Tokophobia

Tokophobia
Other namesTocophobia, maieusiophobia, parturiphobia
TreatmentCounselling[1]
Frequency~14% of pregnant women[2]

Tokophobia is a significant fear of childbirth.[1] It is a common reason why some women request an elective cesarean section.[3] Factors often include a fear of pain, death, unexpected problems, injury to the baby, sexual problems and a lack of self-confidence in the ability to give birth to a child.[4] Treatment may occur via counselling.[1]

It is a type of specific phobia. In 2000, an article published in the British Journal of Psychiatry described tokophobia as a psychological disorder that has received little attention and may be overlooked.[5]

Signs and symptoms

As is the case with any phobia, tokophobia can manifest itself through a number of symptoms including nightmares, difficulty in concentrating on work or family activities, panic attacks and psychosomatic complaints.[6] Tokophobia often motivates a request for an elective caesarean section.[3] Fear of labour pain is strongly associated with the fear of pain in general; a previous complicated childbirth, or inadequate pain relief, may cause the phobia to develop.

Tokophobia is a distressing psychological disorder which may be overlooked by medical professionals; as well as specific phobias and anxiety disorders, tokophobia may be associated with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.[7] Recognition of tokophobia and close liaison with obstetricians or other medical specialists can help to reduce its severity and ensure efficient treatment.[8][9] Perinatal psychologists emphasise the importance of listening, validating, exploring, and tailoring interventions, as well as multiprofessional engagement and cooperation in treating tokophobia.[10]

Cause

Reasons for tokophobia can be complex, and are associated with a lack of social support, and with stress, depression and anxiety.[3]

Risks

Unaddressed tokophobia may lead to a prolonged labour and complications during childbirth. Tokophobia is also associated with postpartum depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[6]

Terminology

The term tokophobia was introduced in the medical literature in 2000.[5] The word is from the Greek tokos, meaning childbirth and phobos, meaning fear.[5]

It is also known as "maieusiophobia" (though this is certainly a variant of "maieusiophobia", from the Greek "maieusis", literally meaning "delivery of a woman in childbirth"[11] but referring generally to midwifery), "parturiphobia" (from Latin parturire, meaning "to be pregnant"), and "lockiophobia".[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Wax, JR; Cartin, A; Pinette, MG; Blackstone, J (August 2004). "Patient choice cesarean: an evidence-based review". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 59 (8): 601–16. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000133942.76239.57. PMID 15277895. S2CID 21956472.
  2. ^ O'Connell, Maeve A.; Leahy-Warren, Patricia; Khashan, Ali S.; Kenny, Louise C.; O'Neill, Sinéad M. (2017). "Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 96 (8): 907–920. doi:10.1111/aogs.13138. hdl:10468/4050. ISSN 0001-6349. PMID 28369672.
  3. ^ a b c Dencker, Anna; Nilsson, Christina; Begley, Cecily; Jangsten, Elisabeth; Mollberg, Margareta; Patel, Harshida; Wigert, Helena; Hessman, Eva; Sjöblom, Helen; Sparud-Lundin, Carina (2019). "Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review". Women and Birth. 32 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.004. ISSN 1871-5192. PMID 30115515.
  4. ^ SYDSJÖ, GUNILLA; SYDSJÖ, ADAM; GUNNERVIK, CHRISTINA; BLADH, MARIE; JOSEFSSON, ANN (2011-10-10). "Obstetric outcome for women who received individualized treatment for fear of childbirth during pregnancy". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 91 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01242.x. ISSN 0001-6349. PMID 21787365.
  5. ^ a b c Hofberg, Kristina; Brockington, I. F. (1 January 2000), "Tokophobia: an unreasoning dread of going to the toilet", British Journal of Psychiatry, 176 (1): 83–85, doi:10.1192/bjp.176.1.83, PMID 10789333, retrieved 4 February 2017 – via bjp.rcpsych.org
  6. ^ a b Waldenström, U; Hildingsson, I; Ryding, EL (2006-05-18). "Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subsequent caesarean section and experience of childbirth". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 113 (6): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00950.x. ISSN 1470-0328. PMID 16709206.
  7. ^ Hilpern, Kate (28 May 2003). "Hard labour". theguardian.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  8. ^ Roland-Price, Anna; Chamberlain, Zara (2012). "Management of tocophobic women". In Karoshi, Mahantesh; Newbold, Sandra; B-Lynch, Christopher; et al. (eds.). A Textbook of Preconceptional Medicine and Management (PDF). UK: Sapiens Publishing Ltd. pp. 281–288. ISBN 978-0-9552282-4-7. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Fear of Childbirth, Lecture by Astrid Osbourne, Consultant Midwife" on YouTube
  10. ^ Rondung, Elisabet; Lier, Emma; Ternström, Elin (2024). "Psychologists' experiences of working with fear of childbirth: implications and advice for care providers". Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 0: 1–15. doi:10.1080/02646838.2024.2415106. ISSN 0264-6838. PMID 39404475.
  11. ^ "maieusis". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  12. ^ Bainbridge, David (2001). Making Babies: The Science of Pregnancy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 214. ISBN 0674006534.
  • Erickson NL, Gartstein MA, Dotson JAW. Review of Prenatal Maternal Mental Health and the Development of Infant Temperament. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017 Jul-Aug;46(4):588-600.
  • Lyberg A, Dahl B, Haruna M, Takegata M, Severinsson E. Links between patient safety and fear of childbirth - A meta-study of qualitative research. Nursing Open 2019;6:18-29
  • Moghaddam Hosseini V, Nazarzadeh M, Jahanfar S. Interventions for reducing fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Women and Birth 2017;31(4):254–62.
  • Nilsson C, Lundgren I, Karlström A, Hildingsson I. Self-reported fear of childbirth and its association with women's birth experience and mode of delivery: a longitudinal population-based study. Women and Birth 2012;25:114-121
  • O'Connell M A, Leahy-Warren P, Khashan A S, Kenny L C, O'Neill SM. Worldwide prevalence of tochophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96:907-920.
  • Rondung E, Thomtén J & Sundin Ö. Psychological perspectives on fear of childbirth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2016;44:80–91.
  • Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Gissler M, Halmesmäki E, Saisto T. Mental health problems common in women with fear of childbirth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011; 118:1104-1111.
  • Striebich S, Mattern E, Ayerle G M. Support for pregnant women identified with fear of childbirth (FOC)/tokophobia – A systematic review of approaches and interventions. Midwifery, 2018, Vol. 61, pp. 97–115
  • SFOG. (Svensk förening för Obstetrik och Gynekologi [Swedish Society of Obstetrics & Gynecology]. Förlossningsrädsla [Childbirth fear]. Report No: 77. Stockholm: 2017.
  • Van den Bergh B R H, Mulder E J H, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and the child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2005, Vol. 29 (2), pp. 237–258
  • Webb R, Bond R, Romero-Gonzalez B, Mycroft R, Ayers S. Interventions to treat fear of childbirth in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological medicine. 2021;51(12):1964-1977.
Wiktionary logo
Look up tokophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.