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describe navigable portions of the sea. There are two main types of polynyas: coastal polynyas, which can be found year-round near the Antarctic and Arctic coasts...

The Weddell Polynya, or Weddell Sea Polynya, is a polynya, or irregular area of open water surrounded by sea ice, in the Weddell Sea of the Southern Ocean...

it for spring passage, this polynya is one of the most biologically productive marine areas in the Arctic Ocean. Polynyas are often compared to oases...

creating polynyas which opens up the water surface to a cold atmosphere during winter, which further helps form more sea ice. Antarctic coastal polynyas form...

Between 1973 and 1986, several polynyas have occurred in these waters, with the totally enclosed Cosmonaut polynya attaining its maximum size on July...

McMurdo Sound Polynyas in McMurdo Sound Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Spencer Gulf Weddell Sea Weddell Polynya/Maud Rise Polynya While all...

Leads vary in width from meters to hundreds of meters. As is the case for polynyas (another sea ice feature involving open water), leads allow the direct...

A polynya is a non-linear area of open water surrounded by sea ice. Polynya may also refer to: Polynia (ship), a ship crushed in sea ice in 1891 and commemorated...

The species tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads, to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet. Polar bears...

surface more easily. Polynyas are more uniform in size than leads and are also larger – two types are recognized: 1) Sensible-heat polynyas, caused by the upwelling...

Coastal polynyas are produced in the Antarctic by katabatic winds...

Antarctica, the Arctic, Alaska, and Greenland. He was especially interested in polynyas, an area of open water or thin ice surrounded by sea ice in the polar regions...

onto the ice shelves will blow the newly formed sea ice away, opening polynyas in locations such as Weddell and Ross Seas, off the Adélie Coast and by...

the polynya significantly decreases and two relatively independent areas of open water and young ice form - the Lena and Novosibirsk polynyas. An early...

developed techniques for making vertical ascents and descents through polynyas in the Chukchi Sea. 1952 – USS Redfish used an expanded upward-beamed sounder...

area (on both the Ellesmere and Greenland sides) due to its proximity to polynyas and its position on transportation routes. From settlements at Smith Sound...

high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. However, a polynya of about 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi), known as the North Water, opens in...

(2006). "Polarization of "water-skies" above arctic open waters: how polynyas in the ice-cover can be visually detected from a distance". Journal of...

winter in the Arctic, and Antarctic where frazil forms and coalesces in polynyas or in cold-exposed regions of the open-ocean. Similarly, in seas and lakes...

of sea ice as perching sites and presumably hunting mostly seabirds in polynyas. In February 1886, a snowy owl landed on the rigging of the Nova Scotia...

incubation heads directly out to areas of permanent open water, known as polynyas, around 100 km (62 mi) from the colony. An efficient swimmer, the emperor...

the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea. It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through...

the northward-moving ice leaves areas of open water (coastal latent-heat polynyas), which rapidly freeze. Because Antarctic ice is mainly first-year ice...

Exploration Niven, J., The Ice Master, The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk. Polynyas in the Chukchi Sea: [1] Polar bear protection in the Chukchi Sea: Polar...

surface: Lead (sea ice), a large fracture within an expanse of sea ice Polynya, an area of open water surrounded by sea ice Open water (diving), unconfined...

superba). C. glacialis inhabits the edge of the Arctic icepack, especially in polynyas where light (and photosynthesis) is present, in which they alone comprise...

In coastal polynyas, it is the key to the ventilation of multiple water masses across both the Arctic and Antarctic. A coastal polynya is an area of...

