DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

Pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is a type of conidioma, or asexual reproductive structure, found in many fungi, especially ascomycetes. It is typically globose...

leaves of their hosts, producing filiform or cylindrical conidia inside pycnidia embedded in the leaves. Economically important species cause diseases on...

with an opening at the apex (pycnidia). Four form-families can be distinguished. Sphaeropsidaceae are fungi with pycnidia dark colored, leathery to carbonous...

acervuli, pycnidia, sporodochia, synnemata and corenima. Acervuli is one of the two major groups of conidiomata (the other being pycnidia). Conidiomata...

including having six-spored reproductive structures (asci) and semi-immersed pycnidia with colourless spores. The fungus produces black, sometimes greenish-dusted...

diagnosed by the presence of small black pycnidia which occur on the edge of the leaf lesions. The presence of these pycnidia allow for this disease to be distinguished...

from pycnidia, and are dispersed by rainsplash to infect leaves. Infections lead to leaf spots which eventually develop into lesions. Black pycnidia can...

all living cells are then killed. Septoria, which is an ascomycete and pycnidia producing fungus, has been well known to attack Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae...

Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka. The species is characterized by its unique pycnidia and absence of ascomata. Megalotremis cylindrica was described in 2016...

is black, wrinkled and has some browning toward the lobe margins. The pycnidia are black and abundant, and their presence creates a pepper-like effect...

characterised by its pale olive-grey crusty thallus and numerous conspicuous dark pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) that protrude from the surface and are dusted...

one, also known as the alternate or sexual host, and the mycelium forms pycnidia, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded...

primary forests of Brazil with its bluish-grey thallus and bright orange pycnidia that have a fluffy hyphal surface. Neosergipea septoconidiata was first...

characterized by necrotic blotches on the foliage. These blotches contain asexual (pycnidia) and sexual (pseudothecia) fructifications. Asexual state (anamorph, asexual...

contain pycnidia in the center which aid when trying to identify the pathogen. Pycnidia can be found in the center of the said lesions. Pycnidia are fruiting...

the host bark, which exposes the pycnidia below. These pegs also produce pycnidia that are smaller than the pycnidia in the stroma. While different in...

Infection begins with the germination of asexual conidia, borne from pycnidia, on susceptible tissue, the mycelia gradually move inwards down the branch...

fruiting bodies called Pycnidia, which can be round or pyriform and 70-100 μm in diameter. Other characteristics of their pycnidia are that they possess...

to the genus Cladonia in 1787. The lichen has apothecia and bright red pycnidia atop of yellowish to grey-green podetia that are 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) high...

hair-like cilia along their edges. Both apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) also occur along the edges of the lobes. The...

described by Friedrich Tobler in 1913, was proposed to be a fungus with waxy pycnidia and hyaline conidia lacking septa. It was, however, a little-known taxon...

Reproductively, E. polycarpon produces abundant lecanorine apothecia and immersed pycnidia, indicating both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite its...

and Cáceres named the species pycnidiata, referring to the distinctive pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) of the lichen. This species belongs to...

two types of fruiting bodies will form: pycnidia, usually first, and perithecia. Following rainfall, the pycnidia ooze orange tendrils of conidia, the asexual...

tissue. The fruiting structures are spherical with an opening at the apex (pycnidia) or are disc-shaped (acervuli). The formation of conidia in a fruiting...

2025. The genus is marked by unusually large asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) and by macroconidia that bear a single, long, whip-like gelatinous appendage...

survives in the absence of a suitable host as pycnidia. Raindrops cause conidia to be expelled from ripe pycnidia and these may splash onto nearby powdery...

Diplodia Pycnidia of Diplodia hederae growing on a potato dextrose agar plate Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes...

podetium may be branched, and sometimes cup-like. It usually bears the pycnidia or apothecia or both. Smith, Annie Lorrain (1975) [1921]. Lichens. Cambridge...

remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit. Frogeye leaf spot In leaves...

due to the xylem producing a gum to prevent further damage. Flask shaped pycnidia are barely visible as black spots in the center of grey areas though hard...

are hyaline, simple, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 5–10 × 1–2.5 μm. Pycnidia are also common (orange to brown and immersed), producing straight, rod-shaped...

The species epithet doliiformis refers to its doliiform (barrel-shaped) pycnidia. This feature, along with its hyaline, single-celled conidia (measuring...

Macrophomina Black microsclerotia and orange pycnidia of Macrophomina phaseolina infecting Pinus elliottii Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division:...

diameter. Although it lacks apothecia (fruiting bodies), it produces numerous pycnidia (asexual fruiting structures) that make conidia (asexual spores) that have...

dark brown spots on the leaves and fruit. Within the spots, conidia or pycnidia can be found. Banana freckle is easily propagated and spread from plant...

Latin amphora ("urn") and ella- (a diminutive suffix), refers to the small pycnidia (measuring 0.2 by 0.2 mm), that are shaped like urns. The lichen is only...

season, the fungus overwinters as pycnidia or pseudothecia within cane lesions or mummified fruit. In the spring, the pycnidia will produce conidia once again...

olive-green substrate mycelium and pycnidia. P. cucurbitacearum produces sparse serial mycelium and many pycnidia are present. Young leaves and cotelydons...

types of conidiomata, distinguished by their form, are:[citation needed] pycnidia (singular: pycnidium), which are flask-shaped, and acervuli (singular:...

recognized by numerous dark brown to black, cup-shaped asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) coated in a thick, granular, white, frost-like powder. It is a strongly...

conidia in minute flask- or saucer-shaped conidiomata, known technically as pycnidia and acervuli. The Hyphomycetes were those species where the conidiophores...

distinguished by pycnoascocarps, in which ascocarps develop from ascogonia beneath pycnidia. The species has a scattered distribution across tropical regions, having...

Enchylium conglomeratum exhibits lecanorine apothecia and immersed, globose pycnidia, indicative of both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. Despite...

they can range from 33 to 52 × 7–12 μm. Asexual structures are frequent: pycnidia are flattened, black, oval to irregular (about 0.2–0.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm). Conidia...

and upward from the supporting structure. Flask-shaped, spore-bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia, which have a waxlike appearance: the matrix turns...

(lumina), with rounded ends and no gelatinous sheath or ornamentation. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. Chemical spot tests were negative...

bundled together in powdery clumps called soredia. It lacks apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures found in many other lichens. Chrysothrix...

Fusicoccum ribis, and although less abundant, it is characterized by globose pycnidia containing smooth, hyaline macro- and microconidia. These symptoms have...

surface indentation) that twist into long spirals. Soralia, apothecia, and pycnidia are absent. Bryoria hengduanensis contains usnic and fumarprotocetraric...

moderately thick dividing wall (septum). Jasonhuria also has structures (pycnidia) that produce conidia (asexual spores), which are ellipsoid in shape, and...

generally narrowly conical, simple, densely covered by black dot-like pycnidia positioned centrally on areolae, and by containing sekikaic acid, with...

described as new to science in 2011. It is characterized by its unique beaked pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) that are predominantly developed along the margins...

called pycnidia, which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate...

pathogen is capable of producing pycnidia that produce conidia on conidiophores within the pycnidia. However, these pycnidia have never been observed on the...

generally irregularly biseriate (arranged in two rows). Porina also produces pycnidia, which are asexual reproductive structures. The conidia (asexual spores)...

to refer to these morphological types. 0-Pycniospores (Spermatia) from Pycnidia. These serve mainly as haploid gametes in heterothallic rusts. I-Aeciospores...

are obovoid, usually 0–1-septate, and measure about 12.5–15 × 5–5.8 μm. Pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, it produces protolichesterinic acid...

marginal pycnidia (conidia-producing structures) are present, appearing as brownish-black, wart-like formations up to 200 μm in diameter. These pycnidia produce...

a small hole at the top called perithecia (singular: perithecium), and pycnidia (singular: pycnidium), shaped like perithecia but without asci (an ascus...

asexual reproductive structures such as soralia nor isidia. Conspicuous pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are present on the thallus as tiny black dots...

During the early stages of the formation of tarspots on maize leaves, pycnidia (asexual fruiting body) of the anamorph (asexual reproductive stage) of...

asexually through pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures embedded in the thallus. The conidia (asexual spores) produced by the pycnidia are cylindrical...

observed, but the species produces lateral pycnidia roughly 60 μm wide, each with a dark green ostiole. These pycnidia release conidia (asexual spores) measuring...

distributed. There are no apothecia (cup-like sexual reproductive structures) or pycnidia (small asexual reproductive structures). Canoparmelia roseoreagens contains...

