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An uezd (also spelled uyezd or uiezd; Russian: уе́зд (pre-1918: уѣздъ), IPA: [ʊˈjest]), or povit in a Ukrainian context (Ukrainian: повіт), was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, the Russian SFSR, and the early Soviet Union, which was in use from the 13th century.

For most of Russian history, uezds were a second-level administrative division. By sense, but not by etymology, uezd approximately corresponds to the English "county". The term was widely used, but was not uniform; in some regions (e.g., Don Host Oblast), alternatives existed in its place. At the same time, in some regions, like the Grand Duchy of Finland, such division did not exist, and the Finnish län was referred to as a governorate (guberniya).

Originally, they described groups of several volosts that formed around the most important cities. Uezds were ruled by the appointees (namestniki) of a knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevodas.

In 1708, an administrative reform was carried out by Peter the Great, dividing Russia into governorates. The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as a result of Catherine I's administrative reform.

By the USSR administrative reform of 1923–1929, most of the uezds were transformed into raions (districts). In UkSSR, uezds were reformed into forty okruhas, which were the primary-level administrative division from 1925 to 1930.

In the Baltic governorates the type of division was known as Kreis in German, apriņķis in Latvian and maakond/kreis in Estonian.

In the Lithuania-Vilna Governorate, Kovno Governorate and Lithuania-Grodno Governorate the type of division was known as apskritis in Lithuanian.

The uezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called Ținut or Județ in Romanian, which would translate as "county".^{[citation needed]}

The Ukrainian word for uezd is povit (Ukrainian: повіт, plural повіти, povity).

The Polish word for uyezd is powiat.

• List of uezds of the Russian Empire
• History of the administrative division of Russia
• Governorate (Russia)

• (in Russian) "Administrative territorial division of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries" («Административно-территориальное деление России XVIII—XX веков») Archived 2018-10-25 at the Wayback Machine "Otechestvennye Zapiski", No.6, 2002.
• (in Russian) Тархов, Сергей, "Изменение административно-территориального деления России в XIII-XX в." (pdf Archived 2020-09-23 at the Wayback Machine), Логос, #1 2005 (46) Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, ISSN 0869-5377