Pleistocene and Holocene in Relation to Sea Ice Extent and Open Water Polynyas". Open Quaternary. 8 (1): 7. doi:10.5334/oq.107. ISSN 2055-298X. "Ancient...

the shores of the Arctic Ocean are influenced by sea ice production and polynya. There is evidence that changing wind, rainfall, and regional ocean currents...

called brine rejection. Large lakes of higher salinity water, called polynyas, form in the middle of floes, and the water eventually sinks to the bottom...

factor contributing to the frequent formation of the Terra Nova Bay polynya. The polynya enables both production of sea ice and high salinity seawater. The...

supercooled layer. Frazil ice can be found on the downwind side of leads and in polynyas. In these environments, that ice can eventually accumulate at the water...

recorded icebergs by area Polar ice cap Polar ice pack (disambiguation) Polynya Sea ice Seabed gouging by ice Shelf ice "Iceberg Formation: International...

the plateau into the bay. Inside Katabatic Winds over the Terra Nova Bay PolynyaPart 1: Atmospheric Jet and Surface Conditions  This article incorporates...

and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay)". Science of the Total Environment. Contaminants in Canadian...

and frozen seas that create the biggest challenge. However, there are polynyas in the Arctic, which are free of ice owing to the pressure of currents...

Landscape Research Thesis Surface temperature and sea ice of an arctic polynya: north water in winter : Canad. and greenlandic high arctic (1985) Doctoral...

ice-free most of the year. The open water areas at the edge of ice packs, polynyas, provide shelter for marine mammals and birds, and have been integral for...

wind Lead (sea ice) – Fracture that opens up in an expanse of sea ice Polynya – Area of unfrozen sea within an ice pack Pressure ridge (ice) – Linear...

other vessels, as the only alternative is to find the openings called "polynyas" or "leads". A widespread production of icebreakers began during the 19th...

winds keep the ice pack in constant motion and contribute to the numerous polynyas and shore leads which are found throughout the region. This same motion...

alongside the pack ice or in areas covered with ice, surviving by using polynyas to surface and breathe. In summer after the sheet ice has melted, they...

Bering Sea shelf edge. To the south of the island there was a persistent polynya in 1999, formed when the prevailing winds from the north and east blow...

by enhanced basal melting, because of ocean processes, and affected by polynya activity. Additionally, warm Circumpolar Deep Water, has been observed...

Fram expedition Nordenskiöld Archipelago Polar ice cap Polar ice packs Polynya Sea ice Shelf ice Vagn Walfrid Ekman – Swedish oceanographer Fourdrinoy...

severe phases of the frozen period. In small regions of open sea water: polynya. These natural ice holes can occur from the action of winds, currents or...

ivory gull breeding in Alaska. During the winter, ivory gulls live near polynyas, or a large area of open water surrounded by sea ice. North American birds...

the music. "Nuuk (Air)" – 4:50 "Polynya I" – 6:33 "Nuuk (Day)" – 7:27 "Amras" – 5:37 "Nuuk (Night)" - 4:15 "Polynya II" - 7:25 "Nuuk (End)" - 6:00 2004...

ice from beneath, forming historic polynyas (areas of open water, like the reappearance of the Maud Rise polynya, four times the size of Wales) 2024...

locations each year: such as, ice dunes and pressure ridges, an ice build-up, polynyas, areas of open water surrounded by sea ice, caused by the prevailing wind...

a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions including seasonal ice cover, polynyas, fronts, gyres, freshwater input and influences, and large seasonal variations...

Robert W. Stevens D.D.L. (1989). Alaskan Aviation History. (Des Moines, IA: Polynyas Press, 1095 pp., hardback 2 volume set). ISBN 0-929427-01-7 Pat Wachel...

Long Strait пролив Лонга (Russian) A view from space, with a long polynya in the strait and Wrangel Island to the north-east Long Strait Location in Russia...

several factors, such as availability of open water in the mouth, with polynyas not freezing even in winter, protection from the winds by the high relief...

Beluga whales often accompany bowhead whales, for curiosity and to secure polynya feasibility to breathe as bowheads are capable of breaking through ice...

Goodsir to the Hickey ambush site (his attempts to pronounce the word polynya: polyp and polyanna, exasperate Captain Crozier). Golding eventually dies...

Basin, Canada). A pod of orcas, likely 10-12 individuals, was trapped in a polynya, and a young man visited the site in spite of advice from elders to wait...

Arctic summer, it would melt all the ice. Russian explorers had found large polynyas (areas of open water) north of Svalbard and so there were surely other...

band, and several polynyas are formed by the warm south winds around there. They have various names, such as the Great Siberian Polynya, and can stretch...