The disc is either cinnamon-brown or dark brown and is ellipsoided. The pycnidia are immersed, and the conidia are bifusiform, with eight-spored asci that...

It is a widespread fungus that produces small, dark fruiting bodies (pycnidia) and is found in a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats worldwide...

9 in) broad. Although it does not produce apothecia (fruiting bodies), pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are common; these structures produce conidia...

shiny cortex and sterile pycnidia that appear as irregularly shaped black spots and regularly shaped transverse bands. Pycnidia in Vermilacinia nylanderi...

symptoms appear as tiny black dots (pycnidia) on fallen leaves or abscised petioles. Late-season symptoms (pycnidia) appear on dead stems, branches and...

5–10 by 3–5 μm and are produced in pycnidia with wide open, crater-like ostioles. The species also produces pycnidia similar to others in the genus, with...

structures known as pycnidia. These structures develop individually, with only the uppermost portion becoming exposed at maturity. The pycnidia are nearly spherical...

the production of small raised, black fungal reproductive structures (pycnidia) on infected kernels, cob, husks, or stalks giving it an irregular feeling...

calcium oxalate crystals. Neither asci (spore-producing structures) nor pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in this species, indicating...

at the cross-walls, and have diamond-shaped internal spaces (lumina). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The thallus gives a purple...

trentepohlioid–a type of green algae. Reproductive structures such as ascomata and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. Aptroot, André; Feuerstein, Shirley...

to long-ellipsoid, hyaline, and 3-septate, measuring 19–22 by 3–5 μm. Pycnidia are stalked with simple or rarely branched, dark brown to black conical...

31–36 by 13–16 μm and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. Chemical analysis of the thallus...

develop either in the ordinary way or by transforming tiny asexual chambers (pycnidia) into so-called pycnoascocarps. They start out buried in the thallus and...

foliose (leafy) thallus with an cortex-lacking lower surface, nipple-like pycnidia on the margins, and apothecia (fruiting bodies) at the lobe tips justified...

both longitudinal and transverse walls) and later becoming brown. The pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are uni- or multiloculate, and their conidiophores...

spaces (lumina), and lack a gelatinous sheath or surface ornamentation. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The thallus gives a reddish...

squamules; small podetia with closed branch angles (axils); frequent brown pycnidia; and only one detected secondary metabolite, fumarprotocetraric acid. Cladonia...

6–6.5 by 5–6 micrometres (μm). Small, shiny spore-producing structures (pycnidia) commonly appear at lobe tips, producing rod-shaped to slightly spindle-shaped...

in shape, while lesions are elongated on stems. Oftentimes, small black pycnidia are present. A. pisi rarely attacks the base of the plant or causes foot...

Europe and North Asia. It is characterised by its whitish or cream-coloured pycnidia with long and ostiolar necks. The lichen was formally described as new...

the late summer and fall as the fungal survival structures, pycnidia, are formed. The pycnidia appear as small black dots and can be found at the base of...

septum, and typically measure around 11.5 × 4.5 μm. Minute flask-shaped pycnidia immersed in the thallus release narrowly ellipsoid to oblong conidia 2–3...

(distoseptate with lens-shaped lumina); they stain violet-blue with iodine. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. The species is known from...

narrowly ellipsoid in shape, ranging from 9.5–13 by 3.5–4.0 μm in size. Pycnidia, the asexual fruiting structures, are sparse and can be spotted as orange...

photobiont. Asexual propagules are produced in pycnidia (minute flask-like structures) 90–160 μm across. Young pycnidia have a pin-point (punctiform) ostiole (opening)...

darker brown margin. Ascospores are ellipsoid and measure 30–50 × 12–20 μm. Pycnidia have not been reported. This species is known only from the type locality...

species has larger, corticate areoles, larger apothecia, differently formed pycnidia, and a terricolous habit. The thallus of Micarea hypoviolascens forms an...

0–12.5 by 5.0–6.0 μm with a thin outer layer (epispore) measuring 1.0 μm. Pycnidia (another reproductive structure) are immature and not visible in this species...

several species or biotypes of Phomopsis that cause stem canker worldwide. Pycnidia, the asexual fruiting bodies, can be detected on the stem and leaf lesions...

which are hyaline, 3-septate, fusiform, and measure 33–36 by 10–11 μm. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. In term of standard chemical spot tests...

13–16 μm) with a slight pinch at the septum. No asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were seen. In chemical spot tests the apothecia are K+ (purple-red, fading...

composed of tightly packed hyphae, with a narrow, smooth central cavity. The pycnidia, which are small, flask-like structures that produce asexual spores (conidia])...

melanized sclerotia that can be infectious, or the species can produce pycnidia on their surface that then also produce infectious conidia (Hartman and...

simple (non-septate), ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, about 5–8 × 2.5–3 μm. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed in this species. Chemically...

12 μm on average, with a brown pigment but no transparent halo. Immersed pycnidia produce slender bacilliform conidia. Standard spot tests give K+ (red)...

fruiting structures (conidiomata) were observed in the original description. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were later reported as rare, with bacilliform...

11–13 μm, with diamond-shaped lumina and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. This species is distinguished by a unique...

angle, measuring 9–13 by 6–7 μm with thick walls (approximately 0.8 μm). Pycnidia are frequently present, laminal, and immersed, measuring 70–120 μm in diameter...

kunzei (also called Cytospora and Valsa). It is dispersed by spores from pycnidia within the tree's bark, which contain asexual conidia. The conidia are...

observations were made of apothecia (fruiting bodies that produce spores) or pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores), which are often present in lichen...

Pycnidia and sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina on mung bean. Source: Photchana Trakunsukharat, Department of Agriculture, Thailand....

from ascospores discharged from perithecia or conidia discharged from pycnidia that have overwintered in fallen leaves or canes. Once infected, the raspberry...

2-septate (occasionally 3-septate) macrocephalic ascospores, and emergent pycnidia that can be more or less spherical to cylindrical. Kantvilas considered...

thick, with the cortical ridges much like a honeycomb. Black dot-like pycnidia appear inconspicuous and sparsely distributed except on upper branches...

"Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. Bibcode:2015ThLic...

14–21 by 6–10 μm in size, with a distinctive verrucose ornamentation. Pycnidia are common but immersed and black. The species is chemically characterised...

black with dark rhizines measuring 0.5–0.9 mm long. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia are apparent on the fossil. A single isidium is present, with a length...

Phomopsis longicolla Phomopsis longicolla pycnidia on soybean seed Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes...

outgrowths) that may elongate into fibril-like structures. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, it contains usnic acid and has been...

are typically 7–9-septate and measure about 26–30 × 3–3.5 μm. Typical pycnidia were not observed, but the authors reported that parts of the hymenium...

gelatinous halo that swells in potassium hydroxide KOH solution. Tiny immersed pycnidia produce short rod-shaped conidia, and chemically the thallus gives a K+...

apical ring structure, and the ascospores measure 13–16(–18) × 7–10 μm. Pycnidia were not observed. In spot tests, the thallus is K+ (faint yellow), and...

helps distinguish Bellicidia from other genera in the Toninia group. The pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores) are black, more or less immersed...

transparent), oblong-ellipsoid in shape, and measure 12–16 by 6–8 μm. The pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are immersed in the thallus with colourless...

septum or just one, and measure 9–13 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidial structures (pycnidia) have not been observed. Thin-layer chromatography confirms the presence...

species typically does not produce secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia. Perigrapha superveniens appears to be an obligate parasite, meaning it...

structures, the pycnidia, which appear as small, black dots on the thallus. These structures often dominate thalli, which may produce only pycnidia. The spores...

made of stuck-together spores at the openings of its asexual structures (pycnidia). It was described as a new species in 2008 by the lichenologists André...

that are typically 3-septate (about 16–27 × 2.0–2.5 μm). Conspicuous dark pycnidia are often present and may show a white droplet of conidia at the top. Chemically...

naturally. The asexual spores (conidia) occur in pycnidia from conidiogenous cells, without conidiophores. Pycnidia are dark brown to black, circular, immersed...

conidia with a glassy appearance, and forming inside structures called pycnidia. However the results of DNA analysis were considered to justify the definition...

known as ascomata are not observed in this species. However, it possesses pycnidia, which are small, flask-shaped structures embedded within the thallus,...

from the end wall by an endospore layer. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are absent. Chemically, the thallus contains red anthraquinone pigments...

mostly rounded internal cavities. Pyrenula aurantiacorubra does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the pigment reacts with potassium...

