DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

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Silurian graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

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Paleozoic

Ordovician

Silurian

Devonian

←

←

Mulde event^[1]

←

Ireviken event^[2]

Subdivision of the Silurian according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

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Paleozoic

Ordovician

Silurian

Devonian

←

←

Mulde event^[1]

←

Ireviken event^[2]

Subdivision of the Silurian according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Devonian graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Events of the Devonian Period

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Paleozoic

Silurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

←

Hangenberg event,
Famennian glaciation

←

Kellwasser event (Late Devonian extinction)^[4]

←

Widespread^[5]
shrubs & trees

←

Hunsrück fauna

←

Rhynie chert^[6]

Subdivision of the Devonian according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Events of the Devonian Period

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Paleozoic

Silurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

←

Hangenberg event,
Famennian glaciation

←

Kellwasser event (Late Devonian extinction)^[4]

←

Widespread^[5]
shrubs & trees

←

Hunsrück fauna

←

Rhynie chert^[6]

Subdivision of the Devonian according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Ediacaran biota

Side by side comparison

The Ediacaran biota in context

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Cryogenian

Ediacaran

Cambrian

←

Last Ediacaran communities

←

Last putative Ediacaran

←

Embryos?

←

Last extensive glaciation

←

First Ediacaran megafossil

←

Gaskiers
glaciation

←

Avalon explosion

Aspidella
discs

Charnia

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palaeozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: million years
References: Waggoner 1998,^[7] Hofmann 1990^[8]

The Ediacaran biota in context

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Cryogenian

Ediacaran

Cambrian

←

Last Ediacaran communities

←

Last putative Ediacaran

←

Embryos?

←

Last extensive glaciation

←

First Ediacaran megafossil

←

Gaskiers
glaciation

←

Avalon explosion

Aspidella
discs

Charnia

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palaeozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: million years
References: Waggoner 1998,^[7] Hofmann 1990^[8]

Triassic graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Triassic graphical timeline

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Pz

Mesozoic

Permian

Triassic

Jurassic

←

Permian-Triassic extinction event

←

Smithian–Spathian boundary event^[9]

←

Carnian pluvial episode

←

Full recovery of woody trees^[10]

←

Coals return^[11]

←

Scleractinian
corals & calcified sponges^[12]

←

Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

←

Manicouagan impact

Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2024.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Triassic graphical timeline

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Pz

Mesozoic

Permian

Triassic

Jurassic

←

Permian-Triassic extinction event

←

Smithian–Spathian boundary event^[9]

←

Carnian pluvial episode

←

Full recovery of woody trees^[10]

←

Coals return^[11]

←

Scleractinian
corals & calcified sponges^[12]

←

Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

←

Manicouagan impact

Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2024.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Paleogene graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Key events in the Paleogene

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MZ

Cenozoic

Cretaceous

Paleogene

Neogene

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[13]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Key events in the Paleogene

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MZ

Cenozoic

Cretaceous

Paleogene

Neogene

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[13]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Paleogene graphical timeline (height/width in px)

Side by side comparison

Key events in the Paleogene

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MZ

Cenozoic

Cretaceous

Paleogene

Neogene

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[13]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Key events in the Paleogene

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MZ

Cenozoic

Cretaceous

Paleogene

Neogene

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[13]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[3]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Burgsvik beds graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Subdivisions of the Burgsvik beds
after Manten (1971)

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Upper

Middle

Lower

Interbedded oolitic/oncolitic
lime-, sand- and mud-stones

Sandstone with minor muddy sand/mudstone

Mudstone and muddy sandstone. Rarely exposed.

Grain size -→
Vertical scale in Metres

Subdivisions of the Burgsvik beds
after Manten (1971)

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Upper

Middle

Lower

Interbedded oolitic/oncolitic
lime-, sand- and mud-stones

Sandstone with minor muddy sand/mudstone

Mudstone and muddy sandstone. Rarely exposed.

Grain size -→
Vertical scale in Metres

Early Echinoderms graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Early Echinoderms (?)

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

L

M

U

Arkarua
(approx.)

Helicoplacus
(approx.)

Tribrachidium

Carpoids

Cambrian explosion

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palæozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

Early Echinoderms (?)

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

L

M

U

Arkarua
(approx.)

Helicoplacus
(approx.)

Tribrachidium

Carpoids

Cambrian explosion

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palæozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

No right annotations

Side by side comparison

Early Echinoderms (?)

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

L

M

U

Arkarua
(approx.)

Helicoplacus
(approx.)

Carpoids

Neoproterozoic

Palæozoic

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

Early Echinoderms (?)

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

L

M

U

Arkarua
(approx.)

Helicoplacus
(approx.)

Carpoids

Neoproterozoic

Palæozoic

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

Canidae graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

Evolution of the canids

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Palæogene

Cretaceous

Neogene

Quaternary

←

←

First Hesperocyoninae

←

First Borophaginae

←

First Caninae

←

Modern-looking dogs

←

Canine
radiation

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

An approximate timescale of key events in canid evolution.
For precise dates, see text.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.

↓

Evolution of the canids

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Palæogene

Cretaceous

Neogene

Quaternary

←

←

First Hesperocyoninae

←

First Borophaginae

←

First Caninae

←

Modern-looking dogs

←

Canine
radiation

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

An approximate timescale of key events in canid evolution.
For precise dates, see text.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.

