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thereby increasing genetic diversity. Outcrossing can be a useful technique in animal breeding. The outcrossing breeder intends to remove the traits by...

extensive outcross program, to increase the breed's vitality, fertility and genetic variation. The Dutch kennel club approved the outcross programme in...

field and an outcross would be necessary to resurrect the breed as a working dog. Sports Afield chimed in with a similar call for an outcross. Ned LaGrande...

and White setter. Before any outcross matings could take place, the mating would have to be approved by the official Outcross Committee. Only dogs with current...

of the short dense coat. In the late 1950s, the Persian was used as an outcross by some American Shorthair breeders. This was done in secret in order to...

The designation A means one parent is a Savannah and the other is an outcross. B is used when both parents are Savannahs, with one of them being an A...

After outcrossing to a cat of unknown parentage, at least three generations must be bred to establish a full pedigree record. In TICA outcrossing has mainly...

in the Cincinnati Zoo, was also outcrossed and sired at least two litters of orange cubs at Pretoria Zoo. Outcrossing is not necessarily done with the...

researchers have said the Olde English Bulldogge is a "viable candidate" as an outcross on which to rebuild the Bulldog; a breed that genetic studies have suggested...

the new breed. It became necessary to utilise other breeds for genetic outcross and the phenotype began to evolve and develop into a different look than...

via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. Crossbreeding between populations sometimes has positive effects on...

Ragdoll lines developed from 1971 to 1975 (4 years). Currently, acceptable outcrossings are as follows: ACFA (Siberian), CFA (Long Haired Selkirk Rex, Straight)...

Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) discontinued using Persian cats as an outcross, and in 2025 - British Shorthair or Exotic. Starting from 2025 Selkirk...

short hairs and domestic long hairs to be registered for the purpose of outcrossing. They should not be confused with standardized breeds with similar names...

societies of sexual activity between closely related individuals. Human outcrossing sexual activity provides the adaptive benefit of the masking of expression...

offspring. It is a way to prevent self-fertilization and promote allogamy (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations...

fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction, meiotic recombination and outcrossing, are likely maintained respectively by the adaptive advantages of recombinational...

multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species". Horticulture Research. 3 (1): 16057. Bibcode:2016HorR....316057D...

of outcrossing appears to be the masking of deleterious recessive mutations. The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves...

backgrounds, this can result in different locally coadapted gene complexes. Outcrossing between individuals with differently adapted gene complexes can result...

less than 5%; however, in some breeds this may not be possible without outcrossing. The average COI for dog breeds is 25%. An individual is said to be inbred...

sorghum) and C. lutea (on paspalum). C. purpurea most commonly affects outcrossing species such as rye (its most common host), as well as triticale, wheat...

as plants have mechanisms to assure full seed set through selfing when outcross pollen is limiting. It is assumed that self-pollination is beneficial,...

nature of meiotic events that result from outcrossing suggests that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of genetic diversity)...

evolution as an adaptation for the promotion of cross-fertilisation (outcrossing), a process that allows the masking of deleterious mutations in the genome...

partners. It is widely accepted that the first vascular plants were outcrossing hermaphrodites. In flowering plants, hermaphroditism is ancestral to...

the three lobes of the stigma to make a normal sized and shaped fruit. Outcrossing, or cross-fertilisation, and self-fertilisation represent different strategies...

examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of outcrossing in many species. Charles Waring Darwin, born in December 1856, was the...

Nebelung, a moderately-long haired breed which used the Russian Blue as an outcross Russian White, Black, and Tabby "Breed Comparisons - Russian Blue | World...

Javanese). The Balinese and Javanese were eliminated from the acceptable outcross list in 2005. The Peterbald was accepted for Championship class competition...

foxhounds such as the Dumfriesshire Hound were used by several packs as an outcross. Trail hunting Drag hunting Brian Lowe, Hunting the clean boot: The working...

quarantine laws) to work with GCCF Old-Style Siamese, TICA also allows outcrossing to registered Siamese of moderate type. In WCF and FIFe, natural, unregistered...

its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of Zea species to outcross. Barbara McClintock used maize to validate her transposon theory of "jumping...

straight-eared Scottish Folds but only use British Shorthairs (BSH) as outcross. Both scientific studies and anecdotal reports from breeders indicate that...

line of cats was breeder Georgiana Gattenby of Brainerd, Minnesota, who outcrossed with Cornish Rex cats. The standard for the Sphynx differs between cat...

them. In plants, the term refers to the degree and circumstances of outcrossing. In human sociobiology, the terms have been extended to encompass the...

