DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

joined by lines or curves for the edges. The edges may be directed or undirected. For example, if the vertices represent people at a party, and there is...

is an undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by exactly one path, or equivalently, a connected acyclic undirected graph...

which encodes the relation of vertex-vertex pairs. In graph theory an undirected graph has two kinds of incidence matrices: unoriented and oriented. The...

matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagonal. If the graph is undirected (i.e. all of its edges are bidirectional), the adjacency matrix is symmetric...

acyclic graphs. At its simplest, DOT can be used to describe an undirected graph. An undirected graph shows simple relations between objects, such as reciprocal...

circuit is called semi-Eulerian. An Eulerian trail, or Euler walk, in an undirected graph is a walk that uses each edge exactly once. If such a walk exists...

edges (also called arcs, links, or lines). A distinction is made between undirected graphs, where edges link two vertices symmetrically, and directed graphs...

to be undirected, in which case they correspond to Weyl groups. In this article, "Dynkin diagram" means directed Dynkin diagram, and undirected Dynkin...

instead of A), arrows, or directed lines. It differs from an ordinary or undirected graph, in that the latter is defined in terms of unordered pairs of vertices...

path between every pair of vertices. An undirected graph that is not connected is called disconnected. An undirected graph G is therefore disconnected if...

encode and the factorization of the distribution that they induce. The undirected graph shown may have one of several interpretations; the common feature...

USTCON (undirected s-t connectivity), which is the problem of determining whether there exists a path between two vertices in an undirected graph, otherwise...

vertex induces an undirected tree. A polytree (also called a directed tree) is a multitree formed by orienting the edges of an undirected tree. An arborescence...

range of possible graph structure constellations including directed, undirected, mixed graphs, hypergraphs, and application-specific attributes. A GraphML...

shortest closed path or circuit that visits every edge of an (connected) undirected graph at least once. When the graph has an Eulerian circuit (a closed...

theory, a clique (/ˈkliːk/ or /ˈklɪk/) is a subset of vertices of an undirected graph such that every two distinct vertices in the clique are adjacent...

for an undirected graph requires about 2⋅(32/8)|E| = 8|E| bytes of space, where |E| is the number of edges of the graph. Noting that an undirected simple...

function of the degree distribution P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} for an undirected network, then G 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle G_{1}(x)} can be defined as G 1...

In graph theory, a moral graph is used to find the equivalent undirected form of a directed acyclic graph. It is a key step of the junction tree algorithm...

Here is a simple example of a labelled, undirected graph and its Laplacian matrix. We observe for the undirected graph that both the adjacency matrix and...

path problem can be defined for graphs whether undirected, directed, or mixed. The definition for undirected graphs states that every edge can be traversed...

{\displaystyle \sum _{v\in V}\deg(v)=2|E|\,} . The formula implies that in any undirected graph, the number of vertices with odd degree is even. This statement...

In graph theory, an orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge, turning the initial graph into a directed graph. A...

underlying undirected graph is a forest. In other words, if we replace its directed edges with undirected edges, we obtain an undirected graph that is...

(which is an undirected graphical model), while lower layers form a directed generative model. In a DBM all layers are symmetric and undirected. Like DBNs...

{|\{e_{jk}:v_{j},v_{k}\in N_{i},e_{jk}\in E\}|}{k_{i}(k_{i}-1)}}.} An undirected graph has the property that e i j {\displaystyle e_{ij}} and e j i {\displaystyle...

combinatorial mathematics, a block graph or clique tree is a type of undirected graph in which every biconnected component (block) is a clique. Block...

edges have a direction indicating the flow or relationship between nodes. Undirected graphs, simply referred to as graphs in NetworkX, are graphs where edges...

least one such path exists. Notice that, in contrast with the case of undirected graphs, d(u,v) does not necessarily coincide with d(v,u)—so it is just...

algorithms (see, for example, Reingold's algorithm for connectivity in undirected graphs). As Lipton states: This alone could be important and often is...

pair ( X , E ) {\displaystyle {\left(X,E\right)}} shall be called an undirected hypergraph. Hypergraphs can be viewed as incidence structures. In particular...

G = (V, E, A) is a graph consisting of a set of vertices V, a set of (undirected) edges E, and a set of directed edges (or arcs) A. Consider adjacent vertices...

In graph theory, a circulant graph is an undirected graph acted on by a cyclic group of symmetries which takes any vertex to any other vertex. It is sometimes...

mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree...

directed graphs and ( N − 1 ) ( N − 2 ) / 2 {\displaystyle (N-1)(N-2)/2} for undirected graphs, where N {\displaystyle N} is the number of nodes in the giant...

In mathematics, a minimum bottleneck spanning tree (MBST) in an undirected graph is a spanning tree in which the most expensive edge is as cheap as possible...

science, a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from the field of graph theory within...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the rank of an undirected graph has two unrelated definitions. Let n equal the number of vertices of the graph...

a class of combinatorial enumeration problems in which one must count undirected or directed graphs of certain types, typically as a function of the number...

rational or real numbers, etc. The existence of a cycle in directed and undirected graphs can be determined by whether a depth-first search (DFS) finds an...

algorithm to determine whether a path exists between two nodes in an undirected graph, a problem that requires O(n) extra space using typical algorithms...

Robertson–Seymour theorem (also called the graph minors theorem) states that the undirected graphs, partially ordered by the graph minor relationship, form a well-quasi-ordering...

be directed or undirected; undirected edges are also called lines and directed edges are also called arcs or arrows. In an undirected simple graph, an...

In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called parallel edges),...

graphs. That is, it is possible to choose a direction for each edge of an undirected graph G, turning it into a directed graph that has a path from every vertex...

term is an "arborescence"), meaning: A directed graph, whose underlying undirected graph is a tree (any two vertices are connected by exactly one simple...

Kruskal's algorithm finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph. If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree....

reflections). The number of undirected closed tours is half this number, since every tour can be traced in reverse. There are 9,862 undirected closed tours on a...

spanning tree is a subset of the edges of a connected, edge-weighted undirected graph that connects all the vertices together, without any cycles and...

Moser spindle (also called the Mosers' spindle or Moser graph) is an undirected graph, named after mathematicians Leo Moser and his brother William, with...

common ancestors algorithm Tarjan's algorithm for finding bridges in an undirected graph Tarjan's algorithm for finding simple circuits in a directed graph...

In graph theory, a pseudoforest is an undirected graph in which every connected component has at most one cycle. That is, it is a system of vertices and...

(representing tasks to be performed) may be connected by both directed and undirected edges (representing timing constraints between tasks). The two types of...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a spanning tree T of an undirected graph G is a subgraph that is a tree which includes all of the vertices of...

Unsolved problem in mathematics Does every undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} have a triangle-hitting set whose size is at most twice the number of triangles...

travel distance. It is also sometimes called the undirected chinese postman problem. The undirected rural postman problem (URPP) aims to minimize the...

In graph theory, Vizing's theorem states that every simple undirected graph may be edge colored using a number of colors that is at most one larger than...

graph theory, a Hamiltonian path (or traceable path) is a path in an undirected or directed graph that visits each vertex exactly once. A Hamiltonian...

adjacency matrix or Laplacian matrix. The adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph is a real symmetric matrix and is therefore orthogonally diagonalizable;...

discipline of graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in an undirected graph is a set of edges without common vertices. In other words, a subset...

the vertex numbers for the best-known graphs (as of June 2024) in the undirected degree diameter problem for graphs of degree at most 3 ≤ d ≤ 16 and diameter...

equivalently in which the subgraph reachable from any vertex induces an undirected tree, or a partially ordered set (poset) that does not have four items...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, an undirected graph is called an asymmetric graph if it has no nontrivial symmetries. Formally, an automorphism...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Goldner–Harary graph is a simple undirected graph with 11 vertices and 27 edges. It is named after Anita M. Goldner...