There are little black dots which gather in these lesions; these are the pycnidia which release conidia, the polycyclic and asexual stage of the fungus....

The spores formed in the apothecia are polarilocular, with short septa. Pycnidia, a type of asexual fruiting body, have not been observed to occur in this...

by 2.5–3.5 μm, and are slightly constricted at the septa (divisions). Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not observed in this species. The...

mainly with longitudinally arranged ridges disrupted by irregular cracks. Pycnidia are frequently present, producing narrowly cylindrical conidia that are...

as Durio graveolens. The fungus over-winters as pycnidia on the outside of diseased wood. The pycnidia produce and release dark brown, striated conidia...

one or two oil droplets. Asexual reproduction takes place in microscopic pycnidia immersed in warty swellings on the crust, releasing minute rod-shaped conidia...

develop beneath a functioning pycnidium (pycnoascocarpic development). Pycnidia are more or less spherical (subglobose) to broadly pear-shaped and produce...

well-developed greyish thallus, oil droplets in the paraphyses, and blackish pycnidia. Caloplaca haematommona also differs from Athallia cerinelloides in the...

separated from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula musaespora does not make pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the thallus reacts under ultraviolet...

spindle-shaped or nearly cylindrical with transverse septa. Conidiomata, or pycnidia, are immersed within the thallus and can be located on the margins or lamina...

12-.4 in). They have dark red to chocolate brown margins and often have pycnidia in the gray-colored centers. A green halo may be present around the lesion...

rosae invade the dead leaf tissue and form pycnidia lined with conidiophores under the old acervuli. The pycnidia then overwinter in the lesions of infected...

hypothallus, is visible, and reproductive structures like apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, when tested, the lichen turns orange...

metabolites were detected by spot-tests or thin-layer chromatography, and pycnidia have not been observed. Apothecia are regularly scattered, orbicular and...

are narrowly ellipsoid, non-septate, and about 6.5–9 × about 2.5 μm. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting structures) were observed in this species. The main substances...

11–14 × 3–4 μm. Asexual propagation occurs through sessile, wart-like pycnidia (10–13 μm across) that release non-septate, pear-shaped conidia 2–2.5 ×...

research was the morphology of pycnoconidia (asexual spores produced in pycnidia). His detailed investigations showed their value for the classification...

65–85 × 6–7(–10.5) μm), and the ascospores measure roughly 12–13 × 5–6 μm; pycnidia were not observed. Henssen also reported regular, short-celled meshes in...

roughly spherical to elliptical in shape, measuring 4.5–5.5 by 7–9 μm. Pycnidia are common in this lichen; they are immersed in the surface of the thallus...

ranging from 12 to 14.6–7.5 μm in size, with a septum width of 2–3 μm. Pycnidia, found in the central part of the areoles, protrude slightly and measure...

and therefore has no true sexual stage. As a result, Septoria produces pycnidia, an asexual flask shaped fruiting body, on the leaves of potato and other...

(fruiting bodies) with a reddish-brown disc, two-spored asci, and abundant pycnidia, identified chemically by compounds like atranorin and stictic acid. The...

2 mm thick at the base, each branching once or twice. No apothecia or pycnidia were seen. Spot tests show K– and KC+ (yellow) reactions in the cortex...

about 30–45 × 4.5–5.5 μm, often slightly curved with rounded ends. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were observed. In spot tests, apothecia are UV−...

flowered. Brown discolorations can be seen with small black dots, the pycnidia, where the spores are formed. The disease severely impacts the fiber quality...

single row) and biseriate (lined up in two rows) ascospores in the asci, pycnidia that are superficial on the surface of the squamules (laminal), and mixed-type...

long by 6–8 μm wide, which are shot into the air when mature. Tiny black pycnidia—flask-shaped cavities sunken in the thallus—exude curved conidia about...

brown—an uncommon trait that helps identify the genus. Minute, sunken pycnidia are occasionally present; they release tiny curved rod-shaped conidia about...

surface is black with sparse rhizines. Apothecia are not observed, but pycnidia are common and immersed with a punctiform (dot-like) ostiole. Conidia are...

are foliose or subfruticose with erect lobes, and their apothecia and pycnidia are located on the lobe margins. Hypogymnioid lichens are either members...

brown, with a single septum, and are shaped either oblong or ellipsoid. Pycnidia are infrequent and take on an urceolate to globose form, housing bacilliform...

ends and rounded lumina, and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed. The thallus surface of Polymeridium longiflavens is...

part-spores. In its asexual morph, Ostropomyces develops erumpent, spherical pycnidia with a wall that shows two distinct layers in transverse section. The outer...

Abrothallus etayoi differs from other Abrothallus fungi by the shape of its pycnidia (barrel-shaped to somewhat spherical), and by its single-celled conidia...

to yellow-green, comprising lobes that are 0.5–1 cm wide. Apothecia and pycnidia are not known for this species. List of Parmotrema species Krog, Hildur;...

brown to almost black exciple (the rim of tissue around the hymenium), pycnidia of the Staurothele-type, and a pachydermatous upper cortex. Wijayawardene...

characterised by elevated, white, frost-like asexual structures (pruinose pycnidia) and typically white-pruinose, immersed to adnate fruiting bodies (apothecia)...

undersurface; they are white to dark grey to brown. There are no apothecia, and pycnidia are rare. The lichen products detected in this species were two unidentified...

(bacilliform), simple (without internal divisions), and measure 16–25 by 2–3 μm. Pycnidia, the asexual reproductive structures, were not observed in the examined...

well-developed outer layer (perispore). Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are often present, producing rod-shaped conidia about 4–5 by 1 μm. Both...

mature. The genus also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which can be sunken into or sitting on the thallus surface. These structures...

constriction known as a plasma bridge, and measure 5.5–9.5 × 4.5–6 μm. Pycnidia (minute flask-shaped asexual structures) are about 0.1 mm across with a...

by 5–7 μm, are hyaline (transparent), and show some constrictions. No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) or secondary chemical compounds were...

Some strains form short chains of spores on substrate hyphae. Sclerotia-, pycnidia-, sporangia-, and synnemata-like structures are produced by some strains...

holdfasts), which are simple to forked and 0.5–1 mm long. Small black pycnidia are common; they produce straight, cylindrical conidia about 5–6 μm long...

prothallus, especially where it adjoins other thalli. No apothecia or pycnidia were observed in this species. List of Pertusaria species "Pertusaria darwiniana...

ascospores have rounded or pointed ends. Thelenella lateralis does not make pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, no substances were detected...

Ascomata were not observed during the study. However, the lichen has sessile pycnidia that are pyriform and black, measuring approximately 0.1 mm wide and 0...

are olive-brown, one-septate and not pinched at the partition. Immersed pycnidia produce curved, hair-like conidia up to 30 μm long that provide an asexual...

begin to show symptoms within 7–12 days. Black specks (Perithecia and Pycnidia) on cankers Round-ended, cylindrical, monoseptate and hyaline conidia Conidia...

park's montane rainforest. It is distinguished by its conspicuous dark pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) with white frost-like coating and its simple...

absence of red pigments around the wart-like perithecial swellings and pycnidia, the aggregation of perithecia into these verrucae, an inspersed hymenium...

lifestyle as it matures. The fungal reproductive structures, known as pycnidia, are small and often partially embedded in the host lichen's surface. They...

