User:UnifiedFunctionality/sandbox

Origin Variety Description Example
Importation Foreign word A new word is borrowed from a foreign language with no spelling alterations. "Cafe" in English comes from the French "cafe"[1]. Computer "mouse" in Italian comes from the English "mouse". French word "chauffeur" is used in English.
Loaned word An imported word borrowed from a foreign language with minor spelling alterations. "Music" in English from the French "musique"[2]. "Chofer" in Spanish from the French word "chauffeur". 乒乓 (pīngpāng) in Chinese from the English "ping pong".
Partial substitution Composite word Part of a word is borrowed or substituted. "Live-sendung" in German from the English "live broadcast". A "chaise longue" (long chair in French) is often called a "chaise lounge" in British and American English.[3][4]
Substitution Calque (loaned translation) A translation of the elements of a foreign word. In Spanish "escuela alta" is from the English "high school". In German, "intelligence quotient" calques as "intelligenzquotient".
Loaned rendering A partial translation of a foreign word. In Japanese, the word for "accelerator" is アクセル (akuseru), a partially translation of the English word.[5]
Created word A word coined with the desire to replace an imported foreign word for political or uniquely regional reasons. The term "alsatian" replaced German Shepherd in England during World War II to distance the dog breed from Nazi Germany. The name was updated by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom in 2010.[6][7]
Indigenous meaning The meaning of an imported term is applied to an existing indigenous word. The word "mouse" in English may refer to either a computer mouse or to a small long-tailed rodent. In French the word "souris" (mouse, the rodent) was adopted to refer to the computer human interface device as well.
  1. ^ King, Graham (2014-02-28). Foreign Phrases: The plain guide to the most commonly used foreign words in English (Collins Word Power). HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0-00-739959-8.
  2. ^ Mansfield, Orlando A. (1923). "The Word Music: Its Derivation, Interpretation and Misapplication". The Musical Quarterly. 9 (4): 538–544. ISSN 0027-4631.
  3. ^ "'Chaise Lounge' or 'Chaise Longue'?". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2026-07-24.
  4. ^ The Upholsterer and Interior Decorator. Clifford & Lawton. 1930.
  5. ^ Kay, Gillian (December 20, 1994). "English loanwords in Japanese". World Englishes. 14 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00340.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
  6. ^ "Change Of Name - German Shepherd Dog". The Kennel Club. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2026-07-25.
  7. ^ Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1940). The Long Week-end: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918-1939. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-393-31136-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

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