(MRF), Markov network or undirected graphical model is a set of random variables having a Markov property described by an undirected graph. In other words...

graphs in which every edge is a bridge are exactly the forests. In every undirected graph, there is an equivalence relation on the vertices according to which...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Heawood graph is an undirected graph with 14 vertices and 21 edges, named after Percy John Heawood. The...

5, 0, .25], [0, 0.5, 1, 0]]) v = pagerank(M, 0.85) The PageRank of an undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} is statistically close to the degree distribution...

forces instead of energy. Useful for undirected graphs. sfdp multiscale version of fdp for the layout of large undirected graphs. twopi for radial graph layouts...

fields of complexity theory and graph theory. It decides if a directed or undirected graph, G, contains a Hamiltonian path, a path that visits every vertex...

been studied. In the maximum independent set problem, the input is an undirected graph, and the output is a maximum independent set in the graph. If there...

Turing machine is a Turing machine that has a configuration graph that is undirected (that is, configuration i yields configuration j if and only if j yields...

vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs...

In graph theory, a component of an undirected graph is a connected subgraph that is not part of any larger connected subgraph. The components of any graph...

solves the undirected st-connectivity problem, the problem of testing whether there is a path between two given vertices in an undirected graph, using...

In graph theory, a critical graph is an undirected graph all of whose proper subgraphs have smaller chromatic number. In such a graph, every vertex or...

dimension is 2 for the Ising model, or for directed percolation, but 1 for undirected percolation), and above the upper critical dimension d ∗ {\displaystyle...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Hoffman–Singleton graph is a 7-regular undirected graph with 50 vertices and 175 edges. It is the unique strongly regular...

game on an undirected graph (that is, the edges can be traversed in both directions). Fraenkel, Scheinerman, and Ullman show that undirected vertex geography...

Undirected movement in response to touch or vibration...

In graph theory, a bipolar orientation or st-orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge (an orientation) that causes...

usually called Directed Hamiltonian cycle) Undirected Hamilton circuit (Karp's name, now usually called Undirected Hamiltonian cycle) Satisfiability with...

Best-first search is a class of search algorithms which explores a regular undirected graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to a specified...

by Raimund Seidel in 1992 for the all-pairs-shortest-path problem for undirected, unweighted, connected graphs. It solves the problem in O ( V ω log ⁡...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, Tietze's graph is an undirected cubic graph with 12 vertices and 18 edges. It is named after Heinrich Franz...

integer programming. Let G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} be an undirected graph whose vertex set V {\displaystyle V} represents items that the farmer...

u\exists v(u\sim v)} where the ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } symbol indicates the undirected adjacency relation between two vertices. This sentence can be interpreted...

of an undirected graph, one less than the size of the largest vertex-set in the decomposition. Width of a path decomposition of an undirected graph,...

{\displaystyle n} -vertex undirected graph can be computed in time O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} . In any graph, directed or undirected, there is a straightforward...

cycle in a graph Forest (graph theory), an undirected graph with no cycles Biconnected graph, an undirected graph in which every edge belongs to a cycle...

In mathematics, Johnson graphs are a special class of undirected graphs defined from systems of sets. The vertices of the Johnson graph J ( n , k ) {\displaystyle...

a given undirected graph and generated by a type of graph labeling called a friendly labeling. A friendly labeling of an n-vertex undirected graph G =...

in O(log2 n) deterministic space. The same problem for undirected graphs is called undirected s-t connectivity and was shown to be in L by Omer Reingold...

mathematical area of graph theory, the Mycielskian or Mycielski graph of an undirected graph is a larger graph formed from it by a construction of Jan Mycielski (1955)...

finding a deterministic logarithmic-space algorithm for st-connectivity in undirected graphs. He, along with Avi Wigderson and Salil Vadhan, won the Gödel Prize...

The arboricity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of forests into which its edges can be partitioned. Equivalently it is the minimum number of...

a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the edges that forms a tree that...

starts with s {\displaystyle s} and ends with t {\displaystyle t} . In an undirected graph, reachability between all pairs of vertices can be determined by...

In graph theory, the girth of an undirected graph is the length of a shortest cycle contained in the graph. If the graph does not contain any cycles (that...

states that every finite group is the group of symmetries of a finite undirected graph. More strongly, for any finite group G {\displaystyle G} , there...

the mathematical field of graph theory, the diamond graph is a planar, undirected graph with 4 vertices and 5 edges. It consists of a complete graph ⁠ K...

In graph theory, the cube-connected cycles is an undirected cubic graph, formed by replacing each vertex of a hypercube graph by a cycle. It was introduced...

edge-connectivity version of Menger's theorem is as follows: Let G be a finite undirected graph and x and y two distinct vertices. Then the size of the minimum...

theory, the handshaking lemma is the statement that, in every finite undirected graph, the number of vertices that touch an odd number of edges is even...

branches labeled "4" or greater are directed, while Coxeter diagrams are undirected; secondly, Dynkin diagrams must satisfy an additional (crystallographic)...

searching for matchings, optional cliques, and stable sets in a given undirected graph. An algorithm is said to solve a search problem if, for every input...

1 , {\displaystyle s=s^{-1},} then it is typically represented by an undirected edge. The set S {\displaystyle S} is often assumed to be finite, especially...

particular for graph theory is used for description, with an ordinary (undirected) graph presumed to correspond to a symmetric relation, and a general endorelation...

describe the cliques (complete subgraphs) of an undirected graph. The clique complex X(G) of an undirected graph G is an abstract simplicial complex (that...

a preorder on graphs, a distributive lattice, and a category (one for undirected graphs and one for directed graphs). The computational complexity of finding...

containing at least one vertex from every cycle in a directed or undirected graph. In undirected graphs, the spanning trees are the largest acyclic subgraphs...

existence of a Hamiltonian cycle based on the degrees of the vertices in an undirected graph. It implies two other degree-based sufficient conditions, Dirac's...

translated first-person storyline, and its emphasis on player-driven undirected exploration. In 2019, the game was re-released through emulation for Windows...

Automorphisms may be defined in this way both for directed graphs and for undirected graphs. The composition of two automorphisms is another automorphism,...

In graph theory, a clique cover or partition into cliques of a given undirected graph is a collection of cliques that cover the whole graph. Generally...

determined to fund only "mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research". As AI founder John McCarthy writes "it would be a great relief...

theory, the Schläfli graph, named after Ludwig Schläfli, is a 16-regular undirected graph with 27 vertices and 216 edges. It is a strongly regular graph with...

VLSI chip design. The FVS decision problem is as follows: INSTANCE: An (undirected or directed) graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} and a positive...

matroids defined from certain other types of mathematical object such as undirected graphs, matrices, and field extensions are important within the study...

graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the cop number or copnumber of an undirected graph is the minimum number of cops that suffices to ensure a win (i.e...

the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique...

mathematical field of graph theory, the ladder graph Ln is a planar, undirected graph with 2n vertices and 3n − 2 edges. The ladder graph can be obtained...

In combinatorial optimization, the Gomory–Hu tree of an undirected graph with capacities is a weighted tree that represents the minimum s-t cuts for all...

theorem, named after William Thomas Tutte, is a characterization of finite undirected graphs with perfect matchings. It is a special case of the Tutte–Berge...

In graph theory and order theory, a comparability graph is an undirected graph that connects pairs of elements that are comparable to each other in a partial...

geometric graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a polyhedral graph is the undirected graph formed from the vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron. Alternatively...

graphs (having both directed and undirected edges). The program is solvable in polynomial time if the graph has all undirected or all directed edges. Variants...

99-graph problem is an unsolved problem asking whether there exists an undirected graph with 99 vertices, in which each two adjacent vertices have exactly...

same definition can be extended to undirected graphs as well by defining the oriented chromatic number of an undirected graph to be the largest oriented...

cycle rank of a directed graph is closely related to the tree-depth of an undirected graph and to the star height of a regular language. It has also found...

graph is the intersection graph of a chord diagram. That is, it is an undirected graph whose vertices can be associated with a finite system of chords...