Korthals Griffon with the clubs recognizing all breedings including the outcross hybrids. Contrary to some publications, the Griffon is not non-shedding...

conducted to estimate the amount of outcrossing under local conditions in Malaysia. It was found that outcrossing occurred at a very low rate of about...

ergotism in humans and other mammals. C. purpurea most commonly affects outcrossing species such as rye (its most common host), as well as triticale, wheat...

provides horses for the academy as well as preserving a valuable genetic outcross pool for European studs. The roots of the South African Lipizzaners trace...

of fertilization of ovules by outcross pollen, as opposed to self-pollen. Although the evident product of more outcrossing is a mutual result among SI systems...

contrast, C. canephora and C. liberica are self-incompatible and require outcrossing. This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetatively...

Hermaphroditism Isogamy Mate choice Mating in fungi Operational sex ratio Outcrossing Allogamy Self-incompatibility Sex Sexual intercourse Transformation (genetics)...

AI is also used to improve the quality of a herd, or to introduce an outcross of bloodlines. Some ranchers prefer to use AI to allow them to breed to...

often combined with techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed...

Shorthair. The Exotic Shorthair is a breed developed in the late 1950s by outcrossing Persian cats with American Shorthairs. Historical Persian cat show winners...

pointed, lavender, and cinnamon (all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross.) Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or...

of about 10-75 spikelets. While they tend to self pollinate, 1-2% may outcross. There are 7-9 nodes, with one leaf at each node and hollow internodes...

observed among fully sequenced plant genomes. Gymnosperms are predominantly outcrossing, but lack genetic self-incompatibility. Loblolly pine, like most gymnosperms...

American Classic Pedigree: Round Table Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Apalachee Halel...

together as variants on a de facto single breed, the Blue Shorthair, outcrossings of the British with the Russian Blue were also common. After the war...

that both parents of stallions be registered with the PtHA or an approved outcross breed, a requirement that does not apply to ponies, miniatures, or horses...

"A" or "B" generation, it is usually because they have been recently outcrossed to another domestic breed to improve specific cosmetic traits, but the...

Lykoi. Since the mother to one litter was a black domestic, extensive outcrossing with short-haired black domestic cats began. With time, it was determined...

a mixed mating system, where they are able to both self-pollinate and outcross. The species is fully self-compatible, and has the ability to produce seeds...

style is nearly as long as the stamens. The flowers are self-fertile and outcross at about 5%. The bloom period is in the early spring, often cut short by...

(TICA), and World Cat Federation (WCF). The Russian Blue is permitted as an outcross in most registries. However, the Nebelung remains a relatively rare breed...

pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex, but instead requires activation...

creating a lifesaving dog by the Russian state kennel—the unfortunate outcross with the Caucasian Shepherd Dog begat a dog more adept at biting than rescuing...

more favorable environment. Escaping local pathogen risk. Increased Outcrossing. Introduction of new and beneficial alleles. Landing in an environment...

American Kennel Clubs (AKC) and are considered a rare breed. Due to regular outcrossings throughout the Rat Terrier's history, overall it is a very hardy breed...

ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting. The tall variety is outcrossing while dwarf palms are self-pollinating, which has led to a much greater...

varieties are those that are maintained without strict barriers to prevent outcrossing and then seed is collected at and stored from each harvest such as the...

obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous flowers. The evolutionary shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the most common evolutionary transitions...

vary in stigma position and the length of the lower anthers. Allogamy (outcrossing) on the whole is enforced through a late-acting (ovarian) self-incompatibility...

nationalism Genetic pollution Master race Mental hygiene Miscegenation Monoethnicity One-drop rule Outcrossing Purebred Race of the future Racial segregation...

ant-mediated dispersal, which is effective in increasing the plant's ability to outcross, but ineffective in bringing the plant very far. This has led ecologists...

000 to 100,000 years ago. Its outcrossing progenitor was Capsella grandiflora. In general, the shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is among...

crossbreed though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. Outcrossing is a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the...

lines. A red and white female Moroccan street cat was used as an initial outcross, then later on a Black & White Cornish Rex. Further cats were imported...

play a crucial role in attracting a partner and in facilitating outcrossing. Outcrossing would provide the benefit of masking the expression of deleterious...

mares who do not have Northern Dancer in their pedigree (referred to as an outcross). However, many successful stallions are inbred, in part because this can...

male gametes. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate...

commonly occurs in two fundamentally different ways in fungi. These are outcrossing (in heterothallic fungi) in which two different individuals contribute...

conditions concluded that outcrossing occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. This low frequency of outcrossing implies that there is little...

inbred animals frequently make outstanding breeding stock because when outcrossed, superior hybrid individuals often result. Secretariat is an example of...

plant grows up to 24 inches (61 cm) in height. Gomphrena globosa is an outcrossing species that is pollinated by butterflies, bees, and other insects. Floral...

mutation of this original pattern. Other variants have been introduced by outcrossing to the Burmese and other shorthaired breeds, notably blue (on a warm...

experiments to confirm the ability of Bauhinia × blakeana in backcross or outcross to produce (fertile) seeds. Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong...

however, was her outcross of the Blunt bloodstock to Skowronek. Lady Wentworth knew that she needed additional horses to outcross on descendants of her...

