DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

from instructions in the DNA of the cell, and they can be increased, or upregulated, when the signal is weak, or decreased, or downregulated, when it is...

in regulating metabolism of glucose by skeletal muscle tissue. It is upregulated in response to exercise, and is considered an exercise mimetic, as well...

conserved in eukaryotic cells that downregulates protein synthesis and upregulates specific genes in response to internal or environmental stresses. The...

The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) also known as Bcl-2-binding component 3 (BBC3), is a pro-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 protein...

In humans, cathepsin B is encoded by the CTSB gene. Cathepsin B is upregulated in certain cancers, in pre-malignant lesions, and in various other pathological...

Although it promotes the elimination of virus-infected cells, it also upregulates the expression of ACE-2, thereby facilitating the SARS-Cov2 virus to...

ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9. Smith CA, Katz M, Sinclair AH (February 2003). "DMRT1 is upregulated in the gonads during female-to-male sex reversal in ZW chicken embryos"...

cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The expression of type II IFN is upregulated and downregulated by cytokines. By activating signaling pathways in cells...

clavulanic acid shows off-target activity in the nervous system by upregulating the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and has been studied in the potential...

organization and 43% amino acid identity. It was originally found as a gene upregulated by growth arrested fibroblasts. Gas6 is a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid...

responses. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation – a phenomenon which is particularly...

Key Features A 167 Upregulated in several human cancers. Crosslinks directly to cellular mRNA. Contains PCI domain. B 92 Upregulated in several cancers...

located on the external cell plasma membrane, it is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase. The ACTH receptor plays...

H. pylori-associated gastric disease, the gene has been found to be upregulated, and this may be related to the pathogenesis of these conditions. All...

gene is predominantly expressed in prostate tissue, and is found to be upregulated in multiple cancer cell lines. The gene product is predicted to be a...

membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor B1 (SCARB1), which is upregulated in times of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Retinol is stored in lipid droplets...

and the secretion of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were significantly upregulated in the lungs of CS-exposed mice with COPD-like symptoms. Opaganib GRCh38:...

the enhancer and the connected target gene were coordinately either upregulated or downregulated after exercise training. Endurance muscle training also...

1-4 have been more carefully investigated than MCTs 5-14. MCTs can be upregulated by PPAR-α, HIF-1α, Nrf2, and AMPK. Lactate has long been considered a...

malignancy of the cells since they lose key regulator genes. By looking at upregulated antisense transcripts in tumor cells, researchers are able to look for...

for in competition. AOD9604 appears to enhance lipolysis in mice by upregulating beta-3 adrenergic receptors. Beta-3 adrenergic receptor knockout mice...

conditions, GDF15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and is upregulated because of injury to organs such as the liver, kidney, heart and lung...

highest levels among all epithelial cell types. EpCAM is frequently upregulated in carcinomas but is not expressed in cancers of non-epithelial origin...

and to alerting/vigilance benefits with regular use. Chronic exposure upregulates adenosine receptors, raising the effort threshold for allocating attention—even...

Grifolin is an isolate of the mushroom Albatrellus confluens which upregulates DAPK1 in vitro. Luo, XJ; Li, LL; Deng, QP; Yu, XF; Yang, LF; Luo, FJ; Xiao...

which is located within an intron of the SPRY4 gene. Its expression is upregulated in melanoma cells, where it is expressed in the cytoplasm. Removal of...

Audio (PUMA), a subset of Protected Media Path, a DRM technology p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a pro-apoptotic protein Paediatric-use...

upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels. By upregulating these ion channels, glioblastoma tumor cells are hypothesized to facilitate...

validity has not been determined. Transcript levels of the CD1A gene are upregulated in the lung parenchyma of smokers. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000158477...

Qi Z, Zeng W, Liang J, Liang Z (2010). "Hepatitis B virus X protein upregulates HSP90alpha expression via activation of c-Myc in human hepatocarcinoma...

for astrocyte-derived lactate in sleep–wake regulation. MCT4 can be upregulated by HIF-1α and AMPK. Monocarboxylate transporter Solute carrier family...

Memantine treatment. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, specifically α7 nAChR, upregulate quickly in response to antagonism, which could explain the possible cognitive-enhancing...

help from the ncRNA hsr1, HSF1 then trimerizes, becoming active and upregulating the expression of its target genes. Many other thermosensory mechanisms...

Caenorhabditis elegans genetic mutations were observed in certain genes that upregulated c-di-GMP, causing a host specialist morphotype to emerge. The mutations...

glands.[citation needed] CD166 protein expression is reported to be upregulated in a cell line deriving from a metastasizing melanoma. CD166 plays an...

pathogen elimination. During infection-induced anorexia, autophagic flux is upregulated systemically. A decrease in serum amino acids during an infection promotes...

forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). It is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing this...

firing in principal neurons of the subiculum. This firing pattern is upregulated following status epilepticus, with these hyperactive neurons often serving...

to resolve the more causative factor in disease. HLA-DR molecules are upregulated in response to signalling. In the instance of an infection, the peptide...

of more than 300 GSLs. UGCG is widely expressed and transcription is upregulated during keratinocyte differentiation. UGCG has been shown to interact...

Regulation of transcription in mammals. This illustration indicates many of the elements that are present when transcription of a gene is upregulated....

there were 1,048 genes with reduced mRNA expression and 564 genes with upregulated mRNA expression. Similarly, when mice undergo CFC, one hour later in...

proteoglycan that is most prominently expressed in the thalamus, and is upregulated in activated astroglial cells of the cerebrum. Several functions of this...

slow tumor growth. EZH2 has been targeted for inhibition because it is upregulated in multiple cancers including, but not limited to, breast, prostate,...

relapse after withdrawal ΔFosB also enhances sensitivity to reward by upregulating the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and downregulating the expression of...

responsible for maintaining homeostasis of pH and sodium. Angiotensin II upregulates in the proximal convoluted tubule to promote Na+ and bicarbonate reabsorption...

BRST2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PIP gene. It is upregulated by prolactin and androgens and downregulated by estrogen. The protein...

bipotential cells to differentiate and proliferate. SRY accomplishes this by upregulating SOX9, a transcription factor with a DNA-binding site very similar to...

a complex molecular basis; in Hypsibius exemplaris, 1,422 genes are upregulated during the process. Of those, 406 are specific to tardigrades, 55 being...

fibrosis, and lung fibrosis tissues. ITGA11 has also been found to be upregulated in the tumor stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Knocking down...

(taurine upregulated gene 1) is a long non-coding RNA expressed in the retina and in the brain. It was first identified in a screen for genes upregulated by...

observed to be upregulated in the isolated synaptosomes of male patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls, suggesting upregulated microglia-induced...

ammonia to form glutamine GFAP Rat DRG, TG IHC Upregulated by nerve damage S100 Rat DRG IHC Upregulated by nerve damage Endothelin ETB receptor Rat, rabbit...

uptake of rT3. In addition, increased rT3 concentrations result from upregulated thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity in critical illness, starvation and fetal...

actin-membrane processes, predominantly in membrane budding. DNM3 is upregulated in Sézary's syndrome. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197959 – Ensembl...

smooth muscle cells (BSMC). sfTSLP mRNA expression is not significantly upregulated by inflammation. TSLP mRNA is not constitutively expressed in NHBE and...

(January 2009). "Intracellular antioxidant enzymes are not globally upregulated during hibernation in the major oxidative tissues of the 13-lined ground...

FOXK1 and its closely relate sibling FOXK2 induce aerobic glycolysis by upregulating the enzymatic machinery required for this (for example, hexokinase-2...

and rimantadine, which also have dopaminergic actions. Bromantane can upregulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thereby increase dopamine production and...

not exhibit these biochemical properties and its content is relatively upregulated in mitochondrially encoded proteins. Cysteine, mainly the l-enantiomer...

activity on their EEGs, suggesting that opioid receptors may also be upregulated during human seizures. To provide direct evidence for this, Hammers et...

The activated NFATc is then translocated into the nucleus, where it upregulates the expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), which, in turn, stimulates the...

proteins. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity, possibly because it amplifies the slow-type...