These granules may be absent from some parts of the thallus surface. Pycnidia (flask-like structures, resembling perithecia, in which conidia are produced)...

lichens" – species with erect, foliose thalli with marginal apothecia and pycnidia. However, DNA evidence from several studies showed that the cetrarioid...

preparations, matching the Trapelia structural type. Immersed, brown-black pycnidia frequently accompany the lirellae and release slender, slightly curved...

extra outer coat (perispore). Asexual reproduction occurs in colourless pycnidia embedded in the thallus. These flask-shaped structures bear simple conidiophores...

marginate apothecia. Its ascospores are typically 8–11 by 5–6.5 μm. Its pycnidia are spherical and measure about 120 μm; they are immersed in the thallus...

swell as parasitic fungus produces more peridermia and yellow colored pycnidia start to appear on the bark. Then the tree's leaves wilt and branches start...

locations. Characteristics of Leptogium patwardhanii include the numerous pycnidia that give the thallus a warty appearance, and the wrinkled upper and lower...

smooth. They are of the Physconia-type The asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are abundant, producing spindle to cylinder-shaped spores (conidia) that...

and angular lumina with only a few transverse, mostly oblique septa. Pycnidia were not observed in this species. In terms of chemical spot tests, the...

ellipsoid with somewhat pointed ends, measuring 9–11 × 4.5–5.5 μm. No asexual pycnidia have been observed. A simple spot test shows the inner white layer (medulla)...

spindle-shaped, 3-septate ascospores with pointed ends. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) are frequent near the thallus margin; they are black dots about 0.1 mm...

ellipsoid in outline. Asexual reproduction occurs in scattered, sunken pycnidia; these flask-shaped cavities release minute conidia that are faintly dumbbell...

slightly constricted at septa, rounded at both ends, 36-44 x 14-15 μ. Pycnidia globose, golden-brown, opening by circular mouth and wall composed of small...

ascus, and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath approximately 1.5 μm wide. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus of Porina microtriseptata...

ostioles (pore openings) of the flask-shaped asexual structures (pycnidia). Pycnidia measure up to 0.1 mm in diameter and release rod-shaped conidia (asexual...

thallus is white to pale yellow or dark grey to ochraceous. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed in this species. Secondary chemistry includes aspicilin...

9.2–11.6 × 5.4–7.6 μm, occasionally ranging to 8.3–13.1 × 4.6–9.2 μm. Pycnidia have not been observed. Chemically, both thallus and apothecia react K+...

brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, with dimensions of 12-19 x 5-7 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in warts, containing bacilliform conidia measuring 3-4 x 1...

(arranged in a single row), with a pointed lower end and a rounded upper end. Pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed. Chemically, the...

ends of the ascospores are pointed. Pyrenula rubrolateralis does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the ostioles do not react...

Ascospores are brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, measuring 15-19 x 6-7 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in warts, producing bacilliform conidia. Spot tests conducted...

thallus that results from an aggregation of pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). These abundant, tiny pycnidia occur both superficially on the thallus surface...

pale greyish to dark grey and have typical dimensions of 4.5 by 6.3 μm. Pycnidia are common, and occur at the tips of the small terminal branches (branchlets)...

5 cm (2 in) in diameter and up to 0.2 mm thick. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia (structures for sexual and asexual reproduction, respectively) were observed...

colourless, with no extra outer coat. Asexual propagation occurs in sunken pycnidia scattered through the thallus. Inside, chains of elongate, flask-shaped...

The prothallus (a thin border of hyphae) is indistinct. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed. In terms of chemical spot tests, the thallus is K+...

(mealy) soredia cover the entire surface of the soralia. Ascomata and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The chemistry of Chiodecton xanthonosorediatum...

spindle- to cylinder-shaped, and divided by 5–15 cross-walls (septa). Pycnidia are rare; when present, they produce very small conidia about 2–5 × about...

moderately divided central region (septa). Additionally, Rusavskia may possess pycnidia, which are embedded reproductive structures, and produce ellipsoid-shaped...

lichen substances. Sexual and asexual fruiting structures (apothecia and pycnidia) were not observed. Parallopsora brakoae is known only from the type locality...

uncommonly along the cup margins, and more frequent smaller structures called pycnidia that produce a clear fluid. When examined at a microscopic level, the fungal...

(+) and (-) are formed. Next haploid pycniospores are exchanged between pycnidia of different mating types on the upper leaf surface. General symptoms that...

asexual spores in tiny flask-shaped pycnidia embedded within wart-like swellings of the thallus. These pycnidia release very small, rod-shaped conidia...

forked), and the tips are often pale with a small blackened area where pycnidia are common. The surface is generally dull yellow-green to olive-green or...

minute warts, measuring 11 to 16.5 μm in length and 6 to 9.5 μm in width. Pycnidia, another type of spore-producing structure, are not known to occur this...

brown center. The center of the lesion will drop out over time. Visible pycnidia can be seen in older lesions. A common consequence of infection is reduced...

about 23–25 × 9–10 μm, and are surrounded by a thin gelatinous layer. No pycnidia have been observed. Chemical tests indicate UV-negative thallus tissues...

occasionally dividing, and often with short broad lobes. Black dot-like pycnidia are common along the margins of the upper parts of branches and lobes and...

(endospore) is conspicuously thickened at the tips. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were not seen, and routine chemical tests detected no lichen substances...

wider than long; each spore is surrounded by a 1 μm gelatinous sheath. No pycnidia were observed, and standard spot tests detected no secondary metabolites...

ellipsoid, and halonate, measuring about 8–15 × 5–7.5 μm. Asexual structures (pycnidia) are uncommon. When present they are immersed and dark, producing rod-shaped...

Members of this family may produce asexual reproductive structures known as pycnidia, which are embedded in the lichen tissue or sit on the surface. These structures...

the depside methyl 3,5 dichlorolecanorate; however, it reportedly lacks pycnidia, generally present in all other species of Vermilacinia but not always...

species in genus Asterothyrium known to have up to 15-septate spores. Pycnidia are marginal and conical, with a triangular base, while conidia are oblong-ellipsoid...

Vermilacinia have been included in Ramalina, which is distinguished by the pale pycnidia, the presence of pseudocyphellae, the absence of the diterpene (−)-16 α-hydroxykaurane...

look like very fine, many-celled threads that may split into segments. Pycnidia were not observed. The species was originally only known from the type...

many plant pathogenic species. Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily...

crenate margin. It counts with 8 spores per ascus, which are ellipsoid. Pycnidia are absent in Hypotrachyna angustissima. This species was first found in...

diameter. The disc is either cinnamon-brown or dark brown, and ellipsoid. The pycnidia is immersed, while the conidia are bifusiform. List of Xanthoparmelia species...

produced in the apothecia) are ellipsoid and measure 8–9 by 4.5–5.5 μm. Pycnidia (flask-shaped structures producing asexual spores) are black and immersed...

infected areas split and the lesions produce fruiting bodies called pycnidia. Pycnidia appear as small black dots to the naked eye and can be seen as flask-shaped...

one or as many as eight; they are 25–35 μm long and 12–15 μm wide. No pycnidia have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata give negative results...

about 10–15 × 6–9 μm, with a relatively thick septum (roughly 4–6 μm); pycnidia have not been reported for this species in the material examined. Athallia...

nitrogen. Reproductive bodies begin as tiny flask-shaped structures called pycnidia and mature into disc-shaped apothecia that sit flush with the filament...

intense colouring, while the thallus may contain traces of atranorin. No pycnidia (flask-shaped asexual organs) have been observed to occur in the genus...

smooth-walled, and dark brown. Vegetative reproduction occurs in flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the thallus; these produce colourless, rod-shaped conidia....

asexual stage, conidia, which can also infect plants, are produced in pycnidia. The pycnidia and pseudothecia of B. dothidea look very similar. Microconidia...

spindle-shaped, divided by three cross-walls, and measure about 28 × 3 μm. Tiny pycnidia, seen as darker pin-pricks in the cortex, release thread-like conidia (12–16...

branched. The medulla (the tissue inside the lichen) is white. Apothecia and pycnidia, which are reproductive structures, were not observed in this species....

No trace of lichen products was revealed by thin-layer chromatography. Pycnidia, soralia, isidia, and phyllidia, all features common in other lichens,...

revised material. Asexual structures include immersed to slightly raised pycnidia (flask-shaped conidiomata). These have simple conidiophores that bear small...

(locules) separated by a central septum with a perforation or isthmus. Pycnidia, which are small, flask-shaped asexual reproductive structures, are mostly...

usually simple, although in rare instances they have a single septum. Pycnidia in Verrucula are similar in form to those found in genus Dermatocarpon...

over 30 ascospores. Pycnidia are much more common and are found as wart-like structures on the upper-surface of the thallus. Pycnidia are often the same...

spherical to short barrel-shaped perithecia and elongated barrel-shaped pycnidia, and smooth thalli (lacking a cortex) of rounded patches formed by its...

dark brown, with a finely decorated outer surface. Rarely, the lichen has pycnidia, which have black openings and produce rod-shaped spores. The spores themselves...

field character that separates P. eganii from P. rudecta. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed to occur in this species. The species is known only...

the perithecium), its spores do not develop a thick endospore, and its pycnidia produce brown, transversely septate macroconidia (while still having the...

photobiont cells surrounded by hyphae) measuring 17–25 μm in diameter. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are dark grey to dark brown and occur on small...

