DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

Piaroa
Piaroa
De'aruwa
Native to	Colombia and Venezuela
Ethnicity	Piaroa people
Native speakers	14,500 (2017)
Language family	Piaroa–Saliban Piaroan Piaroa; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pid
Glottolog	piar1243
ELP	Piaroa

Piaroa is an Indigenous language of Venezuela and Colombia, spoken by the Piaroa people. It is a member of the Piaroa–Saliban languages, and was spoken by 14,500 people in 2017.

Classification

Piaroa is related to the Wirö language (commonly called by the pejorative term "Maco"), to which it is closely related, the two forming a Piaroan branch, and Saliba, composing a language family called Piaroa–Saliban. Piaroa–Saliban has been linked to various language families in the region, include Hoti, Betoi–Jirara, and Ticuna–Yuri.^[1]^[2] Wirö is so close to Piaroa that some authors have incorrectly classified it as a dialect of Piaroa. A fourth Piaroa–Saliban language has been claimed, Ature, but no data was ever collected for it and it is now extinct. The relationship between Piaroa and Saliba was first recognized by Filippo Salvatore Gilii in 1782.^[1]

Status

Piaroa was spoken by about 14,500 people in 2017.^[1] The language is spoken vigorously by all generations of Piaroa people.^[3]

Alternate names

Piaroa is called by many names, including variations of Wotuja,^[4] Wo’tiheh, and Huottüja.^[5]

Phonology

Consonants
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Stop	Plain	p	t			k	kʷ	ʔ
	Aspirated	pʰ~ɸ	tʰ			kʰ	kʰʷ
	Ejective	pʼ	tʼ			kʼ	kʷʼ
	Glottal	ˀb	ˀd
Affricate	Plain				t͡ʃ~t͡s
	Aspirated			t͡sʰ
	Ejective			t͡sʼ
Fricative				s				hˣ	hˣʷ
Nasal		m		n
Flap/Lateral				ɾ	ʎ
Approximant					j~dʲ		w

Palatalization of /k, kʰ, kʼ, hˣ/ may occur when before front vowels as [kʲ, kʲʰ, kʲʼ, hʲ].

/pʰ/ is in free variation with [ɸ].

Phonemes /j/ and /t͡ʃ/ may have allophones of [dʲ, t͡s].

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u ɯ
Mid	e		ɤ~o
Open	æ		ɑ~ɒ

Vowels /ɤ, ɑ/ are rounded as [o, ɒ] when after labial consonants.^[3]

Nasalization is analyzed as a suprasegmental feature.^[3]

Morphology

Two genders are distinguished in Piaroa, masculine and feminine.^[3]

Syntax

Word order

Preferred word order in Piaroa is subject–object–verb word order.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zamponi, Raoul (2017). "Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodi̵: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region". Anthropological Linguistics. 59 (3): 263–321. ISSN 0003-5483.
^ Jolkesky, M. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mosonyi, Esteban Emílio (2002). "Elementos de Gramática Piaroa: Algunas Consideraciones sobre sus clases nominales" (PDF). Boletín de Lingüística. 18 (18): 71–103.
^ Censo indígena de Venezuela, 1992 (Volume 1 ed.). Venezuela Oficina Central de Estadística e Informática. 1993. p. 516.
^ Krisólogo B., Pedro J. (1976). Manual glotológico del idioma wo'tiheh. Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela. Vol. 16. Caracas: Centro de lenguas Indigenas, Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, Universidad Católica "Andrés Bello".

External links

Huottüją Foundation, Piaroa nonprofit organization

[:0-1] Zamponi, Raoul (2017). "Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodi̵: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region". Anthropological Linguistics. 59 (3): 263–321. ISSN 0003-5483.

[Jolkesky-2016-2] Jolkesky, M. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation.

[:1-3] Mosonyi, Esteban Emílio (2002). "Elementos de Gramática Piaroa: Algunas Consideraciones sobre sus clases nominales" (PDF). Boletín de Lingüística. 18 (18): 71–103.

[4] Censo indígena de Venezuela, 1992 (Volume 1 ed.). Venezuela Oficina Central de Estadística e Informática. 1993. p. 516.

[5] Krisólogo B., Pedro J. (1976). Manual glotológico del idioma wo'tiheh. Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela. Vol. 16. Caracas: Centro de lenguas Indigenas, Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, Universidad Católica "Andrés Bello".

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