CH, Nichols WA, Moaddel R, Xiao C, Lester HA (2016). "Menthol Alone Upregulates Midbrain nAChRs, Alters nAChR Subtype Stoichiometry, Alters Dopamine...

M1 muscarinic receptor, M3 receptors are G proteins of class Gq that upregulate phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular...

an agonist of the receptor will upregulate the effects on the downstream pathway (it will not necessarily upregulate the pathway itself). The receptors...

in WDR45 deficient cells non-TF (transferrin)-bound iron pathway is upregulated (due to abnormal ferritinophagy) and iron accumulates in cell and mitochondria...

analysis of the X inactivation centre, surrounding the Xist gene. Jpx upregulates expression of Xist. Long noncoding RNA GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000225470...

the TBARS assay using thiobarbituric acid as a reagent. TBARS can be upregulated, for example, by heart attack or by certain kinds of stroke. Because...

between two conditions, allowing for a symmetric representation of both upregulated and downregulated changes relative to the center. This transformation...

cloning of a SGK family member from a cDNA library screen for genes upregulated by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in a rat mammary epithelial tumor...

economy of neurotransmitter production and release. Cells can increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the number of receptors to a given hormone...

to be paradoxical above. That is, rather, KOR signaling is activated/upregulated by stress, drugs of abuse and agonist administration - resulting in negative...

remodeling, possibly through noncovalent binding to TSG-6. Its secretion is upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha...

an immune system gene called HLA-B. HCP5 has been reported to become upregulated after human papillomavirus infection and may promote the development...

non-neural sites of organisms. For example, an ependymin-related gene that is upregulated in colon cancer known as UCC1 was found in human colorectal tumor cells...

as the gene expression in the rejection of transplanted organs. If an upregulated gene is observed by an abundance of mRNA on the northern blot the sample...

contrary, is extensively expressed in cells involved in inflammation and is upregulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, growth factors, and tumor...

keloid senescent fibroblast apoptosis by promoting nuclear exclusion of upregulated p53-serine 15 phosphorylation". Communications Biology. 8 (1) 299. doi:10...

prompting microglial spine engulfment. Benzodiazepines have been shown to upregulate microglial spine engulfment and prompt overzealous eradication of synaptic...

are present under normal conditions but under heat stress, they are upregulated by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). There are four...

for action. Drugs acting on the above neurotransmitters can be used to upregulate or downregulate sexual desire due to diseased conditions. During drug...

MRP4/ABCC4 expression is dysregulated in several cancers and is also upregulated in peritoneal endometriosis. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites...

chemotaxis provided by the Netrin/DCC pathway. However, Robo-3 (Rig-1) is upregulated during growth of commissural axons during migration toward the floor...

Seki N, Wakao H, Masuho Y, Muramatsu M (Oct 1999). "Human SOX11, an upregulated gene during the neural differentiation, has a long 3' untranslated region"...

well as the photolyase phr2 gene. The uvrA, uvrB and uvrC genes are upregulated upon UVC irradiation. "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing...

progression of macular degeneration and melanoma. Signaling pathways that upregulate melanization in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) also may be implicated...

elongation and lengthen hair growth. Spermidine has also been found to "upregulate expression of the epithelial stem cell-associated keratins K15 and K19...

the serotonin transporter (SERT) and also promote monoamine release by upregulating vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2). It shows mild inhibition of...

vitamin D levels through a negative feedback mechanism. It strongly upregulates the expression of the enzyme CYP24A1, which inactivates vitamin D. This...

as TROSPA. When the tick feeds, the Borrelia downregulates OspA and upregulates OspC, another surface protein. After the bacteria migrate from the midgut...

concentration of the diet. Acetylene reduction in termites was observed to upregulate in termites with nitrogen-poor diets, meaning that nitrogenase activity...

Gram-negative resistance factors as A. baumannii. Mutants of P. aeruginosa with upregulated efflux pumps also exist that make finding an effective antibiotic or...

they are constitutively expressed on some tumour cells and they can be upregulated by retinoic acid. Cerwenka, Adelheid; Bakker, Alexander B. H.; McClanahan...

downregulate PGC-1α, but upregulate its downstream effectors, NRF1 and NRF2. Akt itself is activated by PIP3, often upregulated by PI3K after G protein...

PMID 23632083. Buisson B, Bertrand D (March 2001). "Chronic exposure to nicotine upregulates the human (alpha)4((beta)2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function"...

has also been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin. VCAM-1 is also upregulated if vWF (Von Willebrand Factor) is given in knock-out (KO) ADMATS13 mice...

results in similar morphological changes to the human ESCs as well as upregulated production of decidualization markers such as IGFBP1 and prolactin. Mouse...

Several signaling pathways are upregulated following a nerve injury....

action. Some noncholinergic mechanisms have also been proposed. Donepezil upregulates the nicotinic receptors in the cortical neurons, adding to neuroprotective...

that function as xenobiotic sensors, recognizing foreign compounds and upregulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters. The primary xenobiotic-sensing...

combination of developmental control genes is upregulated. These genes encode transcription factors which upregulate new combinations of gene activity in each...

Clinically, BCL6 can be used to diagnose B cell lymphomas and is shown to be upregulated in a number of cancers. Other BCL genes, including BCL2, BCL3, BCL5,...

sequence is Pglu-Gln-Asp-Tyr[SO3H]-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2. Ceruletide upregulates pancreatic acinar cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) proteins...

implicated in major depressive disorder. Small-RNA sequencing reveals upregulated expression for both miR-215 and miR-192 in the synaptosomes derived from...

which is produced mainly by inflammatory T helper 17 cells. IL17A is upregulated in serum of people with psoriasis and in the synovial fluid of people...

expressed in the granular and cornified layers of the epidermis and upregulated in psoriasis. Two major immune system genes under investigation are interleukin-12...

site has been shown to be mainly edited by ADAR2 but in presence of upregulated expression of ADAR1, there was an increase in editing of this site and...

One important way frogs in general deal with salty conditions is by upregulating the genes for hormones which help transport salt across osmotic membranes...

kinase complex is activated and NF-κB is able to enter the nucleus to upregulate genes involved in T-cell development, maturation, and proliferation. In...

a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTPBP1 gene. This gene is upregulated by interferon-gamma and encodes a protein that is a member of the AGP11/GTPBP1...

cholesterol levels in the circulation. It has also been shown that mevastatin upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in mice, which is essential...

expression levels and various types of fibrosis has been found. Galectin-3 is upregulated in cases of liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary...

muscle growth. Androgens both regulate myostatin expression directly and upregulate follistatin expression. YK-11, a selective androgen receptor modulator...

"Sulfide-detoxifying enzymes in the human colon are decreased in cancer and upregulated in differentiation". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal...

the only growth factors that induce cellular transformation. TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and...

factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 180...

proliferating by promoting apoptosis and downregulation of Bcl-2, thereby upregulating Bax pro-apoptotic factor. Hitoshi et. al. showed that trimebutine can...

protein domain. T cells express higher levels of CD5 than B cells. CD5 is upregulated on T cells upon strong activation. In the thymus, there is a correlation...

cell. And the glucose uptake mechanism is grossly overexpressed and upregulated in certain cancer cell lines, especially pancreatic cancer, non-small...

becomes depleted, the hepatic enzyme, cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase, is upregulated, which increases the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. This causes...

antibiotics and metals. In the presence of these stressors, Usp genes are upregulated resulting in large quantities of Usp proteins being produced by the cell...

(MALAT1) gene with the TFEB transcription factor gene, resulting in upregulated expression of TFEB which leads to expression of melanocytic markers....

Donahue RN, Rogosnitzky M, McLaughlin PJ (August 2008). "Imiquimod upregulates the opioid growth factor receptor to inhibit cell proliferation independent...

in CpG rich regions of the genome. Furthermore, many other genes were upregulated, likely often due to the removal of methyl groups from previously existing...

granular layer keratinocytes downregulate expression of KLK1 and KLK7 and upregulate expression of protease inhibitors, including the KLK5-specific SPINK9...

unopposed stimulation of the AT2 receptors, which are, in addition, upregulated. However, recent data suggest AT2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial...

set the boundaries for growing tissues and promote growth. They are upregulated via auxin influx. Experiments making use of GFP (GREEN FLUORESCENCE PROTEIN)...

the distal tubule and the collecting duct of the kidney nephron, it upregulates and activates the basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, which pumps three sodium...