/ σ[v] * (1 + δ[v]) if v ≠ s then CB[v] ← CB[v] + δ[v] // Halved for undirected graphs return CB The running time of the algorithm is expressed in terms...

connecting specified "query vertices" in a network. Given a connected, undirected graph and a set of query vertices in a graph, the minimum Wiener connector...

An example for an undirected Graph with a vertex r and its corresponding level structure...

mathematical field of graph theory, the windmill graph Wd(k,n) is an undirected graph constructed for k ≥ 2 and n ≥ 2 by joining n copies of the complete...

In graph theory, a k-tree is an undirected graph formed by starting with a (k + 1)-vertex complete graph and then repeatedly adding vertices in such a...

which s belongs to the set S and t belongs to the set T. In an unweighted undirected graph, the size or weight of a cut is the number of edges crossing the...

Hamiltonian decompositions have been studied both for undirected graphs and for directed graphs. In the undirected case a Hamiltonian decomposition can also be...

In graph theory, the Petersen family is a set of seven undirected graphs that includes the Petersen graph and the complete graph K6. The Petersen family...

thus the directed-graph form of a rooted tree, understood here as an undirected graph. An arborescence is also a directed rooted tree in which all edges...

is a matroid whose independent sets are the forests in a given finite undirected graph. The dual matroids of graphic matroids are called co-graphic matroids...

graceful graph on 14 nodes has exactly 68 edges. There are 68 different undirected graphs with six edges and no isolated nodes, 68 different minimally 2-connected...

Undirected movement by plants in response to temperature...

In graph theory, a strong orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge (an orientation) that makes it into a strongly...

G = (V, E) be a simple undirected graph and let P consist of all pairs of distinct vertices in V. Then the simple undirected graph H = (V, P \ E) is...

In graph theory, an undirected graph H is called a minor of the graph G if H can be formed from G by deleting edges and vertices and by contracting edges...

the friendship graph (or Dutch windmill graph or n-fan) Fn is a planar, undirected graph with 2n + 1 vertices and 3n edges. The friendship graph Fn can be...

that does not allow an unbiased estimator of zero Complete graph, an undirected graph in which every pair of vertices has exactly one edge connecting...

which one vertex has been distinguished as the root. Both directed and undirected versions of rooted graphs have been studied, and there are also variant...

In graph theory, the Grundy number or Grundy chromatic number of an undirected graph is the maximum number of colors that can be used by a greedy coloring...

cyclomatic number, circuit rank, cycle rank, corank or nullity of an undirected graph is the minimum number of edges that must be removed from the graph...

classical definition is sufficient: a molecular graph is a connected, undirected graph which admits a one-to-one correspondence with the structural formula...

often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Pappus graph is a bipartite, 3-regular, undirected graph with 18 vertices and 27 edges, formed as the Levi graph of the Pappus...

{\displaystyle v_{t}} into the existing graph. Edges are undirected in respective undirected graphs. At time t {\displaystyle t} , vertex v t {\displaystyle...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Ljubljana graph is an undirected bipartite graph with 112 vertices and 168 edges, rediscovered in 2002 and...

mathematical discipline of graph theory, the edge space and vertex space of an undirected graph are vector spaces defined in terms of the edge and vertex sets,...

maximum leaf spanning tree are two closely related structures defined on an undirected graph. A connected dominating set of a graph G is a set D of vertices...

(nodes) and edges (connections between nodes). Graphs can be directed or undirected, and they can have cycles or be acyclic. Graph traversal algorithms include...

robustness and synchronizability of networks. The algebraic connectivity of undirected graphs with nonnegative weights is a ( G ) ≥ 0 {\displaystyle a(G)\geq...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Robertson–Wegner graph is a 5-regular undirected graph with 30 vertices and 75 edges named after Neil Robertson and Gerd...

computer science, a shortest-path tree rooted at a vertex v of a connected, undirected graph G is a spanning tree T of G, such that the path distance from root...

field of graph theory, the Robertson graph or (4,5)-cage, is a 4-regular undirected graph with 19 vertices and 38 edges named after Neil Robertson. The Robertson...

breadth-first search. Breadth-first search can be generalized to both undirected graphs and directed graphs with a given start node (sometimes referred...

bifurcation ratios. It is a dimensionless number. The pathwidth of an arbitrary undirected graph G may be defined as the smallest number w such that there exists...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the kth power Gk of an undirected graph G is another graph that has the same set of vertices, but in which two...

the mathematical field of graph theory, the triangle graph is a planar undirected graph with 3 vertices and 3 edges, in the form of a triangle. The triangle...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Dürer graph is an undirected graph with 12 vertices and 18 edges. It is named after Albrecht Dürer, whose...

geometry and geometric graph theory, a β-skeleton or beta skeleton is an undirected graph defined from a set of points in the Euclidean plane. Two points...

perfect graph theorem of László Lovász (1972a, 1972b) states that an undirected graph is perfect if and only if its complement graph is also perfect....

algorithm is an enumeration algorithm for finding all maximal cliques in an undirected graph. That is, it lists all subsets of vertices with the two properties...

inequality. Formally, Feld assumes that a social network is represented by an undirected graph G = (V, E), where the set V of vertices corresponds to the people...

approximation ratio in polynomial time. The input to the problem consists of an undirected graph with weights on its edges, and a number k. The output is a tree...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a cycle basis of an undirected graph is a set of simple cycles that forms a basis of the cycle space of the graph...

preserve declining populations. Bovid hybrids may occur naturally through undirected interbreeding, traditional pastoral practices, or may be the result of...

sequential algorithm for computing biconnected components in a connected undirected graph is due to John Hopcroft and Robert Tarjan (1973). It runs in linear...

polynomial-time approximation scheme for computing the permanent. For undirected d-regular graphs G {\displaystyle G} without edge weights, the conductance...

this result to multi-commodity flow problems. The Gomory–Hu tree of an undirected flow network provides a concise representation of all minimum cuts between...

both undirected and bidirected (directed) settings: In undirected path coloring, the graph G {\displaystyle G} is undirected, and paths are undirected. Two...

the best known algorithms for both undirected and directed graphs is a simple greedy algorithm: In the undirected case, the greedy tour is at most O(ln...

Birkhoff. Nested dissection consists of the following steps: Form an undirected graph in which the vertices represent rows and columns of the system of...

O(V^{2})} for dense graphs. This is as fast as Prim's algorithm for an undirected minimum spanning tree. In 1986, Gabow, Galil, Spencer, and Tarjan produced...

with unsupervised pre-training and/or supervised fine-tuning. Unlike the undirected symmetric top layer, with a two-way unsymmetric layer for connection for...

In graph theory, the tree-depth of a connected undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} is a numerical invariant of G {\displaystyle G} , the minimum height...

mathematics In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Petersen graph is an undirected graph with 10 vertices and 15 edges. It is a small graph that serves as...

image segmentation in computer vision. CRFs are a type of discriminative undirected probabilistic graphical model. Lafferty, McCallum and Pereira define a...

graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the (binary) cycle space of an undirected graph is the set of its even-degree spanning subgraphs, or the set of...

Lego-themed toys-to-life video game Dimension (graph theory), a property of undirected graphs related to their representations in spaces Dimension (vector space)...

directed cycles Forest (graph theory), an undirected acyclic graph Polytree, a directed graph without any undirected cycles This disambiguation page lists...

and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its chief activities are a campaign...