The genus also produces small, black, globe-shaped structures called pycnidia that are partially or fully embedded in the thallus. These produce rod-shaped...

lack the gelatinous coat that aids buoyancy in water. Tiny flask-like pycnidia generate rod-shaped conidia 4–8 × 1–2 μm that may serve as another means...

are polaridiblastic (pierced by a narrow channel) with a long septum. Pycnidia are sometimes present. The shape of the conidia ranges from bacilliform...

measure 33–37 × 4.5–5.5 μm, without any surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed. In standard spot tests...

are each surrounded by a distinct gelatinous sheath about 2–4 μm thick. Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus; conidia are colourless and either simple or...

diahyphal mass (the underlying reproductive tissue) is greenish. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. Ferraro and colleagues reported...

and lacking isidia, soredia, pustules, pseudocyphellae, apothecia and pycnidia, while the lower thallus surface is black, with brown apices. The rhizines...

brown and finely warty, with rounded upper ends and tapered lower ends. No pycnidia have been observed. Both the thallus and ascomata are negative in standard...

(occasionally up to 6) μm thick, smooth to very faintly ornamented. No pycnidia were observed in this species. Lichexanthone, 2-chlorolichexanthone, 2...

black raised specks, which are the sporocarps, or fruiting bodies called pycnidia and/or pseudothecia. In wet conditions, gray spore masses may appear and...

black, speck-like fruiting bodies called pycnidia embedded within the tissue. Not all spots will contain pycnidia, but some may contain up to eight or more...

measuring 13–20 by 5–7 μm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. Pycnidia are immersed, punctiform, with bacilliform conidia measuring 5–7 by 0.7–1 μm...

9–9.5 μm. No perispore (outer spore layer) was detected in this species. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) were not observed in this lichen. List...

single-celled and colourless. Asexual reproduction is rare: minute sunken pycnidia sometimes occur and release rod-shaped, colourless conidia. Chemically...

they measure 11.5–20 by 3.5–7 μm, showing no constriction at the septum. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. Pyrenocollema elegans can be differentiated...

and bear a fine, warty ornamentation. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are uncommon, but when present they release colourless, rod-shaped conidia...

upper margin of the thallus; soredia are granular with a bluish colour. Pycnidia and apothecia are absent. The photobiont of Peltigera vainioi is a species...

lumina (6–7 × 0–2 septa), are IKI-negative, and lack a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus is UV−, C−,...

has not been firmly linked to the species, although minute semi-immersed pycnidia with a greenish-grey wall and short bacilliform hyaline conidia were observed...

Apothecia (fruiting bodies) have not been observed to occur in this species. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures producing conidia) are very rare, either...

broader than the lower. No distinct epispore was reported, and conidiomata (pycnidia) were not observed. In microscopic cross section, A. ligniariella has a...

4 mm long by 0.3–0.4 mm wide; they are whitish in colour. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. Gyalectidium conchiferum has been...

representative, but not exhaustive: f. ciliaris This is the nominate form, in which pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are rare or absent, and the margins of apothecia...

measuring about 9–9.5 × 11–19 μm. Pycnidia are sparse, producing straight, cylindrical conidia about 0.5–1 × 5–7 μm. The pycnidia may visible on the thallus...

squamulose thallus, the coal-black (carbonised) wall of the perithecia, and pycnidia with a single, Staurothele-type cavity rather than the multi-locular form...

(6–)9–12 by 7–10 μm. These spores do not have a gelatinous sheath, and no pycnidia have been observed. Chemical spot tests on Carbacanthographis coccospora...

may also have structures called pycnidia, which produce another type of reproductive cell called conidia. These pycnidia, when present, are usually sunken...

not been observed in this species, though some underdeveloped marginal pycnidia (structures that typically produce asexual spores) have been noted. Kärnefelt...

6 mm in diameter. The ascospores are 7.0–8.0 by 5.0–5.5 μm in size, and pycnidia are also common. Spermatia are rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, with dimensions...

(the minute pores/lines seen on the surface of some related taxa) and no pycnidia (tiny asexual spore bodies); sexual fruiting bodies (apothecia) were not...

with colours ranging from pinks and reds through browns to almost black. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are common in the genus and produce thread-like...

are Peccania-type and eight-spored; ascospores are simple (non-septate). Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus to slightly elevated and produce small, bacilliform...

colour ranges from pale to brown. Secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia have only been conclusively observed in laboratory cultures of some Chaenotheca...

Lecanora group. Asexual propagules are produced sparingly: minute flask-like pycnidia are immersed in the thallus surface and appear as tiny dark dots. Each...

prominent whitish margin. The ascospores are ellipsoid, 30–40 × 12–18 μm. Pycnidia were not reported. Ferraro and colleagues treated G. australe as a foliicolous...

ends and diamond-shaped lumina, not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus surface of Astrothelium...

(lumina), and are partly yellow, lacking a gelatinous surrounding layer. Pycnidia, which are another form of reproductive structure, were not observed to...

and colorless, although two-celled spores were occasionally observed. Pycnidia are immersed and can be large, producing small rod-shaped conidia. Henssen...

uppermost cell is not enlarged. While its asexual reproductive structures, pycnidia, are rare, they are immersed in the thallus and black, with a pale green...

9–14 × 3.5–6 μm, a few bearing a tiny hyaline hair at one end. Immersed pycnidia are common; they release straight, rod-shaped conidia 7–17 × 1–1.5 μm....

diamond-shaped lumina, and are surrounded by a gelatinous layer up to 2 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus surface of Trypethelium...

terminal capitate soralia. Apothecia are not observed, but brown to black pycnidia are common. The spermatia are cylindrical and may have slight swellings...

The soredia are granular, with a diameter of 0.10–0.15 mm. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The lichen contains haemathamnolic...

reaction with iodine (IKI+), and lack any surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. Standard spot tests on the thallus are negative...

kind of reproductive structure, the pycnidia, appear on the thallus surface and are darkened and sunken. The pycnidia contain spore-like conidia that are...

outer and inner flaps during spore discharge, unlike related genera. The pycnidia have blue-green to green-black ostioles. While originally suggested to...

septum set well above the middle of the spore. Asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) are also abundant. They are dark brown, globose to cylindrical (sometimes...

apothecia, Buellia may also reproduce asexually through structures called pycnidia, which produce simple, bacilliform (rod-shaped), or filiform (thread-like)...

tail that coils beneath the main body while still inside the ascus. No pycnidia or lichen products have been detected; standard spot tests on the thallus...

gyrophoric acid in its pycnidial walls is an unusual trait for the group. The pycnidia of Fellhanera gyrophorica are notable for being sessile or shortly stalked...

(producing spores in acervuli) Order Sphaeropsidales (producing spores in pycnidia) Class Agonomycetes lacking spores Other, according to Dörfelt (1989):...

acid, whereas most other Anomomorpha species have norstictic acid. No pycnidia have been observed in this species. Anomomorpha lecanorina was originally...

particular type of fungal fruiting body, and "pycnis" relating to the pycnidia (spore-containing chambers) that define this group. The single species...

ellipsoid ascospores witgh dimensions of 6–8 × 5–7 μm. Immersed black pycnidia produce slender conidia 6–7 × about 1 μm. Standard spot tests are negative...

warted surfaces. Asexual reproduction is poorly understood; conventional pycnidia have not been seen, but some hyphae bear conidiogenous cells that bud off...

the main vegetative body of the lichen. Furthermore, this genus produces pycnidia (tiny fruiting bodies that release asexual spores) atop small, rounded...

internal divisions (non-septate). No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed to occur in Nebularia, and chemical analysis has revealed...

thickened median septum and are not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. In terms of chemistry, the thallus...

measuring 9–13 by 5–8 μm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. The pycnidia are brown to black, immersed, with bacilliform conidia measuring 4–5 by...

(vegetative, or sexual reproductive structures); however, they do possess pycnidia. Pycnidia are located along the summits of long wart-like projections on the...

ellipsoid, measuring 10–15 × 5.0–9.5 μm with a septum that is 2–4 μm. Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus and produce bacilliform conidia 3–4 × 1 μm...

frequent presence of pycnidia, which are tiny, flask-shaped structures that produce asexual spores (conidia). The conidia in these pycnidia vary in shape, ranging...

separated from the wall by a thick layer. Pyrenula celaticarpa does not have pycnidia (small asexual fruiting bodies). Chemically, the ostiole reacts with potassium...

"Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. doi:10.1017/s0024282915000201...

grainy texture. Neither apothecia (sexual reproductive structures) nor pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in the species. There...

do not have a surrounding gelatinous layer. The species does not form pycnidia, which are structures that produce asexual spores. Chemically, the thallus...

walls between them become constricted. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) occur along the edge of the thallus. A reddish‑orange anthraquinone pigment...

septa), and measure between 150 and 190 μm in length and 40–50 μm in width. Pycnidia, which are small asexual fruiting bodies, have not been observed in this...

a tiny apothecium with a thalline margin and a black disc. Inside the pycnidia, colourless conidiogenous cells, which are more or less cylindrical to...

spores then penetrate the leaf. In the spring, it produces conidia in pycnidia. The release of these spores begins in spring and can continue into the...

separating the genus from Physcia. Asexual propagules form in immersed pycnidia whose walls are mostly colourless except around the pore; these structures...

surface, and moderate rhizines. It lacks pseudocyphellae, soredia and pycnidia, and chemical spot tests are negative (K−, C−, KC−, PD−) with no lichen...

shortly bifurcate near branch tips, the tips usually with black dot-like pycnidia, and by containing the lichen substance salazinic acid. It sometime forms...

purple color, but can remain a uniform dark color. The presence of black pycnidia exposed on the surface of the lesions give the leaf a rough, sandpapery...

blackened apothecia. The spores are polar-diblastic with a septum. No pycnidia are seen. Parvoplaca is mainly distributed in polar regions but also in...

contain globose (spherical) or subglobose (nearly spherical) ascospores. Pycnidia, which are structures that produce asexual spores (pycnoconidia), are also...

such as irregular cracks, warts, or parallel ridges. The conidiomata, or pycnidia, are spherical or slightly flattened, measuring 50–200 μm in diameter,...

with eight spores per ascus. Another reproductive feature, conidiomata (pycnidia), are usually found immersed in the thallus and produce spores that are...

outer coat typical of many other members of the Roccellaceae. Minute black pycnidia (asexual fruit bodies) are often scattered in the thallus; they exude curved...

upper and lower cortex of paraplectenchymatous cells ("Candelina type"), pycnidia that are immersed in the thallus, and eight narrowly ellipsoid, 1–2-celled...

contains vulpinic acid. The species also produces asexual spores (conidia) in pycnidia. Vobis reported the conidia as colourless, single-celled and thin-walled...

10–13 by 5–8 μm and produces simple, rod-shaped conidia from inconspicuous pycnidia immersed in the thallus. When tested chemically, the thallus shows no reaction...

surrounds every spore and shows best after treatment with K. Half-embedded pycnidia with orange-tinged walls produce masses of simple, club-shaped conidia...

5.5–8 μm with a septum thickness of 4.5–9 μm. Further, the presence of pycnidia, small structures, is also noted, which are red in color. The conidia have...

measure 10–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm, and lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus shows no reactions...

measure 11–12.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm. They lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests, the thallus is negative...

indicating an amyloid wall chemistry. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been observed. No lichen products were detected in the material examined...

pattern. The ascospores become dark brown and granulose when over-mature. Pycnidia may be absent or present, with hyaline conidia that are slightly to strongly...

8-12 μm), which are 1-septate and have finely granular perispores. The pycnidia of Acrocordia gemmata are rare and dispersed, measuring 0.1-0.25 mm, with...

bark-dwelling species also produce asexual spores in microscopic flasks (pycnidia) embedded in the thallus. These release rod-shaped conidia that ooze out...

ellipsoid, typically around 10–13 × 5–8 μm (rarely tending more rounded). Pycnidia may be present; the conidia are short and threadlike, typically about 6–10 μm...

measuring 8–10 by 2.5–3 μm, and are arranged irregularly within the asci. No pycnidia have been observed to occur in this species. Chemically, the species shows...

consisted of degraded material and intact ascospores were not observed, and pycnidia have not been reported for the species. Standard lichen spot tests are...

In postmature spores, a distinctive red oil can often be observed. No pycnidia have been observed in this species. Chemically, the presence of anthraquinone...

5 μm). The spores have narrowed ends. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are present. Standard chemical spot tests (UV, K) are negative, and thin-layer...

the granite (chasmolithic) and on the exposed surface (epilithic). Black pycnidia are rare and inconspicuous; they provide an asexual means of reproduction...

typically ranging from 11–14 μm in length and 3.5–4.0 μm in width. No pycnidia have been observed in this lichen species. Westberg, Martin; Frödén, Patrik;...

nearly straight, and an epispore (outer spore wall) was reported as absent. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed in the type material. Based...

being elongated to cylindrical ellipsoid in shape with a broad septum. Pycnidia are dark reddish, but conidia were not observed in the type specimen. Chemical...

surrounded by a clear halo. Asexual reproduction takes place in immersed pycnidia that generate simple, rod-shaped conidia. Most Verrucaria species colonise...

lower surface, in contrast to Candelariella which produces conidia from pycnidia on its upper surface. Poelt, in 1974, identified 'Candelariella' subdeflexa...

development into longer isidiofibrils was reported only rarely. No apothecia or pycnidia were observed in the studied material. In cross section, the cortex is...

diamond-shaped lumina between the septa, and lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed. Standard spot tests on the thallus are negative (UV−...

(acicular-fusiform) that readily separates Leptorhaphis from related bark fungi. Asexual pycnidia, sunk in or barely protruding from the bark, release similar but smaller...

colourless ascospores about 25 × 5 μm. Sterile branches often finish in blunt pycnidia that exude a clear slime loaded with straight or slightly curved conidia...

blue or, less frequently, pale yellowish-brown to pale blue. So far, no pycnidia (another type of spore-producing structure) have been observed in Reichlingia...

Fruiting bodies (apothecia) were not seen in the original material, but pycnidia are common; they appear as tiny immersed dots on the upper surface. These...

medulla is dense, and the species contains salazinic acid. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed in this species. The distinguishing features of...

13 × 6–7 micrometres (μm), with a septum typically around 4–5 μm wide. Pycnidia are frequent, producing ellipsoid to short-bacilliform (rod-shaped) conidia...

age, measuring (11–)11.6–[12.8]–14.1(−17) x (5–)7.2–[8.1]–8.9(−10) μm. Pycnidia are quite rare on this lichen. When present, they take on a urceolate to...

inserted singly along the edge of the spongiostratum. No apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures) have been reported. Spot tests...

are coarse, simple, and to 1 mm long. Asexual structures are uncommon: pycnidia are rare (about 90 μm in diameter) and produce cylindrical conidia 6–7 μm...

soredia) crust. The soredia are sized between 25 and 35 μm in diameter. Pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures producing asexual spores, have not been...

branches. Apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) have not been observed, but pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are present, though sparse and brown. In standard...

brown to dark brown. Both apothecia (cup-like reproductive structures) and pycnidia (flask-shaped structures) are absent in the specimens examined, indicating...

ellipsoid, and measure 45–50 × 27–30 μm, without a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests, the thallus is UV−, C−...

reproductive structures (apothecia) and asexual spore-producing structures (pycnidia) have not been observed in this species. When subjected to chemical spot...

develop fine granular ornamentation with age. The conidiomata are black pycnidia partially immersed in the host thallus, measuring roughly 80–130 μm; the...

gelatinous sheath about 5 μm wide, with lumina arranged somewhat spirally. Pycnidia were not observed. Chemical spot tests show that the thallus and thalline...

circular thalli, the presence of perithecia, and scattered or clustered pycnidia. The lichen was formally described as a new species by Marley Ford, Dan...

3–4-septate (sometimes 2-septate), macrocephalic, and about 13–18 × 5–7 μm. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are immersed to semi-immersed and spherical,...

the others. Mazosia also produces asexual spores in structures called pycnidia, which can be either embedded within the thallus or slightly protruding...

flora. The fungus forms lichenicolous pycnidia that develop within the thallus of Ramalina fraxinea. These pycnidia are scattered to densely aggregated...

with erect, foliose thalli, and apothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) on the margins of the ruffled lobes. Tuckermannopsis...

rhizines are shiny and become densely squarrosely branched, 1–3 mm long. Pycnidia have not been observed. Apothecia are infrequent, short-stalked to nearly...