Their implications for cancer are complicated. Treg cells tend to be upregulated in individuals with cancer, and they seem to be recruited to the site...

certain characteristics. The CRISPR-CAS9 system has the ability to either upregulate or downregulate genes. The dCas9 proteins are a component of the CRISPR-CAS9...

regions has been shown to downregulate both genes, and demethylation to upregulate both genes. There are exceptions to this, however. In some cases (about...

These mechanisms of iron uptake appear to work in parallel and both are upregulated in response to iron starvation. Aspergillus fumigatus can survive on...

Ahirwar A (August 3, 2021). "Light modulates transcriptomic dynamics upregulating astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus: A review". Bioresource Technology...

independence 1 (Gfi1) upregulates the expression of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL in hematopoietic system. Its expression is upregulated by Gfi1 via...

activated TCR signaling through p38 upregulates VDR expression and calcitriol activated VDR, in turn, upregulates PLC-γ1 expression. Hence the activation...

the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required...

Additionally in this study, bass also upregulated red blood cells (RBC) and other antioxidant enzymes were upregulated after exposure. HIF-1α is known to...

tract. Oxytocin acts on the myometrium, on receptors which have been upregulated by a functional increase of the estrogen-progesterone ratio. This functional...

ulcers. The mechanism involves activation of adenosine A2A receptors, upregulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and stimulation...

was employed as a short-term low-dose dopamine receptor antagonist to upregulate dopamine receptors and produce receptor supersensitivity followed by drug...

process starts again. The Na+/K+-ATPase is upregulated by cAMP. Thus, substances causing an increase in cAMP upregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase. These include the...

INFλR. The IL-10Rα subunit acts as the ligand binding site and may be upregulated in various cell types as necessary. The IL-10Rβ functions as the signaling...

processes that are upregulated when ADAM10 is overexpressed. Alpha secretase activity has also been observed to be upregulated in response to the signaling...

Short-term cocaine exposure leads to the same expression profiles of upregulated genes as CREB did creating the reduced rewarding effects seen. However...

communication between mast cells and VIP in colitis, as in Crohn's disease, is upregulated. It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the cardiovascular...

J, Androphy EJ, Sumner CJ, Stockwell BR (November 2004). "Indoprofen upregulates the survival motor neuron protein through a cyclooxygenase-independent...

anti-cancer drug. Targeting gamma secretase inhibits NOTCH signaling, which is upregulated in many forms of cancer. The drug was initially developed by Roche for...

protein first isolated from the sea snail Hermissenda crassicornis. It is upregulated following Pavlovian conditioning. Calexcitin has four EF-hand motifs...

nervous system. However, Frisen et al. determined that nestin is also upregulated during severe stresses such as lesions which involve the formation of...

regions. In addition, neurotropic factors within the motor cortex are upregulated in response to endurance training to promote neural survival. Skilled...

synthesis and degradation of irregular proteins. There is also interest in upregulating autophagy to help clear protein aggregates implicated in neurodegeneration...

far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines. HoxA5 protein transduction...

fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain...

stress and chemotherapy induce LTC4 biosynthesis by transcriptionally upregulating and activating the enzyme microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 2 (MGST2)...

significantly increases VGF expression in mice hippocampal tissue and upregulates a neurotrophic signaling cascade thought to underlie the action of antidepressants...

secondary receptor, endothelial B receptor,[clarification needed] which is upregulated as a result of the previous pathway. Relaxin binding to endothelial B...

expressed on the surface of peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils, and upregulated by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands; activation of TREM1 amplifies immune...

pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation and survival. MEK is upregulated in many forms of cancer. Binimetinib, uncompetitive with ATP, binds to...

releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells, upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones. The anterior lobe of the...

depression and anxiety is instead due to a non-canonical Wnt pathway upregulating BDNF. The increased wound healing is due to both pathways: loss of FAAH...

in metazoan animals. In mice, the death inducer-obliterator-1 gene is upregulated by apoptotic signals and encodes a cytoplasmic protein that translocates...

is compensated over time by increased levels of red blood cells via upregulated erythropoetin. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly compensated...

stimulated almost immediately after RANKL-RANK interaction occurs and is not upregulated. NFATc1 stimulation, however, begins ~24–48 hours after binding occurs...

monitoring the outcome. For instance, some of them were found significantly upregulated by anti-TNFa/DMRADs combination therapy. For example, miRNA-16-5p, miRNA-23-3p...

the B and T cell zone interface. If a cognate FTh cell is found it will upregulate CD40L and promote somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of...

activation of DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways which may recruit and upregulate various genes involved in DNA repair processes, thus countering the effects...

SIX4, which have been shown to upregulate NKCC1 mRNA expression when bound. Additionally, NKCC1 expression is upregulated when the SLC12A2 promoter is hypomethylated...

of the diverse populations of T cells in the immune system and also upregulates IL-10. When IL-27 binds to the IL-27 receptor, signaling pathways including...

and we will focus on one of them. Expression of Shh (Sonic hedgehog) upregulates the production of BMI1, a component of the PcG complex that recognizes...

generally expressed constitutively at low levels, and IMPDH2 is generally upregulated in proliferating cells and neoplastic tissues. Homozygous IMPDH1 knockout...

secretion from the liver in bile. The expression of the oxidase gene can be upregulated by the steroid sensor PXR when there is a high blood concentration of...

cell populations. After this period of development, a chloride pump is upregulated and inserted into the cell membrane, pumping Cl− ions into the extracellular...

macronutrient content, as well as by the biological clock. Liver adropin is upregulated by estrogen via the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). In humans, lower levels...

cell homing to Peyer's patches. ST6GAL1 expression has also shown to be upregulated in several types of cancers and has been shown to haves roles in cancer...

fragments at their cell surface using MHC molecules. Simultaneously, they upregulate cell-surface receptors that act as co-receptors in T-cell activation such...

and using short and intermittent treatment protocols, which could still upregulate BDNF protein levels without reducing the levels of AMPA receptors. Importantly...

inhibits. In addition, the transcription of the antitoxin RNA is heavily upregulated by a strong promoter which ensures excess antitoxin in cells which have...

results suggested that PKC-ι is involved in signaling pathways which upregulate EMT in melanoma thereby directly stimulates metastasis. Recently, a series...

methyl salicylate in small quantities. Methyl salicylate levels are often upregulated in response to biotic stress, especially infection by pathogens, where...

the thymocyte becomes a T cell. At the DN2 stage (CD44+CD25+), cells upregulate the recombination genes RAG1 and RAG2 and re-arrange the TCRβ locus, combining...

FcεRI. When activated, some additional surface markers are known to be upregulated (CD13, CD107a, CD164), or surface-exposed (CD63, and the ectoenzyme CD203c)...

interferon system that responds to their versions of interferons by upregulating gene similar to the well-known interferon-stimulated genes (LSGs) of...

factor (HSF), which upregulates genes necessary for survival at higher temperatures, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), which upregulates genes necessary for...

(COX-2) is generally expressed only in cells where prostaglandins are upregulated (e.g., during inflammation), drug-candidates that selectively inhibit...

stages of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), while C/EBPα is upregulated during the terminal stages of adipogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies...

