Skaz (Russian: сказ, IPA: [ˈskas]) is a Russian oral form of narrative. The word comes from skazátʹ, "to tell", and is also related to such words as rasskaz, "short story" and skazka, "fairy tale".^[1] The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular character.^[2] The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in quotation marks.^[3] Skaz is not only a literary device, but is also used as an element in Russian monologue comedy.^[4]

Skaz was first described by the Russian formalist Boris Eikhenbaum in the late 1910s. In a couple of articles published at the time, Eikhenbaum described the phenomenon as a form of unmediated or improvisational speech.^[5] He applied it specifically to Nikolai Gogol's short story The Overcoat, in a 1919 essay titled How Gogol's "Overcoat" Is Made.^[1] Eikhenbaum saw skaz as central to Russian culture, and believed that a national literature could not develop without a strong attachment to oral traditions.^[4] Among the literary critics who elaborated on this theory in the 1920s were Yury Tynyanov, Viktor Vinogradov, and Mikhail Bakhtin.^[5] The latter insists on the importance of skaz in stylization,^[6] and distinguishes between skaz as a simple form of objectified discourse (as found in Turgenev or Leskov), and double-voiced skaz, where an author's parodistic intention is evident (as found in Gogol or Dostoevsky).^[7]

In the nineteenth century, the style was most prominently used by Nikolai Leskov and Pavel Melnikov, in addition to Gogol. Twentieth-century practitioners include Mikhail Bulgakov, Aleksey Remizov, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrei Platonov, and Isaac Babel.^[1] The term is also used to describe elements in the literature of other countries; in recent times it has been popularised by the British author and literary critic David Lodge.^[8] John Mullan, a professor of English at University College London, finds examples of skaz in J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and DBC Pierre's Vernon God Little.^[9]

• The Malachite Box compiled by Pavel Bazhov, is a collection of stories with the titular genre of "Skaz"
• Gawęda, Polish oral tradition
• Saga

• Hicks, Jeremy Guy (2000). Mikhail Zoshchenko and the Poetics of Skaz. Nottingham: Astra. ISBN 0-946134-61-8.
• Victor Terras, ed. (1985). Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03155-6.
• Danielle Jones, ed. (2015). Skaz: Masters of Russian Storytelling. Canada: Translit Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9812695-42.