(14–)15–17-septate, measuring 60–72 × 10–13 μm. Asexual structures are present: pycnidia are flattened, black, oval to drop-shaped (about 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm)...

measure 85–95 × 32–37 μm and are surrounded by a 2–5 μm gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia were not observed. In terms of spot test reactions, the thallus is UV−...

are whitish, while the exposed diahyphal mass is green. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been reported for this species. As of its original publication...

sparse to moderate rhizines that are simple to forked and 1–2 mm long. Pycnidia have not been seen in this species. Apothecia are rare, nearly sessile...

are about three to three and a half times as long as they are broad. No pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have been observed in this species. Thin-layer...

are hyaline, simple, broadly ellipsoid, and measure 3.5–5.5 × 2–2.5 μm. Pycnidia were not observed, and thin-layer chromatography did not detect secondary...

colourless and the epihymenium is pale brown. The species does not form pycnidia. Upretia squamulosa is similar to Upretia zeorina but differs in having...

in shape, measuring 8–12(-14) by 2.5–4 μm, and from zero to two septa. Pycnidia are very rare and grey-brown, either sessile or stalked, measuring 20–50 μm...

lens-shaped lumina). They stain violet-blue with iodine (I+ violet-blue). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed, and no lichen substances were...

(a "Trapelia-type" response). Asexual reproduction occurs in immersed pycnidia that release rod-shaped to thread-like conidia. Chemical analyses typically...

thallus, the absence of coarse granules, and the rarity of apothecia and pycnidia. Its prothallus is formed of narrow bundles of hyphae and its soralia are...

Ascospores consistently have nine septa, and measure 65–75 by 10–13 μm. Pycnidia were not observed. The thallus of Porina monilisidiata does not react with...

chlorococcoid alga with ellipsoid cells (about 5 × 7 μm), while apothecia and pycnidia are unknown. Chemically, the species contains protocetraric acid. Although...

a gelatinous layer up to 10 μm thick. The median septum is thickened. Pycnidia were not observed. The thallus surface of Astrothelium megeustomum is UV...

it has a strongly wrinkled texture. Apothecia are absent, but there are pycnidia that appear as small black dots both immersed in the thallus and elevated...

by 6.5–7.5 μm, and have rounded ends, thick walls, and angular lumina. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. Chemical spot tests on the...

lobed. Asexual reproductive structures (conidiomata) are in the form of pycnidia, embedded within the lichen and mostly colourless, except for a brown area...

or gently cylindrical. Asexual spores are produced in minute, immersed pycnidia of the Dermatocarpon-type; these release short rod-shaped (bacilliform)...

development of Pseudocarpon involves pycnoascocarps. Initially, the fungus forms pycnidia, which are small flask-shaped cavities that produce asexual spores (conidia)...

three-septate, measuring 30–40 × 1–2 μm. No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) were seen. Chemically, the thallus reacts with potassium hydroxide solution...

The lichen has numerous pycnidia, which are easily identified as tiny orange protuberances on the thallus. These pycnidia produce conidia that are narrowly...

peripheral cells and a subtle bluish reaction in iodine. Minute flask-shaped pycnidia are occasionally present as low warts; they release rod-shaped conidia...

a prominent whitish to grey margin. Ascospores were not observed, and pycnidia were not reported. Ferraro and colleagues reported Gyalectidium puntilloi...

22–25 μm in length and 8–10 μm in width. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are not known to occur in this genus. "Synonymy. Current Name: Pseudoleptogium...

14–17 by 5.5–7 μm, and feature three pairs of curved setulae at the top. Pycnidia have not been observed in Lichenopeltella heppiae. The fungus is not known...

reproductive structures, such as apothecia (disc-like fruiting bodies) or pycnidia (flask-shaped structures), have been observed in this species. When tested...

and becoming dark brown and then black with age. Both arthroconidia and pycnidia may be produced in the same culture. Cultures of the fungus derived from...

in diameter, pale to dark brown, and cluster around the perforations. Pycnidia are located at podetial apices. Spot tests show K+ (vaguely yellow to gray)...

within a single involucrellum. The ascospores measure 23–25 by 9–11 μm. The pycnidia appear similar to the perithecia and overlap with them in size. Collemopsidium...

measuring 11.5–13 × 5–6 μm, and lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus is UV−, C−,...

metabolites. Sexual structures are unknown for Francisrosea; apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed. Francisrosea bicolor has a stronghold in the New...

26–54 μm (averaging 37 μm), and typically have three to five thin septa. Pycnidia are scattered across the surface, immersed in the thallus with a protruding...

chondroid strand. Rhizines are scattered, simple or tufted. Apothecia and pycnidia were not seen. Standard chemical spot tests yield the following reactions:...

28 μm in length and 11 to 17 μm in width, with a wall thickness of 2–3 μm. Pycnidia, which are structures that produce asexual spores called conidia, appear...

worsen with time. The small black fruiting bodies which carry the spores, pycnidia, are formed in the dead cells of the leaf spots. The spores are mainly...

indistinct median septum. Asexual reproduction occurs in tiny, immersed pycnidia that release colourless, rod-shaped conidia formed on simple cylindrical...

exciples. Ascospores are polar-diblastic with a short to large long septum. Pycnidia are present or absent, gray or black, and conidia are bacilliform to somewhat...

simple, ellipsoid to somewhat spindle-shaped, and about 9–12.5 × 4–6 μm. Pycnidia were not observed in the material studied. The species grows on bare soil...

lack a perispore, with no discernible ornamentation visible under DIC. Pycnidia are rare, immersed with only the uppermost part protruding, and the wall...

wall and a clear gelatinous envelope surround each spore. Minute, sunken pycnidia release short, rod-shaped conidia for asexual spread, and thin-layer chromatography...

(asexual spores) are ellipsoid, about 1 × 0.5 μm, produced in immersed pycnidia. Standard spot tests reveal K+ red (indicating norstictic acid), PD+ yellow...

gelatinous layer, and turn brown as they mature. No asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) were seen. Standard spot tests on the thallus are negative, and thin-layer...

length. The species produces well-developed reproductive structures. Its pycnidia (asexual reproductive organs) release two-pointed conidia measuring 0.5...

(1-septate), 12.5–17.5 × 6–7 μm, and have a conspicuously warted outer wall. Pycnidia were not observed, and standard spot tests were negative (K−, C−, KC−,...

the spores are somewhat smaller. The reproductive structures known as pycnidia have not been observed in this genus. Chemical analysis using thin-layer...

base. Apothecia (disc-like fruit bodies) are unknown in this species; pycnidia (asexual structures) are immersed in the thallus and may appear as tiny...

are ornamented with numerous short spines, and lack a gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus is UV−, C−,...

once dichotomously branched. Apothecia (spore-producing structures) and pycnidia (conidia-producing structures) have not been observed to occur in this...

Didymocyrtis trassii has pycnidial conidiomata of the Phoma-type. The pycnidia are black and more or less spherical, and partially immersed in the host...

wider than long, and set off from the wall by a thick endospore layer. No pycnidia were seen, and standard chemical tests detected no secondary metabolites...

trentepohlioid, possible Trentepohlia abietina. Although neither ascomata nor pycnidia were observed in the original collections of this species, they were present...

Austropeltum glareosum also has secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia, which produce slender, thread-like conidia (asexual spores). These structures...

shapes. Occasionally, these spores may exhibit a slight curvature. The pycnidia (structures associated with asexual reproduction) of Gyaloechia are typically...

dense, simple, slender black rhizines up to 0.5 mm long. Apothecia and pycnidia were not observed to occur in X. inopinata This species is found growing...

spores lack a gelatinous outer coating. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have not been observed in this species. Chemical spot test analysis shows...

three-celled ascospores measuring about 19–30 × 4–5 μm. Asexual flask-like pycnidia produce gently curved rod-shaped conidia 4–6 × 1 μm. Routine spot tests...

remains colourless. Asexual reproduction takes place in minute flask-shaped pycnidia that are likewise terminal on the branches; these release rod-shaped, colourless...

measuring 110–132 × 15–18 μm, and they lack a surrounding gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia have not been observed. In standard spot tests the thallus is UV−, C−,...

near the ends and the middle. Asexual reproduction occurs in immersed pycnidia that produce short, rod-shaped conidia (bacilliform). In chemical tests...

ellipsoid and wrapped in a conspicuous gelatinous coat. Minute, black pycnidia may dot the thallus or even the bare rock nearby; they produce short, rod-shaped...

thickness of 15–50 μm. No apothecia (fruiting bodies) have been observed, but pycnidia (structures producing asexual spores) are immersed within the thallus....

red-brown in over-mature material. Asexual structures are very rarely seen: pycnidia, when present, produce straight, rod-like conidia that are 3–6 × 0.5–1 μm...

