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A hole is an opening in or through a particular medium. It can be an indentation in a surface (such as a hole in the ground), or may pass completely through that surface (such as a hole created by a hole puncher in a piece of paper). Although the word hole can be used to refer to various different types of things—hollows, cavities, pits, burrows, excavations, perforations, gaps, openings—they are all marked by an absence in an otherwise undisturbed surface or medium. Although a hole is an absence or disturbance in a medium, it need not be empty. It can be filled with other materials, like water in a well or in holes that occur in the ocean.

Mathematically, holes are studied in topology and geometry.

Holes are used in a number of sayings, metaphors, and idiomatic phrases, and within technical and scientific terminology. They can refer to a flaw or discrepancy, such as a hole in an argument or theory, a plot hole, or a hole in one's finances. They may also refer to a thing that can be fallen into with difficulty in escaping, such as in the saying "digging oneself into a hole" and the related adage "if you find yourself in a hole, stop digging".In physics, a black hole, although not literally a hole, is a region of extremely dense matter from which nothing can gravitationally escape.[1][2][a] A related scientific metaphor is the wormhole, which is a structure in spacetime that can act as a tunnel between two points.

In the sense of an absence, electron holes are states that can be occupied by an electron but are uninhabited and hence carry a net positive charge. They can flow in metals similarly to electrons, acting as a positive charge carrier to create a current. Such holes are important in semiconductor devices such as diodes because they can be used to create junctions between positively charged electron holes and negatively charged electrons (a p–n junction). Likewise, antiparticles can be thought of as uninhabited states in a sea of ambient particles, although in more modern interpretations in quantum field theory antiparticles are quantum field excitations moving backwards in time.

Jaffa Cakes

Description

External videos
video icon "These are how Jaffa Cakes are made inside McVitie’s Manchester factory"
A video showing how McVitie's brand Jaffa Cakes are made

Jaffa cakes are small snack cakes on the borderline between cakes and biscuits.[4][5] Generally circular in shape and around 54 mm in diameter,[4] they consist of three layers: a soft genoise sponge base, topped with a layer of orange-flavored jam, and a chocolate coating over the jam.[6][7] The main ingredients for the sponge are flour, sugar, eggs, and a small amount of water.[4][5] Other ingredients include vegetable oil, humectants, leavening agents such as baking powder, and salt.[4][8] The ingredients are premixed to create a batter before being beaten to aerate the mix and create the right consistency. Baking takes around 6–9 minutes. After baking, the sponge is allowed to cool before the jam layer is added. This is again allowed to cool before the jam is enrobed in chocolate.[4][5][8]

Jaffa cakes can be eaten in one or two bites, although some consumers enjoy eating around the edges first or eating the jam separately to the rest of the cake.[9] Articles in the popular media have debated the proper way to eat Jaffa cakes, including whether the chocolate side should be face-up or face-down when eating. An article in the International Journal of Food Design questioned the idea of a "proper" way to eat the snacks, but suggested that eating them with the chocolate side face-up would be more visually appealing and increase the contribution of the sense of smell to the taste of the chocolate.[10][b]

Variations

The most well-known brand are McVitie's Jaffa Cakes, which use apricot and tangerine jam for the filling and a dark chocolate coating. In addition to the traditional orange-flavoured version, McVities also sell .... flavours. Previous promotional and limited-edition flavours have included....

Other current (and past?) brands

Many variations and fusions also exist, including cake bars, mini rolls, doughnuts, muffins, and gateau cakes.

History

Upon release, McVitie's Jaffa Cakes..... (sold well? badly?)

1992 general election party political broadcast[14][15]

1990s-2000s, increased advertising: sports teams (e.g. Man United/England national team), Chris Eubank + intro of mini Jaffa Cakes

2010s-2020s: UB sold to pladis, increased pressure from supermarket own brands, advertising focusing on cake vs biscuit