English to write the word-initial sound /n/ Complete graph (Kn), a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique...

multiple edges (also called parallel edges or a multi-edge), are, in an undirected graph, two or more edges that are incident to the same two vertices, or...

they are adjacent in G {\displaystyle G} . The same definition works for undirected graphs, directed graphs, and even multigraphs. The induced subgraph G...

governed by the connectivity or density of the network topology. In an undirected network, every edge connects two nodes such that there are 2m nodes per...

capacity of an s-t cut in the new sense. In the undirected edge-disjoint paths problem, we are given an undirected graph G = (V, E) and two vertices s and t...

sent from the source to the sink in the given network. In a weighted, undirected network, it is possible to calculate the cut that separates a particular...

from the rectangular grid of the standard square lattice to an arbitrary undirected finite multigraph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} , a special vertex...

an induced matching or strong matching is a subset of the edges of an undirected graph that do not share any vertices (it is a matching) and these are...

(2003). Bethe free energy and contrastive divergence approximations for undirected graphical models. utoronto.ca (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. hdl:1807/122253...

dispatcher-assisted CPR improved outcomes, including survival, when compared with undirected bystander CPR. Likewise, a 2022 systematic review on exercise-related...

Unschooling may emphasize free, undirected play as a major component of children's education....

an open problem in a paper from 1977. More precisely, for an arbitrary undirected graph H {\displaystyle H} , let F H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{H}}...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a squaregraph is a type of undirected graph that can be drawn in the plane in such a way that every bounded face...

chain and the choice of the starting state. The cover time of a connected undirected graph is the cover time of the Markov chain that takes a random walk on...

In the mathematical area of graph theory, a triangle-free graph is an undirected graph in which no three vertices form a triangle of edges. Triangle-free...

disorder.[citation needed] Whereas stimming is a nonpharmacologic but undirected and sometimes harmful amelioration, directed therapy tries to introduce...

probability β and edges added with probability α<<β. Based loosely on the undirected protein network model of Sole et al. Vazquez proposed a growth model based...

Here χ ( G ) {\displaystyle \chi (G)} denotes the chromatic number of an undirected finite graph G {\displaystyle G} . The inequality χ(G × H) ≤ min {χ(G)...

distributed at random. The value of the modularity for unweighted and undirected graphs lies in the range [ − 1 / 2 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1/2,1]} . It...

dismissed Cohen as a likely suspect because in the asylum his assaults were undirected, and his behaviour was wild and uncontrolled, whereas the Ripper seemed...

In graph theory, a folded cube graph is an undirected graph formed from a hypercube graph by adding to it a perfect matching that connects opposite pairs...

nodes, properties and edges. The edges can either be directed or undirected. In an undirected graph, an edge connecting two nodes has a single meaning. In...

that govern conditional independence in probability theory is shared by undirected graphs. Variables are represented as nodes in a graph in such a way that...

directions of the edges are ignored and the NNG is defined instead as an undirected graph. However, the nearest neighbor relation is not a symmetric one,...

directed at particular things. People conclude that because moods are undirected they are also nonintentional i.e. they lack intentionality or aboutness...

In graph theory, a branch-decomposition of an undirected graph G is a hierarchical clustering of the edges of G, represented by an unrooted binary tree...

G4 ANTLR4 grammar ANTLR4 G6 Graph6 graph data format. Used for storing undirected graphs. GB GenBank molecular biology format. GBK same as GB GBR Gerber...

the U.S. Congress led the U.S. and British Governments to stop funding undirected research into artificial intelligence. Seven years later, a visionary...

888 trees with four unlabeled and three labeled nodes, 888 seven-node undirected graphs without isolated vertices, and 888 non-alternating knots whose...

as "riotous", with the connotation of being disorganized, spontaneous, undirected, and undisciplined. He wrote that, on the contrary, such riots involved...

the commuting graph of a semigroup, or in particular of a group, is an undirected graph in which the vertices are elements of the semigroup and there is...

In graph theory, an odd cycle transversal of an undirected graph is a set of vertices of the graph that has a nonempty intersection with every odd cycle...

graph-theoretic mathematics, a cycle double cover is a collection of cycles in an undirected graph that together include each edge of the graph exactly twice. Note...

(2003). Bethe free energy and contrastive divergence approximations for undirected graphical models. utoronto.ca (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. hdl:1807/122253...

unsolved problems in mathematics In graph theory, the Henson graph Gi is an undirected infinite graph, the unique countable homogeneous graph that does not contain...

of a given direction and its corresponding opposite direction forms an undirected "line", sometimes called the direction line or an orientation, e.g., the...

graph is the undirected Hasse diagram of the partially ordered set, and in the second case, the graph is simply the underlying (undirected) graph of the...

endpoints with previous subgraphs. According to Robbins' theorem, an undirected graph may be oriented in such a way that it becomes strongly connected...

There are variants of modular decomposition for undirected graphs and directed graphs. For each undirected graph, this decomposition is unique. This notion...

In graph theory, a split of an undirected graph is a cut whose cut-set forms a complete bipartite graph. A graph is prime if it has no splits. The splits...

Bipartite graphs may be characterized in several different ways: An undirected graph is bipartite if and only if it does not contain an odd cycle. A...

In graph theory, a rook's graph is an undirected graph that represents all legal moves of the rook chess piece on a chessboard. Each vertex of a rook's...

graph theory, the Fibonacci cubes or Fibonacci networks are a family of undirected graphs with rich recursive properties derived from its origin in number...

sometimes called a Brooks coloring or a Δ-coloring. For any connected undirected graph G with maximum degree Δ, the chromatic number of G is at most Δ...

matroid is a matroid that describes the number of degrees of freedom of an undirected graph with rigid edges of fixed lengths, embedded into Euclidean space...

simple: either show how a structured, regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject intelligence into the system. This was how Aristotle…...

mathematical study of graph theory, a pancyclic graph is a directed graph or undirected graph that contains cycles of all possible lengths from three up to the...

In graph theory and recreational mathematics, the Hanoi graphs are undirected graphs whose vertices represent the possible states of the Tower of Hanoi...

theory, a subfield of abstract algebra, a cycle graph of a group is an undirected graph that illustrates the various cycles of that group, given a set of...

In graph theory, a Trémaux tree of an undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} is a type of spanning tree, generalizing depth-first search trees. They are...

directing work upon that work which is directed, and the effect of this undirected and directed work upon the mind of the worker." She expresses the view...

from the movie Barnyard and its TV series Goldner–Harary graph, simple undirected graph with 11 vertices and 27 edges Goldner String Quartet, Australian...

weights. ← same. no lateral connections within a layer. top layer is undirected, symmetric. other layers are 2-way, asymmetric. 3-layers: asymmetric weights...

table also indicates whether an algorithm can be used for directed or undirected networks as well as induced or non-induced subgraphs.[citation needed]...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Chvátal graph is an undirected graph with 12 vertices and 24 edges, discovered by Václav Chvátal in 1970...

elements and their adjacencies are described by the vertices and edges of an undirected graph, the polarities of their bonds can be described by orienting this...

In graph theory, a panconnected graph is an undirected graph in which, for every two vertices s and t, there exist paths from s to t of every possible...

possible directions. Equivalently, a tournament is an orientation of an undirected complete graph. (However, as directed graphs, tournaments are not complete:...

gave the episode two out of five stars, noting it to be as "literally undirected" as its lack of director credit. Dobbs, G. Michael (2015). Escape – How...

In the mathematics of Sudoku, the Sudoku graph is an undirected graph whose vertices represent the cells of a (blank) Sudoku puzzle and whose edges represent...

In graph theory, the diameter of a connected undirected graph is the farthest distance between any two of its vertices. That is, it is the diameter of...

first-order sentence in the logic of graphs can be realized by a finite undirected graph. Trakhtenbrot's theorem - Finite satisfiability is undecidable....

minimal spanning tree {ab, bc}. algorithm Borůvka is input: A weighted undirected graph G = (V, E). output: F, a minimum spanning forest of G. Initialize...

these generalized notions of cliques can also be found by constructing an undirected graph whose edges represent related pairs of actors from the social network...

which plays an important role in graph theory. It is defined for every undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} and contains information about how the graph...

2^{m}} possible parent combinations. Similar ideas may be applied to undirected, and possibly cyclic, graphs such as Markov networks. Suppose we want...

