VVER

Water-Water Energetic Reactor (VVER), atau WWER (dari Rusia: Водо-водяной энергетический реактор; transliterates sebagai Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor; air-air Reaktor) adalah serangkaian reaktor air bertekanan desain awalnya dikembangkan di Uni Soviet, dan sekarang Rusia, oleh OKB GIDROPRESS. Power output berkisar dari 300 MWe ke 1700 MWe dengan perkembangan dari desain Rusia terbaru. Pembangkit listrik VVER digunakan oleh Armenia, Bulgaria, China, Republik Ceko, Finlandia, Hungaria, India, Iran, Slowakia, Ukraina dan Rusia.

Deskripsi

Kepanjangan VVER dalam bahasa Rusia adalah “Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor – VVER”, Jika diartikan dalam bahasa Inggris adalah “Water-Water Power Reactor – WWER). Reaktor Daya (Pendingin) Air – (Moderator) Air, dalam bahasa Indonesia disingkat sebagai RDAA.

Tipe reaktor air tekan VVER buatan Rusia atau dahulu disebut Uni Soviet banyak beroperasi di negara-negara Eropa Timur yang dahulu di bawah pemerintahan Uni Soviet. Tipe yang ada adalah VVER 440 (daya listrik 440 MWe) dan VVER 1000 (daya listrik 1000 MWe). Untuk tipe VVER 440, terdapat dua generasi yaitu generasi VVER 440/V-230 dan VVER 440/V-213. Oleh negara-negara Eropa Barat, tipe VVER 440/V-230 ditengarai mempunyai masalah yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan, yaitu sistem pendingin darurat tidak memadai dan tidak ada struktur konstruksi bejana tekan pengungkung reaktor. Oleh karena itu desain reaktor tipe ini mendapat prioritas IAEA untuk ditinjau ulang. Tetapi reaktor generasi ketiga, yaitu VVER-1000, mempunyai banyak kemiripan dengan reaktor air tekan buatan Eropa Barat, sehingga faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan dapat disejajarkan dengan reaktor serupa buatan Eropa Barat. Bahkan saat ini telah didesain reaktor yang mempunyai faktor keselamatan dan ekonomi yang lebih tinggi, yaitu VVER-640. Desain reaktor ini telah mendapat kepercayaan dan beberapa di antaranya direncanakan untuk dibangun. Penyempurnaan reaktor tipe VVER-1000 adalah NP-1100. Sementara itu dikembangkan pula PBER-600, suatu reaktor bentuk modular yang dapat ditempatkan di daerah perkotaan.

Instalasi energi

List of operational, planned and VVER installations under construction
Power plant	Country	Reactors	Notes
Akkuyu	Turkey	(4 × VVER-1200/513) (AES-2006 with TOI-Standard)	Construction start expected for 2015.
Balakovo	Russia	4 × VVER-1000/320 (2 × VVER-1000/320)	Unit 5 and 6 construction suspended.
Belene	Bulgaria	(2 × VVER-1000/466B)	Suspended.^[1]
Bohunice	Slowakia	2 × VVER-440/230 2 × VVER-440/213	Split in two plants, V-1 and V-2 with two reactors each. VVER-440/230 units at V-1 plant decommissioned in 2006 and 2008.
Bushehr	Iran	1 × VVER-1000/446 (3 × VVER-1000/446)	A version of the V-320 adapted to the Bushehr site.^[2] Unit 2 and 3 planned, unit 4 cancelled.
Dukovany	Czech Republic	4 × VVER 440/213	Now upgraded to 502 MW in 2009-2012.
Greifswald	Germany	4 × VVER-440/230 1 × VVER-440/213 (3 × VVER-440/213)	Decommissioned. Unit 6 finished, but never operated. Unit 7 and 8 construction suspended.
Kalinin	Russia	2 × VVER-1000/338 2 × VVER-1000/320	Unit 4 operational 2011.
Hanhikivi	Finland	1 × VVER-1200/491	Planned,^[3] operational 2024.
Khmelnitskiy	Ukraine	2 × VVER-1000/320 (2 × VVER-1000/392B)	Unit 3 and 4 under construction.
Kola	Russia	2 × VVER-440/230 2 × VVER-440/213
Koodankulam	India	1 × VVER-1000/412 (AES-92) (1 × VVER-1000/412) (AES-92)	Unit 1 operational since July 2013 and Unit 2 currently under construction.^[4] 4 additional Units planned.
Kozloduy	Bulgaria	4 × VVER-440/230 2 × VVER-1000	VVER-440/230 units decommissioned 2004-2007.
Leningrad II	Russia	2 × VVER-1200/491 (2 × VVER-1200/491)	The units are the prototypes of the VVER-1200/491 (AES-2006) and under construction.
Loviisa	Finland	2 × VVER-440/213	Western control systems, Totally different containment structures. Later modified for a 496 MW output.
Metsamor	Armenia	2 × VVER-440/270	One reactor was shut down in 1989.
Mochovce	Slowakia	2 × VVER-440/213 (2 × VVER-440/213)	Units 3 and 4 under construction, planned to be operational between 2015 and 2017.
Novovoronezh	Russia	1 x VVER-210 (V-1) 1 x VVER-365 (V-3M) 2 × VVER-440/179 1 × VVER-1000/187	All units are prototypes. Unit 1 and 2 shutdown. Unit 3 modernised in 2002.^[5]
Novovoronezh II	Russia	(2 × VVER-1200/392M) (AES-2006)	The units are the prototypes of the VVER-1200/392M (AES-2006) and under construction.
Paks	Hungary	4 × VVER-440/213	Two VVER-1200 units planned
Rheinsberg	Germany	1 × VVER-70 (V-2)	Unit decommissioned
Rivne	Ukraine	2 × VVER-440/213 2 × VVER-1000/320 (2 × VVER-1000/320)	Unit 5 and 6 planning suspended.
South Ukraine	Ukraine	1 × VVER-1000/302 1 × VVER-1000/338 1 × VVER-1000/320 (1 × VVER-1000/320)	unit 4 construction suspended.
Stendal	Germany	(4 × VVER-1000/320)	All 4 units construction cancelled after Germany reunification.
Temelin	Czech Republic	2 × VVER-1000/320 (2 × VVER-1000/320)	Unit 3 and 4 construction suspended. Now unit 3 and 4 in planning again (operated in 2025).
Tianwan	China	2 × VVER-1000/428 (AES-91) (6 × VVER-1000/428M)	Unit 3 to 8 firmly planned.
Volgodonsk	Russia	2 × VVER-1000/320 (2 × VVER-1000/320)	Unit 3 and 4 is under construction and planned to be operational in 2013 and 2014.
Zaporizhzhia	Ukraine	6 × VVER-1000/320	Largest nuclear power plant in Europe.