These kittens are the founding stock of the Donskoy breed and were later outcrossed with European Shorthair cats. Over time, breeders learned more about the...

Llewellin (1840–1925), who founded his strain using Laverack's best dogs and outcrossed them with the Duke, Rhoebe and later Duke's littermate Kate bloodlines...

cells; and whether the genes not approved for human consumption could outcross to other crops. There is a scientific consensus that currently available...

that it can set fruits with its own pollen, and doesn't necessarily need outcross pollination. It has earned the Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Horticultural...

architecture affects quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example,...

load may increase when deleterious mutations, migration, inbreeding, or outcrossing lower mean fitness. Genetic load may also increase when beneficial mutations...

trademark, as "one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops". In 2003, Scotts planted it as part of a large (about...

toxicity, allergenicity, possible gene transfer to humans or genetic outcrossing to other organisms. Some medical organizations, including the British...

synonymous with the term "cross-fertilization" or "cross-pollination" (outcrossing). The latter term can be used more specifically to mean pollen exchange...

interference, geitonogamy necessarily involves the same processes as outcrossing: pollinator attraction, reward provisioning, and pollen removal. Therefore...

breeding, they imported Arabians and other oriental horses to breed as an outcross to the heavier, local animals. This led to the development of breeds such...

self-fertilization in fertile hermaphroditic organisms, and thus encourages outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals...

tells others nearby to be male. Thus when plants are near each other outcrossing is promoted. Self-fertilization predominates when there is no nearby...

short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing. Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš...

diverse landraces. Each plant varies in its likelihood of outcrossing. Highly outcrossing plants such as spinach are more likely to create landraces...

slight climatic differences between the diploid and autotetraploid types. Outcrossing is likely to occur among cytotypes as well. It is an evergreen herbaceous...

These observations suggest that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of diversity) are likely to be insufficient for generally...

intelligent Capable of understanding some words As the breed is frequently outcrossed to "legend cats", Pixie-bobs are genetically diverse and are not prone...

or high-percentage Crabbet horses, while others use these lines as an outcross on other strains. In either situation, Crabbet-bred Arabian horses have...

allowing natural outcrossing, which averages about 20% but varies with location due to pollinator populations. This level of outcrossing can lead to genetic...

plant evolution as an adaptation to facilitate cross-fertilization (outcrossing), a process that leads to the masking of recessive deleterious mutations...

hand-pollinating. D. membranaceus and D. sinicus are self-compatible but largely outcrossing. Honey bees serve as effective pollinators. One hypothesis to explain...

Arabidopsis thaliana is a predominantly self-pollinating plant that has an outcrossing rate in the wild estimated at less than 0.3%, and self-pollination appears...

[citation needed] Anemophily is adaptively beneficial because it promotes outcrossing and thus the avoidance of inbreeding depression that can occur due to...

Artificial selection Dog hybrids and crossbreeds Purebred Selective breeding Outcross Terminal and Rotaterminal Crossbreeding Systems for Pork Producers University...

into the environment, there would be no horizontal gene transfer or outcrossing of genes with natural species. Furthermore, these kinds of synthetic...

purple highlights. The flowers of Hibiscus trionum can set seed via both outcrossing and self-pollination. During the first few hours after anthesis, the...

analyzed the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains and concluded that outcrossing occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. Thus, it appears...

glyphosate-tolerant as "one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops", was planted in 2003 as part of a large (about 160...

separation of its reproductive development timing makes fire pink a highly outcrossing species, and reduces chances for self-pollination. Fire pink grows in...

The Silken Windhound studbooks closed in 2000, with minimal sanctioned outcrossing to foundational breeds being monitored to improve health and lower COI...

slightly heavy-weight riding horse". F1 crosses were further refined with outcrossing to other European warmblood breeds, such as the Wielkopolski and Selle...

maximum potential. Bull Terrier blood of known ancestry was sought and outcrossed into the breed.[according to whom?] Plummer had cancer and died in September...

in postwar France were offspring of this pair. They had to be heavily outcrossed with long-hair breeds such as Persian and Siamese to rebuild the Birman...