It stimulates the ABCA1 transporter in monocytes and macrophages and upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, resulting in reverse...

in this same C-terminal region and the expression of this kinase is upregulated during pathogenesis. There are multiple alternate transcripts that appear...

addition, there is conclusive evidence that EPO receptor expression is upregulated in brain injury. Erythropoietin levels in blood are quite low in the...

binding of lipids to organelles. In addition, expression of this gene is upregulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endothelial cells lining the normal...

cardiac muscles mature, EH-myomesin is downregulated while myomesin 2 is upregulated. Myomesin 3 is the least researched in the myomesin class due to it being...

of obesity and can lead to Type II Diabetes. TNF has been found to be upregulated in the adipose tissue of humans and animals with obesity, though it remains...

occur. It has been shown that during lens regeneration in P. waltl, they upregulate their DNA repair and ROS-related genes. To study the lens regeneration...

can induce cell death by apoptosis. It can do so by activating the p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). PUMA is a pro-apoptotic protein that rapidly...

increased and bicarbonate reabsorption is increased. For instance, PEPCK is upregulated in renal proximal tubule brush border cells, in order to secrete more...

and lipid metabolism. Genes such as CYP4A14, Sult2a1, and Igfbp1 were upregulated, which may have long-term implications for metabolic health. These findings...

greatly upregulate PD-L1. Alternatively, macrophages activated by IL-4 (alternative macrophages), slightly upregulate PD-L1, while greatly upregulating PD-L2...

receptor is terminated through several different mechanisms, which are upregulated with chronic use, leading to rapid tachyphylaxis. The most important...

vasculature in a very wide range of solid tumors. FSH binding is thought to upregulate neovascularization via at least two mechanisms – one in the VEGF pathway...

bind ATP and to possess helicase activity. It was also shown that they upregulate the transcription from the p40 promoter (mentioned below), but downregulate...

that allows DNA repair to occur. In cells with functional p53, p21 is upregulated in response to DNA damage, ensuring this checkpoint control. In contrast...

c-Myc downregulation. Interferon regulatory factors IRF1 and IRF2 also upregulate FasL transcription by directly binding to the FasL promoter. Not much...

There are five growth factors that have been shown to be significantly upregulated and active during tendon healing: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I)...

Wingless represses shavenbaby expression, while Hedgehog signaling upregulates the EGFR pathway, which directly and indirectly activates shavenbaby and...

mouse Sig81 protein sequence. This gene is expressed in all tissues, and upregulated in a breast cancer cell line after estrogen treatment. It is possible...

calcium-mediated cell–cell adhesion and signaling mechanisms; may be upregulated in some aggressive tumors and the endothelial cells and pericytes of...

secrete a protein known as GRA15, activating the NF-κB pathway, which upregulates the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in the early immune response, possibly...

later stages are characterised by Th2 polarity. The damaged endothelium upregulates adhesion molecules and chemokines to attract leucocytes, which enables...

differentially expressed pathways. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as...

symptoms. There is indirect evidence to suggest that system Xc- might be upregulated in Alzheimer's patients. It has been found in Alzheimer's patients that...

Duarte C.B (2012). Excitotoxicity downregulates TrkB. FL signaling and upregulates the neuroprotective truncated TrkB receptors in cultured hippocampal...

inflammatory response by NF-kappaB and IL-8 promotor; Upregulate chemokines such as IL-8 and RANTES; Upregulates JNK, p38 MAP kinase; Induces apoptosis and cell...

then bind to specific sterol regulatory element DNA sequences, thus upregulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. Sterols in...

stool) may occur if SSRI is stopped suddenly. The brain is incapable of upregulating the receptors to sufficient levels especially after discontinuation of...

activation domains, which are further directed by gRNA to promoter regions to upregulate expression. Cas9 genomic modification has allowed for the quick and efficient...

of these proinflammatory cytokines, but they also have been shown to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Taken together, this reduces...

universally upregulates gene expression. Furthermore, the upregulation is nonlinear. Genes for which expression is already significantly upregulated in the...

inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime. SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits and in rodent myocardium by thyroid...

release is a small net drop in the serum concentration of phosphate. PTH upregulates the activity of 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme, which converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol...

physiological functions in the normal and cancer cells. MTA1 is one of the most upregulated proteins in human cancer and associates with cancer progression, aggressive...

endogenous psychostimulant. Taking into account that CART production is upregulated by CREB, it could be hypothesized that due to tianeptine's central role...

transcription factor and key regulator of Th1 development and function, is upregulated in affected T-cells. As a result of active transcription of the interferon...

dispensable for ICM specification. Recent work has shown that Tead4 may help to upregulate Cdx2 in the TE and its transcriptional activity depends on the coactivator...

(2020-11-04). "Alpha-Arbutin Promotes Wound Healing by Lowering ROS and Upregulating Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway in Human Dermal Fibroblast". Frontiers in Physiology...

by interacting with VDAC2, Pin1, and IBRDC2. The expression of BAX is upregulated by the tumor suppressor protein p53, and BAX has been shown to be involved...

; Kieliszewski, Marcia J.; Showalter, Allan M. (2006). "Salt stress upregulates periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins: Using salt stress to analyse AGP...

metabolism. These agents are used in cancer therapy. Polyamine analogues upregulate p53 in a cell leading to restriction of proliferation and apoptosis. It...

cardiac stress, such as ischemia or hypertrophy, PTHrP expression is upregulated, suggesting a protective role in maintaining myocardial function. Moreover...

YP; Lin, AH; et al. (May 2010). "Sulforaphane and alpha-lipoic acid upregulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase through c-jun...

coagulation and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Estrogen has been shown to upregulate the peptide hormone adropin. The effect of estrogen on the immune system...

chromosome 5q deletion syndrome. miR-146 has also been reported to be highly upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilage, and could be involved in its pathogenesis...

has been detected in the cytosol of rat brain cerebral cortex. It can upregulate 5-HT2A receptors in mice. CP 55,940 induced cell death in NG 108-15 Mouse...

in CpG rich regions of the genome. Furthermore, many other genes were upregulated, likely often due to hypomethylation. Hypomethylation often results from...

Genetically modified plants have been created in research labs with upregulated inulin production. Antibiotic – Antimicrobial substance active against...

encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Bcl2L12 expression is upregulated in most human glioblastomas. Expression of Bcl2L12 results in resistance...

EBV noncoding RNA EBER2 can increase Burkitt lymphoma cell growth by upregulating UCHL1, a cellular deubiquitinase. Malaria has been found to cause genomic...

fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain...

role in innate immunity, as the expression of PRNP, the PrP gene, is upregulated in many viral infections and PrP has antiviral properties against many...

in CpG rich regions of the genome. Furthermore, many other genes were upregulated, likely often due to hypomethylation. Hypomethylation often results from...

genes from the classic set of meiotic genes conserved in eukaryotes are upregulated in the sponges Geodia hentscheli and Geodia phlegraei including genes...

manner, and have other adverse effects on aquatic organisms, as DINP upregulates orexigenic signals and causes hepatosteatosis together with deregulation...

(TCR), and 2) recognition of pathogens by PRRs induce macrophages to upregulate the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (also known as B7) that binds...

fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain...

this compensated phase of insulin resistance, beta cell function is upregulated, insulin levels are higher, and blood glucose levels are still maintained...

fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain...

fosB and c-fos in response to psychostimulant exposure. ΔFosB is also upregulated by chronic psychostimulant treatments, and is known to activate certain...

drug-induced, stress-induced, and cue-induced relapse. Receptor recovery can be upregulated by administration of receptor antagonists, while pharmacotherapeutic...

expression of several microRNAs, including miR-372. Expression of HULC is upregulated by CREB, there is a CREB-binding site in the promoter of HULC. miR-372...

Azadirachtin additionally has a long list of cellular and molecular targets. It upregulates p53, disrupts protein synthesis possibly through binding to Hsp60, and...

activity. It is well known that estrogen stimulates prolactin secretion by upregulating the formation of lactotrophs. However, there is mixed evidence on whether...

this process via bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) induction, which upregulates osteogenic pathways involving transcription factors such as msh homeobox...

anti-angiogenic properties, much like sFlt-1 does. Both sFlt-1 and sEng are upregulated in all pregnant women to some extent, supporting the idea that hypertensive...

final analysis, it is wrong to assume that avoiding "dopamine spikes" may upregulate dopamine receptors, causing an "increase in motivation or pleasure". Conversely...

cyclase activator (or "GUCA") is a member of a group of proteins that upregulate guanylate cyclase. GUCA is also known as guanylate cyclase-activating...

antisense to, the CGG repeat region of the FMR1 gene. Its expression is upregulated in fragile X syndrome premutation carriers, and silenced in patients...