↓

Small shelly fauna graphical timeline

Side by side comparison

"Small shellies" in context

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

←

Small shelly fauna^[14]^[15]^[16]

←

Ediacaran biota^[17]

←

Maotianshan shales^[18]

←

Tommotian age^[19]

←

Cambrian explosion,
if sudden^[20]

←

Ediacaran shelly fauna

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palæozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

"Small shellies" in context

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Ediacaran

Cambrian

←

Small shelly fauna^[14]^[15]^[16]

←

Ediacaran biota^[17]

←

Maotianshan shales^[18]

←

Tommotian age^[19]

←

Cambrian explosion,
if sudden^[20]

←

Ediacaran shelly fauna

Neoproterozoic
(last era of the Precambrian)

Palæozoic
(first era of the Phanerozoic)

Axis scale: millions of years ago.

Proterozoic snowball periods

Side by side comparison

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Tonian

Ediacaran

Cambrian

Sturtian^[21]

Marinoan^[21]

Gaskiers

Baykonurian

Cryogenian

Neoproterozoic era

Snowball Earth

Estimate of Proterozoic glacial periods.^[21]^[22]^[a]
Vertical axis: millions of years ago

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Tonian

Ediacaran

Cambrian

Sturtian^[21]

Marinoan^[21]

Gaskiers

Baykonurian

Cryogenian

Neoproterozoic era

Snowball Earth

Estimate of Proterozoic glacial periods.^[21]^[22]^[a]
Vertical axis: millions of years ago

Test weird units

Side by side comparison

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Test

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Test

Test missing height/width

Side by side comparison

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Test

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Test

Notes

^ Dating of pre-Gaskiers glaciations is uncertain. As for the Kaigas, its very existence is doubted by some. The Huronian glaciation is not shown; there is a lack of any significant evidence for a Snowball Earth during the time period.

References

^ Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.
^ Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
^ Kaufmann, B.; Trapp, E.; Mezger, K. (2004). "The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser horizons: A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt(Kellerwald, Germany)". The Journal of Geology. 112 (4): 495–501. Bibcode:2004JG....112..495K. doi:10.1086/421077.
^ Algeo, T. J. (1998). "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1365): 113–130. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195.
^ Parry, S. F.; Noble, S. R.; Crowley, Q. G.; Wellman, C. H. (2011). "A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications". Journal of the Geological Society. 168 (4). London: Geological Society: 863–872. doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-043.
^ Waggoner, Ben (1998). "Interpreting the Earliest Metazoan Fossils: What Can We Learn?". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 38 (6): 975–982. doi:10.1093/icb/38.6.975. ISSN 1540-7063. Retrieved 7 March 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
^ Hofmann, H.J.; Narbonne, G.M.; Aitken, J.D. (1990). "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada". Geology. 18 (12): 1199–1202. Bibcode:1990Geo....18.1199H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1199:ERFIBI>2.3.CO;2.
^ Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^ Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^ ^a ^b Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". Global and Planetary Change. 47 (1): 51–66. Bibcode:2005GPC....47...51Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001.
^ Bengtson, S. (2004). Lipps, J.H.; Waggoner, B.M. (eds.). "Early skeletal fossils" (PDF). Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions. Paleontological Society Papers. 10: 67–78. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ Porter, S.M. (April 2004). "Closing the Phosphatization Window: Testing for the Influence of Taphonomic Megabias on the Pattern of Small Shelly Fossil Decline" (PDF). PALAIOS. 19 (2): 178–183. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0178:CTPWTF>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
^ Dzik, J. (1994). "Evolution of 'small shelly fossils' assemblages of the early Paleozoic". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 39 (3): 27–313. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
^ Brasier, M. & Antcliffe, J. (20 August 2004). "Decoding the Ediacaran Enigma". Science. 305 (5687): 1115–1117. doi:10.1126/science.1102673. PMID 15326344. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ Hou, X-G; Aldridge, R.J.; Bengstrom, J.; Siveter, D.J. & Feng, X-H (2004). The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China. Blackwell Science. p. 233.
^ "The Tommotian Age". Retrieved 2008-07-30.
^ Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life (3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. p. 63. ISBN 0-632-04444-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pu, J.P. (2016). "Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biota". Geology. 44 (11): 955–958. Bibcode:2016Geo....44..955P. doi:10.1130/G38284.1. S2CID 31142776.
^ Smith, A. G. (2009). "Neoproterozoic timescales and stratigraphy". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 326 (1): 27–54. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.326...27S. doi:10.1144/SP326.2. S2CID 129706604.

[23] Dating of pre-Gaskiers glaciations is uncertain. As for the Kaigas, its very existence is doubted by some. The Huronian glaciation is not shown; there is a lack of any significant evidence for a Snowball Earth during the time period.

[Jeppsson2007-1] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.

[Munnecke2003-2] Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.

[ICS-3] "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2024.

[Kaufmann2004-4] Kaufmann, B.; Trapp, E.; Mezger, K. (2004). "The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser horizons: A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt(Kellerwald, Germany)". The Journal of Geology. 112 (4): 495–501. Bibcode:2004JG....112..495K. doi:10.1086/421077.

[Algeo1998-box-5] Algeo, T. J. (1998). "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 353 (1365): 113–130. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195.

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Notes

References

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