In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the line graph of an undirected graph G is another graph L(G) that represents the adjacencies between edges...

are classified separately from forward edges. If the original graph is undirected then all of its edges are tree edges or back edges. It is also possible...

In combinatorial mathematics, an Apollonian network is an undirected graph formed by a process of recursively subdividing a triangle into three smaller...

doi:10.1137/S0097539795288246. S2CID 5221089. Thorup, Mikkel (1999). "Undirected single-source shortest paths with positive integer weights in linear time"...

_{y}d(y,x)} . Taking distances from or to all other nodes is irrelevant in undirected graphs, whereas it can produce totally different results in directed graphs...

The twin-width of an undirected graph is a natural number associated with the graph, used to study the parameterized complexity of graph algorithms. Intuitively...

then neither contains the other. Coherence spaces are in bijection with undirected graphs whose vertices are tokens. Given a coherence space A {\displaystyle...

I_{2}(6)\cong G_{2}} ). This can be proven by comparing the restrictions on (undirected) Dynkin diagrams with the restrictions on Coxeter diagrams of finite groups:...

easy to see that a matroid is also an interval greedoid. Consider an undirected graph G. Let the ground set be the edges of G and the feasible sets be...

is "no accident", as the protagonist stood in for the young Grogan's "undirected self". Grogan was also the author of Final Score, a crime novel published...

directed. In GAM analysis, it is generally assumed that the graph is undirected, so that if eigenvector centrality were to be used it would be accurate...

faculty of directed thinking, I term intellect: the faculty of passive, or undirected, thinking, I term intellectual intuition. This distinction reflects an...

result is strongest when it glares at the beastliness and affections of undirected youth, the animal years of adolescence. The kids, sent from London to...

specifically in combinatorial commutative algebra, a zero-divisor graph is an undirected graph representing the zero divisors of a commutative ring. It has elements...

In graph theory, a geodetic graph is an undirected graph such that there exists a unique (unweighted) shortest path between each two vertices. Geodetic...

dismissed Cohen as a likely suspect because in the asylum his assaults were undirected, and his behaviour was wild and uncontrolled, whereas the Ripper seemed...

in hypergraphs. Formally, a vertex cover V ′ {\displaystyle V'} of an undirected graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} is a subset of V {\displaystyle...

as autonomous, "self-determinative" independently of human action, and undirected in its growth, technology in a time of Technopoly actively eliminates...

In graph theory, the bipartite double cover of an undirected graph G is a bipartite, covering graph of G, with twice as many vertices as G. It can be constructed...

spherical or nearly spherical nanoparticles, and in the form of oriented or undirected fibers. Properties, of the final material, defined as the set of properties...

shortest paths from a source vertex to every other vertex in directed and undirected graphs with non-negative edge weights (or no edge weights), whilst the...

818,272, Method for discovery of clusters of objects in an arbitrary undirected graph using a difference between a fraction of internal connections and...

well as those experiencing mania. Dereistic means: away from reality, undirected fantasy thinking. Carl Jung wrote, "This is the basic activity of psychic...

after the endpoint IDs. The graph may be interpreted as a directed or undirected graph. For directed graphs, to specify the concept of bi-directionality...

vertices. In the above definition a graph is understood to be a finite undirected simple graph. However, the notion of labeling may be applied to all extensions...

ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 3062153, MR 1888797, S2CID 120739405 Reingold, Omer (2008), "Undirected connectivity in log-space", J. ACM, 55 (4): 1–24, doi:10.1145/1391289...

independent if and only if it is a pseudoforest . In any directed or undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} let E {\displaystyle E} and F {\displaystyle...

connections crossing each other and resulting in a short circuit. To an undirected graph we may associate an abstract simplicial complex C with a single-element...

{\displaystyle E} . The edges depend on the factorization as follows: there is an undirected edge between factor vertex f j {\displaystyle f_{j}} and variable vertex...

{\displaystyle (n-1)(n-2)} and for undirected graphs is ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) / 2 {\displaystyle (n-1)(n-2)/2} . For example, in an undirected star graph, the center...

"familiar yet unknown" will soon occur. Abductees also report feeling severe, undirected anxiety at this point even though nothing unusual has actually occurred...

The algorithm suggested by Gallager, Humblet, and Spira for general undirected graphs has had a strong impact on the design of distributed algorithms...

concept. The genus of a group G is the minimum genus of a (connected, undirected) Cayley graph for G. The graph genus problem is NP-complete. There are...

graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a crown graph on 2n vertices is an undirected graph with two sets of vertices {u1, u2, …, un} and {v1, v2, …, vn} and...

cycles constitutes a spanning subgraph of G. A disjoint cycle cover of an undirected graph (if it exists) can be found in polynomial time by transforming the...

In graph theory, a cop-win graph is an undirected graph on which the pursuer (cop) can always win a pursuit–evasion game against a robber, with the players...

In graph theory, a bramble for an undirected graph G is a family of connected subgraphs of G that all touch each other: for every pair of disjoint subgraphs...

determined by its two-factor terms, a graphical model can be represented by an undirected graph, where the vertices represent the variables and the edges represent...

problem of finding the minimum number of edges to be added to a given undirected graph so that in the resulting graph the edge-connectivity between any...

sub-network's hidden layer serves as the visible layer for the next. An RBM is an undirected, generative energy-based model with a "visible" input layer and a hidden...

In graph theory, a subfield of mathematics, a well-colored graph is an undirected graph for which greedy coloring uses the same number of colors regardless...

N ≫ 1 {\displaystyle N\gg K\gg \ln N\gg 1} , the model constructs an undirected graph with N {\displaystyle N} nodes and N K 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {NK}{2}}}...

enumeration, there are 177 rooted trees with 10 nodes and height at most 3, 177 undirected graphs (not necessarily connected) that have 7 edges and no isolated vertices...

comparability graph of a partial order is the undirected graph with a vertex for each element and an undirected edge for each pair of distinct elements x...

upward planar embedding must have the source on the outer face, and every undirected cycle of the graph must have at least one vertex at which both cycle edges...

science, a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from mathematics; specifically, the...

known at the time a simple, powerful model of genetic change through undirected mutation (loosely described as "random") and natural selection, was seen...

the elements Probabilistic graphical model, which can be directed or undirected Portable Graymap File Format, a Netpbm format file format for images Pragmatic...

or density satisfies one of the Markov properties with respect to an undirected graph G if and only if it is a Gibbs random field, that is, its density...

whether it is undirected or directed, which basically makes the distinction of whether there is a precise destination or not: undirected wayfinding means...

terminology prevailed. It is also possible to interpret a binary tree as an undirected, rather than directed graph, in which case a binary tree is an ordered...

have diverse settings, however the simplest ones can be described by an undirected graph whereas more complicated situations are represented by directed...

During the Reserve Period. Goldfrank published her memoirs, Notes on an Undirected Life, in 1978. Notes on Two Pueblo Feasts. American Anthropologist 25...

incidence chromatic number of a graph and game chromatic number in case of an undirected graph. Andres found out that the upper bound for i g ( G ) {\displaystyle...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Brouwer–Haemers graph is a 20-regular undirected graph with 81 vertices and 810 edges. It is a strongly regular graph,...

was Earthlings, a rarely used slang term for lesbians. "The Chart", an undirected labeled graph in which nodes represent individuals and lines represent...

analysis. A common representation of the mechanism for undirected graphs is as follows: On an undirected graph, a walker takes a step from the current node...

Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A052431 (Number of perfect simple undirected graphs on n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS...

graph theory. It was introduced by Tarjan and Vishkin in 1984. Given an undirected tree presented as a set of edges, the Euler tour representation (ETR)...

the two-dimensional vector representation are given graphically by an undirected graph. By Schur's lemma, irreducible representations of Γ × {±1} are just...

In graph theory, a clique graph of an undirected graph G is another graph K(G) that represents the structure of cliques in G. Clique graphs were discussed...