LCCN 73179995. Sutton, Brian C. (1980). The Coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Kew, Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological...

commonly occur at the margins of the scyphi, sometimes forming groups. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are also frequent along the scyphal margins...

Ascospores are simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured at 5–7 × 3–4 μm. Pycnidia are also rare, and conidia were reported as straight and 7–9 × 1 μm. The...

finely warted or ridged. Asexual reproduction is limited to scattered pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography usually...

Gregorella apart from its former host genus Fuscopannaria. No asexual pycnidia have been observed in the species. "Synonymy: Gregorella humida (Kullh...

ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 5–7.5 × 2–3.4 μm. No asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) have been seen, and thin-layer chromatography detected no lichen products...

Neither apothecia (reproductive structures where spores develop) nor pycnidia (structures producing asexual spores) have been observed in this species...

two internal cross-walls (septa). No asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) have been seen and standard chemical spot tests are uniformly negative...

thickened median wall in juvenile stages but no outer ornamentation. No pycnidia have been observed in B. sulphurica. Chemically the cortex contains no...

or two lengthwise walls (hence "submuriform"). No asexual propagules (pycnidia or hyphophores) were seen, and no lichen products were detected by chemical...

colourless, and found in European species. Asexual reproductive structures, the pycnidia, are also sessile and roughly spherical, usually covered by a layer of...

carrying a finely warted outer layer. Asexual reproduction occurs in immersed pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. No secondary metabolites (lichen...

measuring about 34–78 × 22–36 μm. Asexual reproduction occurs via immersed pycnidia about 200–250 μm wide, which may form small swellings with minute, dark...

(rarely without a septum) and measure 9–16 × 4–5 μm. Immersed, colourless pycnidia are uncommon; they produce slender, curved conidia 17–21 × 1 μm. The species...

8 μm and remain simple or at most one-septate at maturity. Flask-shaped pycnidia, 0.07–0.12 mm wide, are abundant and generate colourless, ellipsoid to...

bacillar, hyaline ascospores with 0–5 transverse septa; and relatively large pycnidia with gaping ostioles. Chemically, the genus is distinctive in always producing...

and further recognized by containing divaricatic acid and by the large pycnidia. that are prominent on the upper parts of branches, appearing larger than...

colourless, and subspherical to broadly ellipsoid (about 5–6 × 3.5–4.5 μm). Pycnidia are very common; conidia are bifusiform (about 6–7 × 1 μm). Chemically...

031 in) long, being coloured brown and being few in number. Apothecia and pycnidia are absent in Canoparmelia albomaculata. This species was first found in...

(divided into two cells) and develop a smooth surface as they mature. Pycnidia, the asexual reproductive structures, are rare in this species. When present...

cylindrical and the spore wall is up to about 1.5 μm thick. Black, immersed pycnidia are uncommon and produce small bacilliform to fusiform microconidia 3.5–5...

walls. They are non-septate, meaning they lack internal partitions. No pycnidia, which are structures for asexual reproduction, have been observed to occur...

measuring 5 to 10 by 4 to 6 μm, with a smooth wall 0.5 to 1 μm thick. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are numerous, mostly immersed in the...

as the undersurface, and measure up to 1 mm long. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia were present in the type collection. The lichen products present in X. perezdepazii...

18–21 μm in length by 5–6 μm in width. Asexual reproductive structures (pycnidia) are embedded in the thallus as greyish spots; they produce slender, curved...

of Pyrenochaeta terrestris. P. terrestris produces dark brown to black pycnidia that have setae with one to five septa and are 8-120 μm long. Setae mostly...

about 0.1–0.2 mm long. Sexual and asexual fruiting bodies (apothecia and pycnidia, respectively) were not seen in the type material. Chemically, the cortex...

horizontal. The spores are ellipsoid, measuring 22 to 27 μm by 15 to 16 μm. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. "Gyalecta perithecioidea Aptroot"...

to 2 μm in width. The lichen also contains cortical tissue beneath the pycnidia, specialized structures producing asexual spores called conidia. The conidia...

broadly ellipsoid, single-celled (aseptate), and usually 9–11 by 6.5–8 μm. Pycnidia are about 0.15 mm in diameter and are blackish brown around the ostiole...

coat (perispore), which is only about 1 μm thick. Nearby, sunken black pycnidia release curved, colourless conidia 6–7.5 × 1 μm that may assist in asexual...

ascospore, can sometimes be observed and measures up to 0.5 μm thick. Pycnidia, another type of fruiting body, are identifiable as dark dots up to 0.06 mm...

often develop two additional pseudosepta, making them appear 3-septate. No pycnidia have been observed. Standard chemical spot tests (UV and K) are negative...

7–9-septate, and typically 26–38(–50) × 50–65 μm, often slightly curved. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were seen. In spot tests, the thallus and apothecia...

The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, and measure 14–16 by 10–12 μm. Pycnidia are visible as brown to black dots immersed in the thallus surface; they...

(perispore). Asexual reproduction occurs in black, spherical structures called pycnidia, which may be simple or chambered. These produce long, slender to strongly...

apparently by absorbing pigment from the surrounding tissue (hamathecium). Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. In spot tests, the apothecia...

several spores often abort before maturity. The lichen does not produce pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies), and it does not exhibit secondary metabolites...

and 3–4 μm in width. Another distinguishing feature is the presence of pycnidia, which appear as darker yellow dimples on the lichen's surface. In chemical...

rhizines (root-like holdfasts). Sexual fruiting bodies (apothecia) and pycnidia were not seen in the specimens used for the original description. In standard...

are thin-walled enough to distort during mounting. Immersed brown-black pycnidia release rod-shaped, clear conidia for asexual spread. The prominent black-rimmed...

spaces (lumina), rounded ends, and no gelatinous sheath or ornamentation. Pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) were not observed. Chemical spot tests were negative...

median septum with two polar gelatinous caps approximately 5 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species. The thallus surface of Astrothelium...

measuring 20–25 by 6.5–7.5 μm, and have diamond-shaped lumina when mature. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in the species. The thallus and pseudostroma...

1–2 longitudinal septa. Asexual spores are produced in immersed (sunken) pycnidia; the conidia are bacilliform (rod-shaped), about 4–6 × 1.0–1.5 μm. D. diacapsis...

reaching about 50–60 μm in length. Asexual reproduction involves immersed pycnidia producing conidia, and conidial shape and size vary from bacilliform to...

to about 10 mm across with long cilia; spores are hyaline and obovoid. Pycnidia were not observed in the material studied. Chemical tests of the medulla...

internal divisions), cylindrical, measuring 8–12 μm long and 2 μm thick. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are sessile, globose, black, with a dot-like...

with 1–3 cross-walls, typically 30–33 × 5–6 μm, and have pointed ends; no pycnidia were seen. No secondary metabolites were detected, as there was insufficient...

2–5(–6) transverse and 6–12(–15) longitudinal divisions. Asexual propagules (pycnidia) were not observed in this species. Standard spot tests are negative (K−...

thin-layer chromatography detects no secondary metabolites. Asexual structures (pycnidia) were not observed. Bogoriella chiquitana is so far known only from its...

4–6 μm). Strigula also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which contain macroconidia (larger asexual spores) with short to medium-sized...

 placodiomorphoides. Vegetative reproduction occurs by means of flask-shaped pycnidia that release colourless, thread-like (filiform) conidia. Chemical tests...

densely squarrosely branched rhizines up to 1 mm long. No apothecia or pycnidia have been observed in the type specimens. Chemical analysis shows that...

Each spore is encased in a wavy gelatinous sheath up to 5 μm thick. No pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) have been observed to occur in this species....

bodies called pycnidia. Pycnidia can be formed on any infected part of the plant showing symptoms, including leaves, stems and roots. The pycnidia exude the...

single-celled (simple), hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, about 4–5 × 2–2.5 μm. Pycnidia were observed (about 80 μm diameter), with conidia about 3 × 1 μm. No secondary...

reproduction in Spirographa occurs in immersed, spherical to pear-shaped pycnidia. When mature the upper wall of the pycnidium breaks down irregularly to...

marginal zone and bears simple to forked rhizines (root-like holdfasts). Pycnidia and conidia have not been observed, and the photobiont is Trebouxia. Fruiting...

black with dark rhizines measuring 0.3–0.7 mm long. Neither apothecia nor pycnidia are apparent on the fossil. The isidia are 300–500 μm high and 40–50 μm...

display a faint violet internal staining reaction in iodine. No asexual pycnidia have been observed, and standard spot tests give negative results, consistent...