Additionally, expression of the prostaglandin E2 receptor, the most upregulated target gene in the β-catenin pathway of DP cells, was enhanced by minoxidil...

motif like (ITIM-like) motif. LAG-3, which is an inhibitory receptor, is upregulated in activated T cells as a kind of negative feedback loop. CD4 has also...

binds the artemin ligand. In mouse models of osteoarthritis, GFRα3 was upregulated in sensory nerves. Treating arthritic mice with monoclonal antibodies...

recruits the coactivator PGC-1α. The PPARδ/coactivator complex in turn upregulates the expression of proteins involved in energy expenditure. Furthermore...

protein that is specifically expressed in macrophages / microglia and is upregulated during the activation of these cells. Iba1 expression is up-regulated...

molecule. It is transcribed from the opposite strand to BACE1 and is upregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. BACE1-AS regulates the expression...

Constitutively Expressed on Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Cells but Is Strongly Upregulated in Response to IFN-γ and Can Be Expressed in the Tumor Microenvironment"...

central process during isotropic growth. In the polarized growth stage, upregulated and overexpressed proteins and transcripts included ones involved in...

responds to temperature; when there is a drop in temperature, this gene is upregulated. Unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of the membrane and stabilize...

inflammation through its activity on the cathelicidin pathway, which is upregulated in rosacea-affected skin; it also reduces inflammatory lesions and improves...

contrast, when AIB-1 expression is higher than PAX2, tamoxifen/ER complex upregulates the expression of ERBB2 resulting in stimulation of breast cancer growth...

can affect the differentiation of T cells. MHC II + CLIP complexes are upregulated on maturing dendritic cells, which activate and differentiate T cells...

Silico chromatin interaction and eQTL analyses showed that rs12630354 upregulates STT3B expression. This SNP causes significant STT3B expression in the...

an inhibitory effect on others. This gene encodes a protein that is upregulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide and may be involved in its stimulatory...

certain antibiotics such as trimethoprim has been shown to induce and upregulate a large amount of the metabolome, inducing over 100 silent secondary metabolite...

pro-atherogenic genes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated by d-flow, mediating pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic signals. These...

thymus, cornea, erythroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. It can be upregulated in cancers. Peptides are connected to HLA-G by the peptide loading complex...

lead to vision loss. Additionally, it has been shown that caspase-1 is upregulated in the retina of diabetic patients, causing a higher production of IL-1β...

Mutations in PTCH1 could reverse its inhibition of smoothened (SMO) and upregulate the Hedgehog pathway. SUFU codes for the suppressor of fused and inhibits...

responsible for the metabolism and excretion of these substances is upregulated. Hence, CAR and PXR play a major role in the detoxification of foreign...

response to IKr-blocking agents. In males, the presence of testosterone upregulates IKr channels and therefore decreases QT interval. Stated otherwise, estrogens...

protein (a key component of the nuclear export machinery in mammalian) is upregulated in HGPS cells, which drives to the abnormal localization of NES containing...

they are degraded. LDL interferes with the quorum sensing system that upregulates genes required for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection. The mechanism...

forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs). These formations induce upregulated production of the complement receptor αmβ2 (Mac-1) integrin in neutrophils...

Glucocorticoids function via interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor: Upregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins. Downregulate the expression...

T1 are also known to occur naturally. TPO is stimulated by TSH, which upregulates gene expression. TPO is inhibited by the thioamide drugs, such as propylthiouracil...

K562 cells: an imatinib-resistant subpopulation is adherent and has upregulated expression of BCR-ABL mRNA and protein". Experimental Hematology. 42...

keratinocytes in the epidermis to proliferate and differentiate. It does so by upregulating filaggrin expression and downregulating the expression of keratinocyte...

pseudonana. A set of 75 genes were upregulated only during silicon limitation, while 84 genes were upregulated by both silicon and iron limitations...

well as other cell signaling receptors like c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. KRAS upregulates the GLUT1 glucose transporter, thereby contributing to the Warburg effect...

presence of mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene upregulating glycolytic enzymes, including the M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase...

site of the receptors. The activated receptors then enter the nucleus to upregulate genes for reducing inflammation such as lipocortin. Next, lipocortin inhibits...

upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Common cytokines observed to be upregulated include IFN–α, various interleukins (i.e., IL–2, IL-6), and TNF–α. Various...

(metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), appears to be upregulated in several malignant cancers. Another small RNA that is homologous to...

Slug, Osteocalcin, growth factors and multiple Collagen type genes are upregulated in this coordinated and specific sequence (see Figure). Despite the progress...

MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC (May 2009). "Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase"...

pharmaceuticals, alcohols, and other compounds. Metallothionein expression is upregulated during fetal development, particularly in liver tissue. Metallothioneins...

et al. (August 2015). "HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Bind to PPARα to Upregulate Neurotrophin Expression in the Brain and Improve Memory in Mice". Cell...

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, both of which are upregulated with the proliferation of active astrocytes. Changes in astrogliosis...

both peripheral and central tissues in rats and dogs. Nepicastat also upregulates the transcription Npas4 and Bdnf genes in the mice hippocampus potentially...

is stimulated through triggering of T and B cell receptors and can be upregulated by cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF and TNF-α, while IL-4...

induces the observed inflammation in IBD. The inflammatory cytokines upregulated in the immune response of IBD are TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and...

identified as a leukemia-associated antigen and expression of the gene is upregulated in leukemic blasts. Also, chromosomal aberrations involving this gene...

Fukata Y, et al. (March 2000). "Inhibition of myosin phosphatase by upregulated rho-kinase plays a key role for coronary artery spasm in a porcine model...

opposed to clearance. Additionally, the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is upregulated in AD and is associated with decreases of synaptophysin and consequent...

can upregulate certain HPV entryreceptors (CD151 and SPCS1) thus providing a facilitated entry for the HPV into the keratinocytes. TvAP65 upregulates the...

increase androgen production. The heightened gonadotropin levels also upregulate the aromatase promoter, increasing aromatase production in the setting...

certain ways, upregulating specific functions while suppressing others. In response to a received signal, the target cell will upregulate the production...

binds cooperatively to F1, F2 and F3 activator sites of ompF gene and upregulates its transcription. These sites have high relative affinity for OmpR-P...

environment of the macrophage, one of the responses of C. neoformans is to upregulate genes employed in responses to oxidative stress. The haploid nuclei of...

expression of the activator protein TraJ. TraJ is a transcription factor that upregulates the tra operon. The tra operon includes genes required for conjugation...

deficient in homologous recombination (HR). These HR-deficient tumors upregulate polymerase theta (POLQ), resulting in an increase in MMEJ. These tumors...

Tumor-infiltrating MDSCs develop in response to environmental factors, upregulating CD38 (which removes NAD from the environment and is necessary for mitochondrial...

encoded by the ZNRF1 gene. In a study identifying genes in rat that are upregulated in response to nerve damage, a gene which is highly expressed in ganglia...

at high altitudes from the Denisovans. The ancestral variant of EPAS1 upregulates hemoglobin levels to compensate for low oxygen levels—such as at high...

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper cells (Th1 cells), but upregulates interleukin 4, interleukin 10, and interleukin 13 by Th2 cells. This...

mitochondrial inner membrane. In the UPRmt, the mitochondrion will either upregulate chaperone proteins or invoke proteases to degrade proteins that fail to...

The depletion of the number of circulating leukocytes in the patient upregulates the number of cytokines that are produced and reduces competition for...

(2004). "FGF17 is an autocrine prostatic epithelial growth factor and is upregulated in benign prostatic hyperplasia". Prostate. 60 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1002/pros...

intracellular architecture of cells. ACTL8 expression is significantly upregulated in gastric cancer cells and is strongly associated with negative patient...

Nishikawa T, Kaneda Y (December 2017). "Inactivated Sendai virus particle upregulates cancer cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and enhances...

treatment, but research is still ongoing. Reactive oxygen species are upregulated during inflammation as part of the immune response to defend against...

accelerating the cellular calcium overload. The chronic exposure to arsenic upregulates the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, vascular cell...

caspase-9, BAX, p53, p21, PUMA, and cytochrome-c were significantly upregulated, whereas the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and Mcl-1 were downregulated. TUNEL...

phosphorylation cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which upregulates MITF, of which CREB is a transcription factor. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating...

presence of estrogens. Estrogens through estrogen receptors (ERs) induce or upregulate the expression of the PR. One example of this is in breast tissue, where...

calcium from the intestines and bones. Calcitriol also plays a key role in upregulating levels of intracellular calcium, and high levels of this ion appear to...

hypermethylation are the main causes of klf4 gene silencing. Klf4 is upregulated in vascular injury. It dramatically represses SRF/myocardin-induced activation...