Undirected graph named after S. S. Shrikhande...

weights w i j {\displaystyle w_{ij}} for all edges in an incomplete, undirected, weighted graph. The problem can be solved in polynomial time. One method...

method of proving this uses the theory of random graphs: one may form an undirected graph called the "cuckoo graph" that has a vertex for each hash table...

walked back unsteadily." Polly concluded that Dick was a well-educated but undirected man and a reluctant father. Less than a year later Dick Peabody enlisted...

graph theory, the Harries graph or Harries (3-10)-cage is a 3-regular, undirected graph with 70 vertices and 105 edges. The Harries graph has chromatic...

guaranteed to be within 2–3% of an optimal tour. TSP can be modeled as an undirected weighted graph, such that cities are the graph's vertices, paths are the...

combinatorial system in which an orientation is given to the edges of a weighted undirected graph, subject to certain constraints. One can change this orientation...

generalising the algebraic properties of the majority function Median graph, undirected graph in which every three vertices a, b, and c have a unique median Geometric...

Lieutenant Pyotr Schmidt, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military mutinies...

pseudorandom properties The Mycielskian, a construction for embedding any undirected graph into a larger graph with strictly higher chromatic number without...

constructed. There exists a solution for every N×N case. It is solvable on any undirected graph, where clicking on one vertex flips its value and its neighbours...

independent random weights from some distribution to the edges of an undirected graph, and then constructing the minimum spanning tree of the graph. When...

always at least 90 degrees.) No edge if the vectors are orthogonal, An undirected single edge if they make an angle of 120 degrees, A directed double edge...

An undirected graph with adjacency matrix: [ 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ] . {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&1&0\\1&0&1\\0&1&0\end{bmatrix}}.}...

Steiner tree problem, is the Steiner tree problem in graphs. Given an undirected graph with non-negative edge weights and a subset of vertices, usually...

In the mathematical area of graph theory, an induced path in an undirected graph G is a path that is an induced subgraph of G. That is, it is a sequence...

antichains equal to the size of the largest chain. A comparability graph is an undirected graph formed from a partial order by creating a vertex per element of...

of the three sides of the preceding triangle. The Fibonacci cube is an undirected graph with a Fibonacci number of nodes that has been proposed as a network...

telling." But, the review also said the film's "[a]ppealing tale of an undirected army brat proving himself worthy of the most exceptional girl in high...

the mathematical field of graph theory, a semi-symmetric graph is an undirected graph that is edge-transitive and regular, but not vertex-transitive....

Bayesian networks, and is a procedure to turn a directed graph into an undirected one. We do this because it allows for the universal applicability of the...

inclusion of sets; B) each vertex belongs to exactly two edges; C) the undirected graph formed by the vertices and edges is connected. An abstract polytope...

services generally focus on individuals sharing messages in a more-or-less undirected way and receiving messages from many sources into a single personalized...

species, whether progressive goal-directed orthogenesis or Charles Darwin's undirected theory of evolution. The chain of being continued to be part of metaphysics...

I} is the incidence relation between them. The incidence matrix of an undirected graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} without self-loops is an n...

term of its number of edges. The conjecture states that if G is a simple undirected graph and L(G) its Laplacian matrix, then its eigenvalues λn(L(G)) ≤ λn−1(L(G))...

by the state. Orwell writes: "the rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame...

may refer to: Random number generator Relative neighborhood graph, an undirected graph used in computational geometry RELAX NG, an XML schema language...

mathematics, in graph theory, the Seidel adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph G is a symmetric matrix with a row and column for each vertex, having...

n_{ij}=n_{ji},} we denote the two opposite arrows between χ i, χ j as an undirected edge of weight nij. Moreover, if n i j = 1 , {\displaystyle n_{ij}=1,}...

In the mathematical area of graph theory, an undirected graph G is strongly chordal if it is a chordal graph and every cycle of even length (≥ 6) in G...

onto six faces of a cube. In mathematics, the space of orientations of undirected lines in 3-dimensional space is called the real projective plane, and...

childhood. But I just can't go into it. I think I had a lot of energy and undirected need so I just kind of rebelled in a general fashion. I got myself in...

In graph theory, an interval graph is an undirected graph formed from a set of intervals on the real line, with a vertex for each interval and an edge...

(bilipschitz constant) is only logarithmic in the number of points. For any undirected connected graph G, the set V of vertices of G can be turned into a metric...

finding maximal cliques in an undirected graph MaxCliqueDyn maximum clique algorithm: find a maximum clique in an undirected graph Strongly connected components...

In graph theory, a Ptolemaic graph is an undirected graph whose shortest path distances obey Ptolemy's inequality, which in turn was named after the Greek...

"eigenvalue bound." Vadhan also came up with another simplified approach to the undirected ST-connectivity problem following Reingold's breakthrough result. Also...

the mathematical field of graph theory, the Foster cage is a 5-regular undirected graph with 30 vertices and 75 edges. It is one of the four (5,5)-cage...

shortest tour with a minimum graph/travel distance of a mixed graph with undirected edges and directed arcs given capacity constraints for objects that move...

Husfeldt & Khanna (2004) write that the longest path problem in unweighted undirected graphs "is notorious for the difficulty of understanding its approximation...

the mathematical field of graph theory, the Wong graph is a 5-regular undirected graph with 30 vertices and 75 edges. It is one of the four (5,5)-cage...

the mathematics of graph theory and finite groups, a prime graph is an undirected graph defined from a group. These graphs were introduced in a 1981 paper...

only one cluster at a given moment. The original algorithm applies to undirected, weighted, and unweighted graphs. Chinese whispers runs in linear time...

mathematical field of graph theory, the Chang graphs are three 12-regular undirected graphs, each with 28 vertices and 168 edges. They are strongly regular...

Ackermann described a directed graph, and the Rado graph is the corresponding undirected graph given by forgetting the directions on the edges.) Erdős & Rényi...

simple: either show how a structured, regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject intelligence into the system. This was how Aristotle...

linear-time algorithm for the single-source shortest paths problem in undirected graphs (Thorup, 1999). With Mihai Pătraşcu he has shown that simple tabulation...

resulting graph has many important properties: it contains every finite undirected graph as an induced subgraph, and any isomorphism of its induced subgraphs...

Schnyder, who published its proof in 1989. The incidence poset P(G) of an undirected graph G with vertex set V and edge set E is the partially ordered set...

perform. Rather, the system is intended to counteract incidental and undirected yawing motions, which can be characterised as skids or slips. On a single-engine...

represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection). The logical network...

In graph theory, the strength of an undirected graph corresponds to the minimum ratio of edges removed/components created in a decomposition of the graph...

debugging: a process of attempting to correct a bug by making largely undirected source code modifications, sometimes resulting in further problems. Fault...

theory, a haven is a certain type of function on sets of vertices in an undirected graph. If a haven exists, it can be used by an evader to win a pursuit–evasion...

pair of edge disjoint paths between a given pair of vertices. For an undirected graph G(V, E), it is stated as follows: Run the shortest path algorithm...

Bouchet and Von-Der-Flaass. Formally, the local complementation of a simple undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} at a vertex v {\displaystyle v} is an operation...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the splittance of an undirected graph measures its distance from a split graph. A split graph is a graph whose...

In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the modular graphs are undirected graphs in which every three vertices x, y, and z have at least one median vertex...

In graph theory, a Pfaffian orientation of an undirected graph assigns a direction to each edge, so that certain cycles (the "even central cycles") have...

{\sum _{i}e_{ii}-\sum _{i}a_{i}b_{i}}{1-\sum _{i}a_{i}b_{i}}},} where in undirected networks, a i = b i . {\displaystyle a_{i}=b_{i}.} Here, Σ i e i i {\displaystyle...