Nutrition

Jaffa cakes
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,498 kJ (358 kcal)
69.3 g
Sugars51.6 g
Dietary fiber1.5 g
8.5 g
Saturated4.33 g
4.4 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
2%
17 μg
0%
5 μg
Thiamine (B1)
0%
0.13 μg
Riboflavin (B2)
10%
0.13 mg
Niacin (B3)
8%
1.3 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
9%
0.47 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.07 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
9 μg
Vitamin B12
17%
0.4 μg
Vitamin C
2%
2 mg
Vitamin E
2%
0.3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
4%
46 mg
Copper
24%
0.22 mg
Iron
15%
2.61 mg
Magnesium
7%
30 mg
Manganese
14%
0.32 mg
Phosphorus
8%
98 mg
Potassium
4%
133 mg
Selenium
7%
4 μg
Sodium
4%
85 mg
Zinc
6%
0.7 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water12.2 g
Cholesterol9.4 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[16] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[17]
Source: McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset 2021

Jaffa cakes are approximately 69% carbohydrates, 9% fat, 4% protein, and 12% water. In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), Jaffa cakes supply 1,498 kilojoules (358 kcal) of food energy, are a rich source (24% of Daily Value, DV) of copper, and a moderate source (10–20% DV) of riboflavin, vitamin B12, iron, and manganese. Jaffa cakes are high in sugar, which makes up about half of the cake by weight.[c]

Popularised by Alex Ferguson during his time as manager of the football club Manchester United,[19][20] some sports nutritionists recommend Jaffa cakes as a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich snack for post-exercise recovery or as an energy boost before exercise.[19][21][22] However, their high sugar content makes them an unhealthy snack if eaten to excess or without regular exercise.[19]

Popularity and public perception

Jaffa Cakes are one of the most popular brand of snack foods in the UK. According to YouGov data from 2018, 73% of adults in the UK had a favourable view of Jaffa Cakes, making them the fourth most popular brand of biscuit in the country.[23] YouGov data also placed them as the third most popular snack food in the UK in 2021.[24] According to The Grocer, almost a third of all households in the UK buy Jaffa Cakes each year.[25]

A dessert inspired by Jaffa Cakes served at a restaurant

Numerous chefs have created their own versions of Jaffa Cakes, including Bryn Williams at Odette's,[26] Marcus Wareing at The Gilbert Scott,[27] Gary Rhodes at City Rhodes,[28] Peter Gordon at a club on Green Street,[29] Sarah Barber at Hotel Café Royal,[30][31] and Sarah Mountain at the Londoner Hotel.[32] Recipes have also been produced by The Great British Bake Off judges Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry,[33][34] and Jaffa Cakes were included as a challenge in the seventh series of the show.[35]

Jaffa Cakes are less well-known worldwide. With the acquisition of the Jaffa Cakes manufacturer United Biscuits by Yildiz in 2014, a Mintel analyst stated that Jaffa Cakes were a regional brand and not an international "power brand".[36] In the 2017 series of the French adaption of The Great British Bake Off, Le Meilleur Pâtissier, contestants were asked to bake Jaffa Cakes, but most of the contestants did not know what Jaffa Cakes were.[37]

Notes

  1. ^ The term may have been inspired by the Black Hole of Calcutta, which had become a phrase for a prison that prisoners were unlikely to come out of alive.[3]
  2. ^ A similar debate concerns how suitable Jaffa cakes are to being dunked in tea.[11][12][13]
  3. ^ Composition based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset 2021. Daily Values (DV) based on the US recommendations for adults.[16] The US Food and Drug Administration considers a food to be "a good source" of a nutrient if it contains 10–20% DV per serving. It is considered "high" in an ingredient if it contains more than 20% DV.[18]