80m, and a record Secchi depth of 79 m has been reported from a coastal polynya of the Eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In other sea waters, Secchi depths...

made very slow progress over ice full of hummocks, cracks, ridges, and polynyas. Only after eight days had they advanced out of sight of the ship. On 1 July...

(2011-12-15). "Early season depletion of dissolved iron in the Ross Sea polynya: Implications for iron dynamics on the Antarctic continental shelf". Journal...

the polar regions, often forming on the downwind side of leads and in polynyas, and in certain conditions may take on an oily or "greasy" appearance....

Warm ENSO events cause the increase of sea ice advection and more coastal polynyas which allows for more dense shelf water availability. These ENSO and SAM...

Vok Beverages, Australian drinks manufacturer Vök, an Icelandic term for Polynya Vlky (in Hungarian Vök), a village and municipality in Senec District in...

Extracts from it were published under the title "The Arctic Pack and the Polynya" in the volume issued in 1929 by the American Geographical Society, Problems...

When transiting under the ice, Redfish had to rely on its sonar to locate polynyas where the submarine could surface and recharge her batteries. The submarine...

having many nodes. polynya An area of unfrozen seawater surrounded by an otherwise contiguous area of pack ice or fast ice. Polynyas are often formed along...

travelled only a short distance under the ice before resurfacing through a polynya, but her radios had been badly damaged, requiring days to repair. The scientific...

island's northwestern Colin Archer Peninsula, it faces Jones Sound. Often, a polynya forms in the Cardigan Strait, a waterway that separates the cape from North...

flaw. The process begins in autumn. Flaw leads can have interconnected polynyas. The Canadian government's Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study, through...

penguin colony known, with a long period of population data. The presence of polynyas in McMurdo Sound provides an ice-free area where penguins can feed, and...

the ice, biology, oceanography, and biogeochemistry of the Amundsen Sea Polynya. There was a controversy that Oden was not assisting the shipping in Swedish...

where they have been observed between belts of pack ice and in leads and polynyas – often in heavy ice cover. Some individuals have become trapped in the...

Gedenschtrom, explorer of the New Siberian Islands, discoverer of Siberian polynya Maria Klenova, a founder of marine geology, made the first complete seabed...

opens to the north. North Kent Island is situated within the strait. A polynya forms in Cardigan Strait most winters, used by wintering Bearded and Ringed...

northwest of Kotelny Island. Gedenschtrom discovered the presence of Siberian polynya (patches of open water at the edge of the drifting ice and continental...

Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) (Pisces: Gadidae) in the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland)". Polar Biology. 20 (5): 357–363. Bibcode:1998PoBio..20..357S...

the western edge of the Ross Sea. The Ross Sea circulation, dominated by polynya processes, is in general very slow-moving. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)...

Arctic cod can also be found in dense schools near glacial fronts and polynyas. Subsurface plumes of freshwater discharged from glaciers create foraging...

surface in." The closest was to make radio contact at the surface from a polynya around 30 nm away, but not to surface fully owing to the risk of damage...

its length between mid October and mid May, but there are places where polynyas form. There are about 1,700 lakes in the basin area of the Tokko. List...

is subject to severe Arctic weather. Although there are some offshore polynyas towards the north, there is fast ice between the Dunay Islands and the...

1969-1978. (in Russian) W.J. Stringer and J.E. Groves. 1991. Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas Archived 2017-10-12 at the Wayback Machine...

Yakuts. Its name derives from the Yakut language word Kheymchen, meaning Polynya. In the 19th century, the trade route between the Kolyma region and the...

very cold temperatures. The region is relatively remote, with only warmer polynyas – open water surrounded by sea ice – to potentially provide instability...

2001, ISBN 1-888125-91-8 Robert W. Stevens, "Alaskan Aviation History", Polynyas Press, Des Moines, Washington, 1989, ISBN 0-929427-01-7 McLaren & Dickson...

Urban Settlement. The placement of the settlement owes much to a sizeable polynya at the shore of the village, allowing the inhabitants to hunt all year...