"Bcl-2, survivin and variant CD44 v7-v10 are downregulated and p53 is upregulated in breast cancer cells by progesterone: inhibition of cell growth and...

of APOE by monocytes is down regulated by inflammatory cytokines and upregulated by TGF-beta. As of 2012, the E4 variant was the largest known genetic...

AIB-3 exceeds that of the corepressor PAX2, the expression of HER2 is upregulated in the presence of tamoxifen, leading to tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer...

Molecule -1, which is a type 1 transmembrane protein the most highly upregulated in injured kidneys by various types of insults. Its upregulation during...

and misfolded proteins. The expression of mitochondrial chaperones is upregulated by the activation of the transcription factors ATF1 and/or DVE-1 with...

low-density lipoproteins interfere with the quorum sensing system that upregulates genes required for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection. The mechanism...

However, in dystrophin-deficient patients, utrophin was found to be upregulated and is theorized to replace dystrophin in order to maintain muscle fibers...

activity is regulated by the nicotinamidase PNC1. PNC1 is transcriptionally upregulated under stressful conditions such as caloric restriction, heat shock, and...

role as a positive regulator of the WNT signaling pathway. It may be upregulated in tumor progression. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000181274 – Ensembl...

shedding occurs as a result of enzymatic cleavage by ADAM17. sCD163 is upregulated in a large range of inflammatory diseases including liver cirrhosis,...

polyploidy, or uncontrolled cell growth. Simultaneously, tumor cells need to upregulate oncogenes, which promote or cause downstream activation of growth factors...

followed by intense sunlight and oxidative stress once the fog burns off, upregulates polyphenolic compounds and causes oxidative bleaching of the originally...

its active form and moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it upregulates the degradation of PIF1. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, negatively...

hypoxic environment stimulates muscle cells in the surrounding tissue to upregulate and secrete angiogenic cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth...

growth and promotes cell death in the presence of DNA damage. p53 also upregulates the p21 protein, which blocks the formation of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex...

response that causes internalization and recycling of HER2. It may also upregulate cell cycle inhibitors such as p21Waf1 and p27Kip1. The HER2 pathway promotes...

electrolytes. In the medullary collecting duct specifically, vasopressin upregulates urea transporter A1. This increases the concentration of urea in the...

aid in creating tumor microenvironments. Chemokine transcription is upregulated when Ras is in the GTP-bound state. The chemokines are then released...

cardiovascular disease and cancer. While MAP4K4 has been found to be upregulated in a wide array of cancers, there is currently limited information regarding...

herbivory and pathogenic infections. In certain plants, silicon may also upregulate the production of volatile organic compounds and phytohormones which play...

activated by therapeutic drugs and other xenobiotics, these receptors upregulate overlapping sets of Phase I and Phase II enzymes and efflux transporters...

regulators. RARRES1, RARRES2, and RARRES3 are genes whose expression is upregulated by the synthetic retinoid tazarotene. RARRES3 is thought act as a tumor...

to an enriched environment, BDNF and NR1 phosphorylation levels are upregulated simultaneously, probably because BDNF is capable of phosphorylating NR1...

Medicine. Adler HJ, Winnicki RS, Gong TW, Lomax MI (May 1999). "A gene upregulated in the acoustically damaged chick basilar papilla encodes a novel WD40...

trans-2-hexenal appears to be an airborne signalling chemical that can upregulate plant defenses, from leaf to leaf on the same plant as well as between...

Zeng DX, Zhu CH, Liu GQ, Zhang XQ, Wang CG, et al. (July 2014). "The upregulated expression of OX40/OX40L and their promotion of T cells proliferation...

mosquito bite). This works through the action of hepcidin, which is upregulated during malaria infection and diverts iron away from liver cells, starving...

RNA which is also a member of this family. RsmB RNA was shown to be upregulated by GacS/A system, and increase downstream T3SS gene expression. FlhDC...

may function to sensitize target tissues to the hormone of interest and upregulate receptors, leading to improved responses. This heightened response may...

the ends of chromosomes) during each cell cycle. About 85% of cancers upregulate telomerase to extend their telomeres and the remaining 15% use a method...

blocking the absorption of copper from the stomach and duodenum. Zinc also upregulates the expression of chelator metallothionein in enterocytes, which are...

production. For instance, it was demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-32 was upregulated in adenoid tissue. This could potentially impact the progression of adenoid...

are various enzymes that are used throughout glycolysis. The enzymes upregulate, downregulate, and feedback regulate the process. Gluconeogenesis (GNG)...

calcium ions (Ca2+) and phosphorylation of CREB. Phosphorylation of CREB upregulates the expression of COX2, which leads to the release of prostaglandin E2...

and Marvaretta Stevenson take full responsibility for this error". "Upregulated Oncogenic Pathways in Patients Exposed to Tobacco Smoke May Provide a...

polymerase theta is preferentially expressed in lymphoid tissues and upregulated in human cancers". International Journal of Cancer. 109 (1): 9–16. doi:10...

is essential that POLB expression is tightly regulated. POLB gene is upregulated by CREB1 transcription factor's binding to the cAMP response element...

migration related cytoskeletal rearrangements (e.g. neurite growth) are upregulated in neurogenic areas in the songbird brain. Many neurotrophins, including...

that these peptides can be considered biological factors that can be upregulated by bioactive compounds present in human breast milk. In this sense, the...

classic hallmarks of AD. In cell culture and mouse models, HSV-1 infection upregulates BACE1 and alters amyloid precursor protein processing, producing intracellular...

lysosomes. In M. tuberculosis infections, PPM1A levels were found to be upregulated, and this, in turn, would impact the normal apoptotic response of macrophages...

methyltransferase highly expressed in cardiac and other muscle tissues, is also upregulated. This suggests that Trx1 may also play a role in protein methylation...

another plant in the network was infected, causing the uninfected plant to upregulate genes for the SA and JA pathways. Similarly, aphid-free plants were shown...

humans is encoded by the GPR137B gene. The expression of GPR137B is upregulated during kidney development. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000077585...

RW, Krammer PH (July 1994). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat upregulates interleukin-2 secretion in activated T cells". Journal of Virology. 68...

levels and decreased by increased glucose levels. GLUT1 expression is upregulated in many tumors. GLUT2 Is a bidirectional transporter, allowing glucose...

secrete interferon-γ which triggers intracellular tryptophan shortage by upregulating the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. Despite tryptophan depletion...

enzymes, and hypothetical proteins. Of these FAM193A gene expression is upregulated in the presence of Dihydrotestosterone for 48 hours. Using NCBI’s cBLAST...

metabolic pathways in ALT/WDL are upregulated while cell proliferation and DNA damage response pathways are upregulated in DDL. The histopathological of...

the cAMP pathway inhibits binding of MAP kinases to HePTP and thereby upregulates the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade. The MAPK pathway, through Ras, Raf, Mek...

It encodes a type 1 membrane protein. The expression of this gene is upregulated by tazarotene as well as by retinoic acid receptors. The expression of...

also acts independently of IGF-1 to stimulate ductal development by upregulating estrogen receptor (ER) expression in mammary gland tissue, which is a...

connected to the amygdala via multiple paths that are capable of both upregulating and downregulating autonomic nervous system activity. Tentative evidence...

biomarker can help a patient avoid kidney dialysis. LCN2 was found to be upregulated in postmortem human brains with Alzheimer's disease. Application of LCN2...

Meyer T, et al. (2020). "MTL-CEBPA, a Small Activating RNA Therapeutic Upregulating C/EBP-alpha, in Patients with Advanced Liver Cancer: A First-in-Human...

firing in principal neurons of the subiculum. This firing pattern is upregulated following status epilepticus, with these hyperactive neurons often serving...

which induces lung metastasis via the ERK1/2 pathway. This pathway upregulates cellular myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)...

including: Gene Expression: Many carotenoid biosynthetic genes are upregulated by light, enhancing the expression of PSY and subsequently increasing...

MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC (May 2009). "Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase"...

responses. This response is typically short-lived as CYP26 genes are rapidly upregulated to degrade tretinoin. The RARA:PML oncogene is not present in other cancer...

the metastatic state of the tumour. Mir-31-5p has also been observed upregulated in Zinc Deficient rats compared to normal in ESCC (Esophageal Squamous...

et al. (1999). "The DNA-binding subunit p140 of replication factor C is upregulated in cycling cells and associates with G1 phase cell cycle regulatory proteins"...

signs for CCD status. Genetic expression of these transcripts was either upregulated or downregulated depending on genes when comparing them to healthy bees...

Additionally, in granule cells of AS mice, the GABA transporter 1 is upregulated. This results in decreased activation of GABA receptors on granule cells...

far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines. HoxA5 protein transduction...

three hours following B cell exposure to plasma-soluble antigen, EBI2 is upregulated via the transcription factor BRRF1. More surface receptors binding the...

mucosa, the enzyme has shown sensitivity to starvation symptoms and is upregulated in defense of adverse effects. Indeed, in fatheaded minnows, unfed female...

PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 protein is upregulated on macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) in response to LPS and GM-CSF...

decreases in dopamine levels can downregulate (reduce the numbers of) or upregulate (increase the numbers of) dopamine receptors. Haloperidol, and some other...

the histology of the endometrium; a process called decidualisation. Upregulated expression of PIF increases the presence of integrins on the endometrium...

differs from mice in that prx1 has an expanded expression domain and is upregulated. Researchers found that the coding region of prx1 in bats is nearly identical...

as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. ULBP1 is, for example, upregulated during HCMV infection. Binding of HCMV-encoded UL16 glycoprotein to ULBP1...

of biofilm matrix components. In V. cholerae, peptidoglycan exposure upregulated several genes involved in matrix synthesis, including the vps‑I and vps‑II...

HER2/neu (which is located on the surface membrane of cells) is not upregulated, and therefore scored as HER/neu-negative, in 43%, 58.5%, 70.8%, or 90%...

repair enzyme which removes alkyl groups from DNA. MGMT expression is upregulated in many cancer cells, which protects them from alkylating agents. Increased...

caused homeotic genes in a flowering plant to either be significantly upregulated or downregulated. This led to severe phenotypic changes including dwarfing...

vesicular trafficking. Both the mRNA and protein have been shown to be upregulated following ischemic stroke, and to be produced at altered levels in patients...

over the axis. Interestingly, follistatin has been shown to also be upregulated by exercise to inhibit the inhibition of muscle growth by myostatin....

proteasome-mediated degradation of MHC, by causing MHC to be ubiquitinated. MuRF1 is upregulated during skeletal muscle atrophy – and thus the degradation of myosin heavy...

J (June 2006). "Apelin and visfatin: unique "beneficial" adipokines upregulated in obesity?". Medical Science Monitor. 12 (6): RA112–RA119. PMID 16733497...

which prevents their surface expression. These ligands are normally upregulated in times of cellular stress, such as in viral infection, and by preventing...

universally lethal in knockout mice. KDM1A gene expression is observed to be upregulated in some cancers, and so KDM1A inhibition has therefore been considered...

needed in the hippocampus when establishing memory. DNMT3A2 is also upregulated in the nucleus accumbens shell in response to cocaine. DNMT3A consists...

throughout all undifferentiated spermatogonia. Thus, SFK signalling is upregulated and genes encoding key transcription factors (bcl6b, brachyury, Id4,...

intake, and inflammation. Studies have shown that HCP1 expression is upregulated in response to low iron levels and decreased when iron levels are sufficient...

receptor), also known as CD23, the low-affinity IgE receptor IgE can upregulate the expression of both types of Fcε receptors. FcεRI is expressed on mast...

fosters the progression of HIV-1 upon coinfection in T cells. HHV-6 upregulates the expression of the primary HIV receptor CD4, thus expanding the range...

intracellular cAMP, which functions primarily through protein kinase A to upregulate inhibitory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and...

Mutations in the MNX1 gene are associated with Currarino syndrome. Upregulated expression of MNX1-AS1 long noncoding RNA predicts poor prognosis in...

accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone. Exogenous propionic acid may upregulate endogenous glucose production via increases in norepinephrine and glucagon...

to be expressed in immature hematopoietic cells and platelets. TIE1 upregulates the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) VCAM-1, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 through...

other known players such as Atg1, Atg13 and Atg17. Atg1 is a kinase upregulated upon induction of autophagy. Atg13 regulates Atg1 and together they form...

Horgan’s brother used a CRISPR transcriptional activator which functions to upregulate an alternative isoform of dystrophin. Because the CRISPR activation technology...

for energy production (Warburg effect), cancers due to pRb loss tend to upregulate oxidative phosphorylation. The increased oxidative phosphorylation can...

carcinogenic naturally occurring substances. Environmental stress can upregulate aflatoxin production by the fungus, which can occur when the fungus is...

antigonadotropic activity sufficient to at least keep the HPG axis from being upregulated. As estrogens, like progestogens, have antigonadotropic activity, and...

downregulated while bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target genes display both upregulated and downregulated genotypes. The diagnosis of Myhre syndrome is established...

Stress is sensed by the nucleus, where chaperones and proteases are upregulated, which can correct folding or remove damaged proteins, respectively....

hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and, hence, LOX expression is often upregulated in hypoxic breast and head and neck tumors. Patients with high LOX-expressing...

of the skin following UV irradiation. Ro antigens are simultaneously upregulated on the cell surface, resulting in the Anti-Ro/SSA antibody marking cells...

interferon-stimulated response element in the 5' UTR, was significantly upregulated in human monocytes exposed to interferon alpha. MNDA is located within...

protective mechanisms: Decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates removal of dysfunctional cellular components via autophagy. mTOR is a...

reminiscent of replicative senescence. Transcription of this gene is upregulated in response to activation of the Ras pathway, but not under other conditions...

"The expression of antiapoptotic protein survivin is transcriptionally upregulated by DEC1 primarily through multiple sp1 binding sites in the proximal...

Albert (ed.). "Leishmania donovani resides in modified early endosomes by upregulating Rab5a expression via the downregulation of miR-494". PLOS Pathogens....

systems are down-regulated and excitatory glutamatergic systems are upregulated. This combined with increased noradrenergic activity results in the symptoms...

hypersensitivity to pain when injected in vivo, and has been found to upregulate inflammatory mediating molecules. Glial cells can effectively recognize...

production and upregulate nucleic acid sensing pathways. FcRs are present both on the cell surface and in the cytosol. CD16a signaling upregulate the expression...

the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which is responsible for upregulating several inflammatory mediators in various cells, including neurons; therefore...

among others. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) are upregulated upon MCT induced cellular stress, whereas endothelial NOS (eNOS) gets...

tumor cell lines. Treatment of prostate cancer cell lines with androgens upregulates the expression of SLC45A3. There is evidence that the expression of SLC45A3...

transportation into the brain. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase is also upregulated by PPARα, which can affect fatty acid transportation into the mitochondria...

Bullard KM, Kim HR, Wheeler MA, et al. (2004). "Hyaluronan synthase-3 is upregulated in metastatic colon carcinoma cells and manipulation of expression alters...

NF-κB controls several genes involved in inflammation. RAGE itself is upregulated by NF-κB. Given a condition in which there is a large amount of a RAGE...

is overexpressed in pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancers. ID2 is upregulated in neuroblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the...

antidepressants, as well as a high-mesembrine Sceletium tortuosum extract, can upregulate the activity of VMAT2 in vitro, though whether this is due to a direct...