References

  1. ^ "Black Hole Basics". NASA. 2024-03-13. Retrieved 2026-04-25.
  2. ^ Gunn, Alastair (2016-09-09). "Is a black hole a hole?". BBC Science Focus. Retrieved 2026-04-25.
  3. ^ Bartusiak, Marcia (2015). Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled on by Hawking Became Loved. Yale University Press. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-300-21085-9.
  4. ^ a b c d e Davidson, Iain (2023). Biscuit Baking Technology: Processing and Engineering Manual (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 38–42. ISBN 978-0-323-91142-9.
  5. ^ a b c Manley, Duncan (2011). Manley’s Technology of Biscuits, Crackers and Cookies (4th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 198, 350–352. ISBN 978-1-84569-770-9.
  6. ^ Cloake, Felicity (2016-10-27). "How to make the perfect jaffa cakes". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  7. ^ Cashman, Ryan (2023-03-07). "What Are Jaffa Oranges And Are Jaffa Cakes Made With Them?". Tasting Table. Retrieved 2025-04-27.
  8. ^ a b Manley, Duncan (2001). Biscuit, Cracker and Cookie Recipes for the Food Industry. CRC Press. pp. 123–125. ISBN 0-8493-1220-5.
  9. ^ Barr, Sabrina (2018-03-03). "The perfect way to eat a Jaffa Cake, according to a food scientist". The Independent. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  10. ^ Spence, Charles (2021-10-01). "Analysing stereotypical food consumption behaviours: 'This way up?' Is there really a 'right' way to eat a biscuit?". International Journal of Food Design. 6 (2): 213–231. doi:10.1386/ijfd_00031_1. ISSN 2056-6522.
  11. ^ Chappell, Peter (2023-04-25). "What's best to dunk in tea? Jaffa Cakes take the biscuit". The Times. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  12. ^ Sitwell, William (2023-04-28). "'I dunked biscuits in a laboratory setting – and the Jaffa Cake was not a winner'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  13. ^ "The Times view on dunkability rankings: Takes the Biscuit". The Times. 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  14. ^ Travis, Alan (1992-01-22). "Kinnock's Britain drowned in tax sorrow by ex-drink adverts director". The Guardian. p. 2. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  15. ^ Hibbs, Jon (1992-01-22). "Let them eat Jaffa Cake, say Tories". The Daily Telegraph. p. 12. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  16. ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  17. ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  18. ^ "Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide: Chapter VI. Claims". Food and Drug Administration. 2024-09-09. 14. When may I make a "high" or "good source" claim?.
  19. ^ a b c Morrissy-Swan, Tomé (2018-03-08). "Jaffa Cakes: the nutritional secret to Sir Alex Ferguson's success with Manchester United?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-06-01.
  20. ^ Gleeson, Michael (2022-01-01). Nutrition for Top Performance in Football: Eat like the Pros and Take Your Game to the Next Level. Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-78255-882-8.
  21. ^ Reid, Karen (2013). "Performance Food: Promoting foods with a functional benefit in sports performance". Nutrition Bulletin. 38 (4): 429–437. doi:10.1111/nbu.12065. ISSN 1471-9827.
  22. ^ Matthews, Helen; Matthews, Martyn (2010). "Nutritional considerations for performance and rehabilitation". In Comfort, Paul; Abrahamson, Earle (eds.). Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 245–274. ISBN 9780470985625.
  23. ^ Waldersee, Victoria (2018-12-17). "Britain's top five biscuits revealed". YouGov. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  24. ^ Perkins, Carina (2021-09-22). "Which food and drink brands came out top with consumers in 2021?". The Grocer. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  25. ^ "Britain's biggest brands 2019: one to 100". The Grocer. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  26. ^ Burton, Izzy (2015-03-06). "Mind to menu: Bryn Williams on Odette's Jaffa cake". Great British Chefs. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  27. ^ Markwell, Lisa (2011-06-18). "The Gilbert Scott, St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, Euston Road, London". The Independent. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  28. ^ "Gary Rhodes obituary". The Times. 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  29. ^ Maschler, Fay (1993-11-26). "Club class with a homely touch". Evening Standard. p. 172. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  30. ^ Cooke, Alice (2016-02-17). "DESSERT PHOTOS: Ok, now you've been warned, here's the first dessert restaurant in London". British Baker. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  31. ^ "Hotel Café Royal to open dessert-only restaurant". The Caterer. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  32. ^ Seo, Jungmin (2023-05-19). "Sarah Mountain named executive pastry chef of the Londoner". The Caterer. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  33. ^ Hollywood, Paul (2017). A Baker's Life: From Childhood Bakes to Five-Star Excellence. Bloomsbury. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4088-4650-6.
  34. ^ "Mary Berry's jaffa cakes recipe". BBC Food. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  35. ^ "Great British Bake Off: More than 10 million tune in to first episode". BBC News. 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2026-01-28.
  36. ^ Harrison-Dunn, Annie (2014-11-05). "Yildiz still lacks 'power brands' after United Biscuits buy: Analyst". Confectionery News. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
  37. ^ Bartram, Naomi (2017-11-09). "Contestants on the French Bake Off had to make Jaffa Cakes, but had no idea what they were". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 2025-11-01.

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