(UK)/Scribner (UK). The "north water" of the title is the North Water Polynya, to which ships sail in the endless pursuit of whales for their valuable...

with the Qikiqtani Inuit Association. Lancaster Aulacogen North Water Polynya "Lancaster Sound". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada...

across the whole of physical oceanography, including the study of ice, polynyas, Rossby waves, instabilities and eddies. He completed his doctorate in...

early May, Kolchak and Strizhev surveyed Belkovsky Island and run into polynyas in the northern and western directions. In the evening of 23 May 1902,...

Portion of the Last Ice Area - the North Water polynya (NOW) situated between Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Anomalous ice formation were recorded on...

genus of Leeuwenhoekiella which has been isolated from water from the polynya in the Antarctic Ocean. L. polynyae is oxidase and catalase positive. The...

Mountain in SE Holm Land the coastal ice of the Dijmphna Sound gave way to a polynya and, as the sleds tried to find a way around the open water, the first...

years later she was deputy voyage leader for an expedition to the Mertz Polynya, Antarctica. In 2016 she was awarded the McKay Hammer, for her combined...

Nihashi, Sohey (2008). "Mapping of sea ice production for Antarctic coastal polynyas". Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (7) 2007GL032903. Bibcode:2008GeoRL...

well as swamps. The river freezes between mid October and mid May, but polynyas may form in the lower reaches. Among the fish species found in the river...

Island. Penny Strait lies about 90 km (56 mi) to the east where open water polynyas occur. It was first noted by Europeans during the search for Franklin's...

Arctic sea ice ecology and history Climate change Iceberg Polar ice cap Polynya Shelf ice Antarctic sea ice Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today...

a polynya, developed three years in a row in the seasonal ice that encases Antarctica each winter. Located in the Weddell Sea, each year the polynya vanished...

Vostochnyy. The Far North:: Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia Polynyas and frozen surface in the Laptev Sea during the winter Archived 2008-12-02...

subsoil, typically found in regions with a subpolar climate. Polynia also polynya, polynia (Russian: полынья́; [pəlɨˈnʲja]) A non-linear area of open water...

of 2–3 m. The southern winter winds shift this ice northwards, making polynyas near the sea centre. There are no icebergs in the sea. Ice melting typically...

During the winter, the bay is often sea ice free; it acts as a coastal polynya due to the katabatic winds that blow off the David, Reeves and Priestley...

been shown to occur in the marine environment as well. The Northwater Polynya, located in Baffin Bay, was found to have a negative correlation of cadmium...

Hughes, P.; Krissek, L.A. (1985). "Modern sediments of the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Ross Sea, Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 20 (5):...

melts during the summer, though ice floes are numerous in some parts. Polynyas may occur throughout the ecozone, but are most common near the Nares Strait...

icebergs from the calved glacier tongue has reduced the effectiveness of the polynya west of Mertz Glacier that acted as one of Antarctica's major areas for...

26 days 04 hours 10 min 25 days 08 hours 04 min 2  Herve Dupriez (FRA) Polynya M 36 J 0.896 29 days 22 hours 47 min 26 days 20 hours 01 min 3  Mihail...

 108–09. ISBN 1894384393. Media related to Makinson Inlet at Wikimedia Commons On a Polynya in Makinson Inlet On the Oceanography of Makinson Inlet v t e...

very expedition. Gedenshtrom established the presence of the Siberian polynya – patches of open water in sea ice at the edge of the drifting ice and...

fast ice covers the floor of the Sea's coastal zone. On top of it is flaw polynya. It supports a unique benthic ecosystem. The productive benthic environment...

Ringed Seals (Phoca Hispida) on the East and West Sides of the North Water Polynya, Northern Baffin Bay". Marine Mammal Science. 17 (4): 888–908. Bibcode:2001MMamS...

(near South Georgia Island off South America), and Maud Rise. Weddell Polynya "GEBCO Gridded Bathymetry Data". "Maud Rise". Geographic Names Information...

Peninsula in 1882–1883, but ended up stuck in the Kara Sea pack ice. A polynya forms at the foot of the steep cliffs of Mallemuk Mountain so that there...

Bowhead whales are arranged on the beach. There is also a large, permanent polynya near Sireniki. In the 17th century, Semyon Dezhnyov and his Cossacks founded...