A gene co-expression network (GCN) is an undirected graph, where each node corresponds to a gene, and a pair of nodes is connected with an edge if there...

returns the exact value of x–(round(x/y)·y). Round to nearest integer. For undirected rounding when halfway between two integers the even integer is chosen...

Let X be a set of taxa. An unrooted phylogenetic network N on X is any undirected graph whose leaves are bijectively labeled by the taxa in X. A number...

abstract simplicial complexes are mathematically equivalent to simple undirected graphs: the vertex set of the complex can be viewed as the vertex set...

algorithms, such as the widely employed convolutional networks. Given an undirected weighted graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} , where V {\displaystyle...

In graph theory, the treewidth of an undirected graph is an integer number which specifies, informally, how far the graph is from being a tree. The smallest...

decreases and the common orientation of the molecular dipoles returns to an undirected state in a process of relaxation. Due to the hysteresis, at the zero point...

model re-adjustment. A network is a set of nodes and a set of directed or undirected edges between the nodes. Many types of biological networks exist, including...

which includes trajectory-dependent quantities such as escape rates, undirected traffic, and total configuration changes. As with many physical observables...

not proceed in a linear fashion following Cope's rule, but rather in an undirected manner. The reason is that brontotheres were able to occupy ecological...

when a male is singing to a female usually for a courtship display. "Undirected" singing occurs when for example, a male sings when other males are present...

Nick Shay, the man who ultimately ends up with the baseball, from his undirected existence as an executive of a waste management company in Arizona in...

of a set, for example to keep track of the connected components of an undirected graph. This model can then be used to determine whether two vertices belong...

application of homological methods to graph theory, Lovász proved both the undirected and directed versions of a conjecture of András Frank: Given a k-connected...

though not necessarily, mutual and thus the links can be directed or undirected. Crucially, a node loses its ability to function as soon as the node it...

such as primitive roots and quadratic residues. Paley graphs are dense undirected graphs, one for each prime p ≡ 1 (mod 4), that form an infinite family...

that represents the incidence relation between vertices and edges of an undirected graph. The incidence poset of a graph G has an element for each vertex...

In graph theory, an acyclic orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge (an orientation) that does not form any directed...

discoveries, historical events, and artistic accomplishments as "black swans"—undirected and unpredicted. He gives the rise of the Internet, the personal computer...

modeled by a network in which the vertices represent cities and the (undirected) edges represent potential freight delivery routes between pairs of cities...

distinct elements are considered equivalent under the equality relation. An undirected graph may be associated to any symmetric relation on a set X , {\displaystyle...

1914678116. PMC 6911197. PMID 31767758. Shepard, R. N.; Sumner, D. Y. (2010). "Undirected motility of filamentous cyanobacteria produces reticulate mats". Geobiology...

described at its Board Game Geek entry. An explicit solution for the undirected switching game was found in 1964 for any such game using matroid theory...

An oriented graph is a finite directed graph obtained from a simple undirected graph by assigning an orientation to each edge. Equivalently, it is a...

In graph theory, the Hadwiger number of an undirected graph G is the size of the largest complete graph that can be obtained by contracting edges of G...

after Saunders Mac Lane who published it in 1937. It states that a finite undirected graph is planar if and only if the cycle space of the graph (taken modulo...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a snark is an undirected graph with exactly three edges per vertex whose edges cannot be colored with only three...

memory. A symmetric sparse matrix arises as the adjacency matrix of an undirected graph; it can be stored efficiently as an adjacency list. A block-diagonal...

cluster graphs are transitively closed, and every transitively closed undirected graph is a cluster graph. The cluster graphs are the graphs for which...

graph (RGG) is the mathematically simplest spatial network, namely an undirected graph constructed by randomly placing N nodes in some metric space (according...

related to defense. The snapping of the leaves is a case of thigmonasty (undirected movement in response to touch). Further stimulation of the lobe's internal...

is higher than k. In 1993, Brouwer, Dejter and Thomassen described an undirected, bipartite graph with 112 vertices and 168 edges, (semi-symmetric, that...

ic), also known as unordered pitch-class interval, interval distance, undirected interval, or "(even completely incorrectly) as 'interval mod 6'" (Rahn...

of a recurrence plot can be considered as the adjacency matrix of an undirected and unweighted network. This allows for the analysis of time series by...

can be computed in polynomial time, a problem which is #P-complete for undirected graphs. It is also used in the asymptotic enumeration of Eulerian circuits...

In computational geometry, the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) is an undirected graph defined on a set of points in the Euclidean plane by connecting...

graph sparsification algorithm ) to extract the backbone structure of undirected weighted network. Many real world networks such as citation networks,...

graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the Herschel graph is a bipartite undirected graph with 11 vertices and 18 edges. It is a polyhedral graph (the graph...

Turán's theorem bounds the number of edges that can be included in an undirected graph that does not have a complete subgraph of a given size. It is one...

applied science, whereas only 0.3%, or two 'events', were due to basic or undirected science. This particular finding undermined the traditional view that...

and knocks him out, breaking Legendre's mental control of his zombies. Undirected, the zombies walk forward and topple off the cliff. Legendre awakens and...

In graph theory, a division of mathematics, a median graph is an undirected graph in which every three vertices a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle...

ARAG worked across government departments undertaking both directed and undirected research and broadening its reach to encompass new security challenges...

Szemerédi and by Leighton. The crossing number inequality states that, for an undirected simple graph G with n vertices and e edges such that e > 7n, the crossing...

she attended NYU in the Bronx (uptown campus) for one year, but felt undirected there and decided not to stay. A family friend, Hy Zaret (who wrote the...

concept of contraction of an edge ( u , v ) {\displaystyle (u,v)} in an undirected graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} . Informally, the contraction...

complement graph K0, a forest, and a planar graph. It may be considered undirected, directed, or even both; when considered as directed, it is a directed...

is a form of duality between the colorings of the vertices of a given undirected graph and the orientations of its edges. It states that the minimum number...

quantitative heat transfer modelling on unstructured grids. In the case of undirected graphs, this works because L {\textstyle L} is symmetric, and by the spectral...

relation of the DAG and a strict partial order. The transitive closure of an undirected graph produces a cluster graph, a disjoint union of cliques. Constructing...

In mathematics, a queen's graph is an undirected graph that represents all legal moves of the queen—a chess piece—on a chessboard. In the graph, each vertex...

three edges per vertex has a Hamiltonian cycle. A planar graph is an undirected graph that can be embedded into the Euclidean plane without any crossings...

union of unit squares in the plane, has a domino tiling. He forms an undirected graph that has as its vertices the points (x,y,z) in the three-dimensional...

and in bad visibility. Harmaja received the world's first directed and undirected radio beacon in 1936. The lighthouse is fully automated today. There is...

there is no guarantee that they may be converted into online buyers. "Undirected Information-seekers" are newcomers to a product or service. They are more...

loop at the corresponding vertex. The biadjacency matrix of a simple, undirected bipartite graph is a (0, 1)-matrix, and any (0, 1)-matrix arises in this...

to how a directed graph may be viewed as an orientation of an ordinary undirected graph. A symmetric directed graph (that is, a directed graph in which...

and components in the underlying undirected graph, for which Knuth suggests the alternative terminology undirected components. If X {\displaystyle X}...

mean the common descent of all life on earth from a single ancestor via undirected mutation and natural selection – that's a textbook definition of neo-Darwinism –...

homomorphism from a relational structure to a given fixed undirected graph (an undirected graph can be regarded as a relational structure with a single...

Topological ordering of directed acyclic graphs Degeneracy ordering of undirected graphs Elimination ordering of chordal graphs Order, the complexity of...

the number of edges |E| with respect to the maximum possible edges. For undirected simple graphs, the graph density is: D = | E | ( | V | 2 ) = 2 | E | |...

has a k-outerplanar embedding. A Halin graph is a graph formed from an undirected plane tree (with no degree-two nodes) by connecting its leaves into a...

of computer science (2000–02). A cycle generation algorithm for finite undirected linear graphs, in Jnl. of the ACM, 16(4):564-68, 1969. Tridiagonalization...

