ossicle" by Pieter Paaw in 1615.[9]

Additional images

  • Ossicles
    Ossicles
  • Tympanic cavity. Facial canal. Internal carotid artery.
    Tympanic cavity. Facial canal. Internal carotid artery.
  • Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection.
    Auditory ossicles. Tympanic cavity. Deep dissection.
  • Aditory ossicles. Incus and malleus. Deep dissection.
    Aditory ossicles. Incus and malleus. Deep dissection.

References

  1. ^ hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
  2. ^ a b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
  3. ^ Luo, Zhexi; Crompton, Alfred W. (1994-09-07). "Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (3): 341–374. Bibcode:1994JVPal..14..341L. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011564. ISSN 0272-4634.
  4. ^ Alidosi, GNP. I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623, Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51029z/f35.image#
  5. ^ Lind, L. R. Studies in pre-Vesalian anatomy. Biography, translations, documents, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. p.40
  6. ^ Jacopo Berengario da Carpi,Commentaria super anatomia Mundini, Bologna, 1521. https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00001056-001
  7. ^ Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica. Johannes Oporinus, Basle, 1543.
  8. ^ O'Malley, C.D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 121
  9. ^ Graboyes, Evan M.; Chole, Richard A.; Hullar, Timothy E. (September 2011). "The Ossicle of Paaw". Otology & Neurotology. 32 (7): 1185–1188. doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822a28df. PMC 3158805. PMID 21844785.

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.