(1997-01-01). "Flux of particulate matter through copepods in the Northeast water polynya". Journal of Marine Systems. 10 (1): 319–342. Bibcode:1997JMS....10..319D...

Officer of the Order of Canada (2000) Stirling I (1997) The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. Journal of Marine Systems...

(1995). Peracarid fauna (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the Northeast Water Polynya off Greenland: documenting close benthic-pelagic coupling in the Westwind...

Institute of Geography and started the investigation of the North Water Polynya in Baffin Bay. Müller also worked on the glacier inventories of the Swiss...

deep mixing. The convection in the Weddell Sea is mostly associated with polynya. According to Akitomo et al. (1995), Arnold L. Gordon was the first to...

regimes and the likely loss of the multi-year ice cover. Polar ecology Polynya Ehrlich, Julia; Schaafsma, Fokje L.; Bluhm, Bodil A.; Peeken, Ilka; Castellani...

Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) and International North Water Polynya Study (NOW) research projects. It provides complete coverage of more than...

0.9 and 2.2 m (3 and 7+1⁄5 ft), denotes the refreezing of the Lincoln Polynya ice. These helicopter measurements concur with satellite-based radar imagery...

to the Antarctic, a seven-week expedition to explore, the Mertz Glacier Polynya. On 14 January 1999 whilst en route to Antarctica a fire caused by leaking...

The ecological importance of Lancaster Sound is due to the presence of polynyas in its waters. These small pockets of open water provide refuge for Arctic...

of the cliffs there is often open water. List of mountains in Greenland Polynya ONC map of North Greenland at scale 1:1,000,000 - 1969 Google Earth Mallemukfjeldet...

Amdrup Land. The waters around the islands are part of the North East Water polynya, a seasonal area of open water surrounded by ice. List of islands of Greenland...

truck transport across the ice of Lake Ladoga, the vehicle fell into a polynya, but did not sink, though the passengers arrived in Zhikharevo covered...

(2007-05-01). "Investigations of newly formed sea ice in the Cape Bathurst polynya: 1. Structural, physical, and optical properties". Journal of Geophysical...

(2013-12-05). "Observed thinning of Totten Glacier is linked to coastal polynya variability". Nature Communications. 4: 2857. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2857K...

Pikialasorsuaq Expedition : 20-day, 300 km ski journey along the North Water Polynya, over the Devon Ice Cap, and across Jones Sound to finish at Grise Fiord...

J.; Marshall, S. (2021). "Marine Aerosol Records of Arctic Sea-Ice and Polynya Variability From New Ellesmere and Devon Island Firn Cores, Nunavut, Canada"...

Pleistocene and Holocene in Relation to Sea Ice Extent and Open Water Polynyas". Open Quaternary. 8 7. doi:10.5334/oq.107. Lan, T.; Leppälä, K.; Tomlin...

term for the Arctic Ocean and the southern part of the Southern Ocean Polynya – An area of unfrozen sea within the ice pack Pressure ridge (ice) – A...

Passage. Dunbar was one of the first Arctic scientists to observe and study polynyas, open areas of water or thin ice that develop in the winter when strong...

coastal areas of Amdrup Land and Holm Land adjacent to the Northeast Water polynya: an archaeological perspective Tectono-stratigraphic history of Northern...

current in the Weddell Sea Weddell Plain, an undersea abyssal plain Weddell Polynya, an area of water surrounded by sea ice in the Weddell Sea Weddell, Northern...

to the Antarctic, a seven-week expedition to explore, the Mertz Glacier Polynya, when a fire broke out in the engine room while the ship was deep within...

2010. Retrieved 2008-06-04. Lady Ann Strait at the Atlas of Canada. The Polynya in Lady Ann Strait, Jones Sound, NW Baffin Bay, Arctic Canada: A Time-lapse...

; Gambi, M. C. (2003). "The vertical flux of particulate matter in the polynya of Terra Nova Bay. Part II. Biological components". Antarctic Science....

cross the ocean from south to north, pass the Bering Straits, reach the Polynya, open water found recently by the navigators Herold and Plower. One would...