{\displaystyle \Theta (n)} time and does not affect asymptotic performance. For undirected graphs, the algorithm can be stopped early after the k = ⌊ n − 1 2 ⌋ {\textstyle...

vertex, all edges must be loops. Such a graph is called a bouquet. For an undirected graph, the degree of a vertex is equal to the number of adjacent vertices...

potential prey knows it's been seen and stands still to avoid detection, undirected leaps occur in the vicinity of the prey. As a result, the prey will then...

matrix which represents the states of fixed policy MDP which forms an undirected graph (N,E). D is a diagonal matrix related to nodes' degrees. In discrete...

triangulations, we observe that the weak dual graph to the triangulation (the undirected graph having one vertex per triangle and one edge per pair of adjacent...

In graph theory, a k-degenerate graph is an undirected graph in which every subgraph has at least one vertex of degree at most k {\displaystyle k} . That...

polynomial time as an instance of the vertex-disjoint paths problem on undirected graphs. List of Nikoli puzzle types Thomas Snyder (19 November 2010)....

every directed edge u v {\displaystyle uv} of the oriented graph by an undirected edge from u ′ {\displaystyle u'} to v ″ {\displaystyle v''} . Since D...

intersection representation of them. Formally, an intersection graph G is an undirected graph formed from a family of sets S i , i = 0 , 1 , 2 , … {\displaystyle...

{\displaystyle B_{m}} , for an integer parameter m {\displaystyle m} , is an undirected graph with one vertex and m {\displaystyle m} edges, all of which are...

points in an arbitrary feature space can be represented as a weighted undirected complete graph G = (V, E), where the nodes of the graph are the points...

passing through any edge is no greater than its capacity. (In the case of undirected edges, the sum of the flows in both directions cannot exceed the capacity...

graph). In the case of a simple graph (a network in which at most one (undirected) edge exists between each pair of vertices, and in which no vertices connect...

algorithm is a recursive algorithm to solve the minimum cut problem in undirected weighted graphs with non-negative weights. It was proposed by Mechthild...

simple: either show how a structured, regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject intelligence into the system. — R. J. Hankinson,...

maximum-cardinality exchange, given the original directed graph G, construct an undirected bipartite graph H(X+Y, E) in which: Each pair j in G has two nodes: xj...

graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a chordal completion of a given undirected graph G is a chordal graph, on the same vertex set, that has G as a subgraph...

higher-dimensional convex polytopes. It states that, if one forms an undirected graph from the vertices and edges of a convex d-dimensional convex polyhedron...

theory), an assignment of a direction (orientation) to each edge of an undirected graph Orientation (mental), a function of the mind Romantic orientation...

am not going to encourage this. Your work is not anybody else’s, and undirected chatter is the worst poisonous element in a humane society. — Aleister...

Sexual harassment in the military includes a broad spectrum of behaviour. Undirected behaviours are those not personally targeted but which affect the working...

the pixel neighborship relation is symmetric, the resulting graph is undirected and only half its edges (e.g. each pixel's eastern and southern neighbor)...

Chemical Society). A general polymer chain could be generalized into an undirected graph with nodes (vertices or points) and edges (lines or links) based...

Cheeger constant is named after the mathematician Jeff Cheeger. Let G be an undirected finite graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). For a collection...

It is widely used in genomic and systems biologic applications. Trees Undirected networks with no closed loops. A tree can be part of a network but isolated...

capabilities, to the Turing test and Loebner Prize method of engaging an AI in undirected typed conversation. Critics[who?] of the MIST have noted that it would...

Klein, Philip N. (2008). "A linear-time approximation scheme for TSP in undirected planar graphs with edge-weights". SIAM Journal on Computing. 37 (6): 1926–1952...

Kasady has had from the age of 8 years old. Kasady sees chaos and random, undirected violence as reality, and considers order and virtue to be illusions. He...

respectively, find an approximately optimal maximum flow but only work in undirected graphs. In 2013 James B. Orlin published a paper describing an O ( | V...

n-disk puzzle, and the allowable moves from one state to another, form an undirected graph, the Hanoi graph, that can be represented geometrically as the intersection...

Hadzibeganovic, Tarik; Stauffer, Dietrich (2009). "Evolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási–Albert networks". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics...

is a central aspect of everyday life, encompassing both controlled and undirected processes. This includes divergent thinking and stage models, highlighting...

group. Blokus, a board game using polyominoes. Squaregraph, a kind of undirected graph including as a special case the graphs of vertices and edges of...

Oktay (1993-12-01). "Dyad algebra and multiplication of graphs. II. Undirected graphs". Journal of Mathematical Chemistry. 14 (1): 195–205. doi:10.1007/BF01164466...

Conway's 99-graph problem – a problem invented by Conway asking if a certain undirected graph exists Conway sequence – a self-referential sequence in which each...

number of different colours being used by its neighbors. Given a simple, undirected graph G {\displaystyle G} compromising a vertex set V {\displaystyle V}...

time. 2-satisfiability has also been applied to problems of recognizing undirected graphs that can be partitioned into an independent set and a small number...

In graph theory, the cutwidth of an undirected graph is the smallest integer k {\displaystyle k} with the following property: there is an ordering of the...

computational complexity theory, a planted clique or hidden clique in an undirected graph is a clique formed from another graph by selecting a subset of vertices...

looking drawings. In the above definition, graphs are understood to be undirected non-labeled non-weighted graphs. However, the notion of isomorphism may...

second place, and so on, a distinction that does not exist in the usual undirected graphs studied in graph theory. Term graphs are a prominent topic in programming...

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a Descartes snark is an undirected graph with 210 vertices and 315 edges. It is a snark, a graph with three...

the shortest traversal of a graph with a set of vertices V, a set of undirected edges E with positive rational weights, and a set of directed arcs A with...

The algorithm suggested by Gallager, Humblet, and Spira for general undirected graphs has had a strong impact on the design of distributed algorithms...

Hadzibeganovic, Tarik; Stauffer., Dietrich (2009). "Evolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási-Albert networks". Physica A. 388 (24): 4999–5004...

Kamada, Tomihisa; Kawai, Satoru (1989), "An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs", Information Processing Letters, 31 (1), Elsevier: 7–15, doi:10...

}\sigma _{i}\sigma _{j}.} A subset S of the vertex set V(G) of a weighted undirected graph G determines a cut of the graph G into S and its complementary subset...

discriminative model is the linear-chain conditional random field. This uses an undirected graphical model (aka Markov random field) rather than the directed graphical...

. It can also be defined, divorced from its geometry, as an abstract undirected graph, a covering graph of the complete graph on four vertices. H. S....

In mathematical graph theory, the Higman–Sims graph is a 22-regular undirected graph with 100 vertices and 1100 edges. It is the unique strongly regular...

proof of NP-hardness. Let G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} be an undirected graph. Define a linear program as follows: min ∑ v ∈ V y v y v + y u ≥...

types of surveillance: Mass surveillance is also known as “passive” or “undirected” surveillance. [...] It is not targeted on any particular individual but...

number is the minimum number of vertices, v = R(m, n), such that all undirected simple graphs of order v, contain a clique of order m, or an independent...

protect a crowd of people or to supercharge her power reserves. Left undirected, Dazzler's light will radiate from her body in all directions, producing...

topological graph theory, a mathematical discipline, a linkless embedding of an undirected graph is an embedding of the graph into three-dimensional Euclidean space...

have given kidneys to other friends. The rarest type of donation is the undirected donation whereby a donor gives a kidney to a stranger. Less than a few...

bipartite, such problems are also known as the assignment problem. Given an undirected graph G = ( V , E , w ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E,w)} with vertex set V {\displaystyle...

complete problems such as determining the rectilinear crossing number of an undirected graph. Each problem in ∃ R {\displaystyle \exists \mathbb {R} } inherits...