Song KS, Hwang HM, Na YS, Yang Y, Lee KN, Choi I (Jun 2003). "VDUP1 upregulated by TGF-beta1 and 1,25-dihydorxyvitamin D3 inhibits tumor cell growth...

biosynthesis is regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which upregulates CYP11B1 expression. In peripheral tissues, 11β-Hydroxytestosterone is...

development. DKK1 is one of the most upregulated genes in androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA upregulated a few hours after DHT treatment...

ovarian cancers, neuroblastoma and hematological malignancies displayed upregulated NM23 levels in patient samples. Therefore, understanding the biological...

bradykinin B1 receptors are expressed in nociceptive neurones and are upregulated by the neurotrophin GDNF". The Journal of Physiology. 560 (Pt 2): 391–401...

facilitate homo- and heterodimerization between IkZF family members. IKZF1 is upregulated in granulocytes, B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and NK cells, and downregulated...

and transcription factors to change transcription levels. One route to upregulate a gene is for the ATF to recruit proteins that loosen the DNA wrapping...

and protein half-life is shorter positive feedback: the gene product upregulates its own production directly or indirectly, which can result in[citation...

hormone, produced by C. neoformans called gibberellic acid (GA) that is upregulated by testosterone. The upper limbs account for a majority of infections...

kinase activity of Cdc7 and various S-phase CDKs, both of which are upregulated upon S-phase entry. Activation of the pre-RC is a closely regulated and...

the XIST gene. FTX contains several microRNAs within its introns. It upregulates expression of XIST, and inhibits DNA methylation of the XIST promoter...

proteins brings HSPs into action. Some bacterial heat shock proteins are upregulated via a mechanism involving RNA thermometers such as the FourU thermometer...

threat. Activated microglia can be stained via the marker AIF-1, which is upregulated during activation. This state is actually part of a graded response as...

P1 position, with a preference for Val, Ile and Met. This enzyme is upregulated in mammalian cells in response to stress induced by heat shock and tunicamycin...

relationship between atherosclerosis and disturbed blood flow. This upregulates DNA methyltransferase expression, which leads to genome-wide DNA methylation...

typical bounding pulse seen in hyperthyroidism. [citation needed] It also upregulates the thick filament protein myosin, which helps to increase contractility...

TMEM241 was found to be one of the most upregulated genes. In another case TMEM241 was found to be upregulated during the unfolded protein response following...

erythroid cells undergo several more cell divisions while at the same time upregulating survival genes such as Bcl-xL, acquiring and storing large amounts of...

number of transcription factors bind to the promoter region of MAO-A and upregulate its expression. These include:Sp1 transcription factor, GATA2, TBP. Synthetic...

M, Beer N, Dodt J (December 2005). "The hyaluronan-binding protease upregulates ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in fibroblasts and stimulates...

“cancer related” or “other” rather than as “antioxidant”. Npn3/Srxn1 is upregulated by an exceptionally large fold-magnitude in microarray studies of oxidative...

containing family members Rubicon and PLEKHM1. Whereas Pacer appears to upregulate autophagic activity, Rubicon is a negative regulator of autophagy. GRCh38:...

different stages/time points of the withdrawal syndrome. NMDA receptors are upregulated in the brain as a result of benzodiazepine tolerance. AMPA receptors...

target sequence, insertions may partially or totally inactivate or even upregulate a gene product or biochemical pathway, or they may be neutral, leading...

"The endoplasmic reticular heat shock protein gp96 is transcriptionally upregulated in interferon-treated cells". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 180...

tryptophan-activated TRAP and prevent it from binding to RNA, therefore upregulating expression of the trp operon by preventing early termination. Merino...

(TAFI). It is also supposed that endothelin a potent vasoconstrictor is upregulated during the course of the amniotic fluid embolism in the maternal circulation...

composed of four immunoglobulin domains. The alpha-1-glycoprotein is upregulated 11-fold in the urine of patients who have steroid resistant nephrotic...

role in immunity may operate in C. elegans, as Argonaute proteins are upregulated in response to viruses and worms that overexpress components of the RNAi...

with pathways of programmed cell death. Polyamine catabolism is often upregulated in mammalian tumor cells. Molecules downstream of polyamine oxidation...

tumour cell entry into the blood stream. It requires the presence of upregulated galectin-3 in addition to MUC-1 to increase invasive and metastatic properties...

signaling pathway. Notably, it promotes G2/M arrest during cell cycle, upregulates p53, and triggers apoptosis via caspase-3 stimulation and poly (ADP-ribose)...

suggests that GPR84 is rather a CCL1 related Th2 type gene. GPR84 was also upregulated on both macrophages and neutrophyl granulocytes after LPS stimulation...

most important of which is NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), which is upregulated when T cells become activated. This means that those cells most likely...

at mitosis, and hence it can be therapeutically used to control Kif15 upregulated cancer cells. Defects may be associated with Goldberg–Shprintzen syndrome...

are mediated by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, which is upregulated in response to BST or rBST administration in well-fed cows. From 2000...

Noxa Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Protein mimetic p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) Senolytics GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:...

ZY, Cao H, Zhang YJ, Yu J, Zhu JD, Lu YY, Fang JY (2012). "CTHRC1 is upregulated by promoter demethylation and transforming growth factor-β1 and may be...

finally differentiation into mature blood vessels. Mechanically, VEGF is upregulated with muscle contractions as a result of increased blood flow to affected...

board served on Lifeline's board of directors. CMX-1152 was claimed to upregulate the production of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase...

Guttman-Yassky, Emma (1 June 2009). "IL-22–producing "T22" T cells account for upregulated IL-22 in atopic dermatitis despite reduced IL-17–producing TH17 T cells"...

regulator of mTOR via activation of the tumor suppressor TSC2, which is upregulated via Dsh and GSK3 interaction. During myogenesis, Wnt uses PA and CREB...

IRF3. It was shown in lymphoma cells that the NKG2D ligand, Rae1, was upregulated in a STING/IRF3 dependent manner. Transfection of DNA into these cells...

agonistic and antagonistic responses have been observed. Triclosan may upregulate or induce efflux pumps in bacteria causing them to become resistant against...

vasculature. It was indicated through Western blot that cyclin D1 was upregulated from day 1 to day 60 post-infection. It was also indicated through immunohistochemical...

et al. (2002). "Cloning, expression, and mapping of a gene that is upregulated in adipose tissue of mice deficient in bombesin receptor subtype-3"....

has also been demonstrated that the expression of the CYP4Z1 gene is upregulated by activated glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. The overexpression...

have been linked to R5P imbalances in cells. Cancers and tumors show upregulated production of R5P correlated to increased RNA and DNA synthesis. Ribose...

in the brain. Hypoxia, or inadequate cellular oxygen supply, strongly upregulates VEGF expression and VEGF exerts a neuroprotective effect in hypoxic neurons...

accomplishes this transition to the oxidative mode of metabolism by upregulating and activating oxidative enzymes such as hexokinase II, PPAR-α, PPAR-δ...

and CD4 as a coreceptor to bind MHC class II. At this stage thymocytes upregulate both CD4 and CD8, becoming double positive cells. Double positive thymocytes...

the cell's proteome during cold shock. cspA protein binds Hfq, which upregulates production of sigma factors which mediate a stress response. Hfq binding...

McCormack WT (2001). "cDNA Array Analysis Identifies Thymic LCK as Upregulated in Moderate Murine Zinc Deficiency before T-Lymphocyte Population Changes"...

carbon monoxide (CO). In the presence of carbon monoxide, this protein upregulates expression of genes involved in carbon monoxide oxidation or carbon monoxide...

residues, which could interact with cytoskeletal proteins. Syndecan-4 is upregulated in endometriosis and inhibition of syndecan-4 in human endometriotic...

leading to an increased colonization ability. Expression of coaR is upregulated by EnvZ/OmpR at a pH of 6,5, which is the normal pH of the intestinal...

messenger molecules, nivalenol does inhibit their secretion. Nivalenol also upregulates the expression of proinflammatory genes in macrophages, displaying a...

is the normalized z-score and σi is a binary variable ( i.e 1 means upregulated upon activation and -1 means downregulated). This step is to estimate...

contain a transcriptional activation domain near the C-terminus that upregulates transcription from viral promoters as well as alternate or overlapping...

levels in primary neutrophils and primary monocytes, and is further upregulated on neutrophil activation and during monocyte to macrophage differentiation...

that binds the CD40 molecule expressed on GC B cells. This interaction upregulates the NF-kB signaling pathway, which stimulates the division of GC B cells...