Tesio Power 2000 – Stallions of the World, Syntax Software "Is Sire-Line Outcrossing Possible Anymore?". cs.bloodhorse.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016. National...

least genetic diversity among the 22 breeds studied. The possibility of outcrossing with another breed to increase the genetic diversity had been raised...

with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs. Probably the earliest...

concentrations in the nectar of tobacco plants, where it may promote outcrossing by affecting the behavior of hummingbird pollinators. Nicotine occurs...

rate of outcrossing between different strains of Leishmania in the sand fly vector depends on the frequency of co-infection. Such outcrossing events appear...

human cells, and whether genes not approved for human consumption could outcross into the food supply. There is a scientific consensus that currently available...

permits any coat colour and pattern, and any length, since it also permits outcrossing to Exotic Longhair. The Foldex breed has a round face with wide-open...

vegetative propagation, many carnivorous plants are insect-pollinated. Outcross pollination is beneficial as it increases genetic diversity. This means...

parthenogenetic species lack the ability to complement genetic mutations through outcrossing or are unable to incorporate new genetic material, research on parthenogenetic...

conservation. The breeding protocol for skinny guinea pigs requires outcrossing to haired carriers at least every other generation. This is an important...

GODOLPHIN ARABIAN MALE BLOODLINE PART 1 Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Argentine-based Sires & Dams Brazil's Horse...

the production of a mixture of self-fertilized (selfed) and outbred (outcrossed) seeds. Plant mating systems influence the distribution of genetic variation...

solid rooting in their juvenile phase. Peach palm is a predominantly outcrossing species, though self-fertilization has also been observed. Pollination...

Differences between outcrossing species versus selfing species can be clearly distinguished in plants such as Collinsia grandiflora, an outcrossing species, and...

gametes. Reproduction is predominantly, and probably exclusively, by outcrossing. During a mating session of several hours, two snails exchange sperm...

bumblebees, and flower flies. Additionally, white mustard is an obligate outcrossing species, that is, white mustard is self-incompatible and cannot self-fertilize...

tetraspora". Because heterothallic species necessarily undergo some degree of outcrossing they may benefit from a higher efficiency of selection because of higher...

Otterhounds. In the second half of the 19th century, French Griffons were outcrossed, including one-eighth Wolf cross/Griffon Vendéen from the Comte de Canteleu...

researching her options, she decided to start a new breed, including outcrossing with the Olde English Bulldogge. In 2001, her first EB x OEB crosses...

from the same plant or from genetically similar plants, and ensures outcrossing. The primitive development of carpels, as seen in such groups of plants...

influence their fitness largely due to homozygosity. In such instances, outcrossing should result in heterosis. Not all outcrosses result in heterosis. For...

its inconspicuous, closed flowers with little scent), with occasional outcrossing. Fruits and viable seeds are produced without assistance from pollinators...

and do not mate with other hermaphrodites. Males are the only means of outcrossing. Hermaphrodites may be beneficial in colonizing new habitats, because...

rules, and after intervening breed redefinitions, only "certain limited outcrossing" is allowed (by special permission from CFA), and only to the Oriental...

Roots of Modern Show Jumpers: Orange Peel Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Stonebridge, M. A. (1972). Great Horses of...

within the flower. This type of floral mechanism is thought to encourage outcross pollen transfer and is usually associated with heteromorphic self-incompatibility...

granted the breed formal recognition. However, due to continued extensive outcrossing with Siamese cats to increase the population, the original type was overwhelmed...

Retrieved 21 May 2018. Christen, M.; Kurtz, J.; Milinski, M. (2002). "Outcrossing increases infection success and competitive ability: experimental evidence...

location of the nectary the pollinator assists in fertilization and outcrossing of the plant as they brush against the reproductive organs, the stamen...

that time, when compared to medium and small Japanese dogs, due to being outcrossed to the Tosa fighting dog, and other Imported foreign dogs.[unreliable...

homothallism for self-fertile fungi and heterothallism for self-incompatible, outcrossing fungi. Most Mucoralean species are saprotrophic, and grow on organic...

Durbar Portrait: Havresac Portrait: Biribi Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Portrait: Rialto American Classic Pedigree:...

Portrait: Prince Chimay Unforgettable: Bounce Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Il Gran Premio Merano Portrait: Rabelais Image:...

in a minimum of 50% purebred Paso Fino or Peruvian Paso horse. Only one outcross is allowed (to obtain Lp or Appaloosa pattern). All 50% crosses will provide...

cleistogamous (self pollinating, non-opening flower) with no evident outcrossing. B. tectorum has a fibrous root system with few main roots that do not...

coat while the long-haired has a semi-long silky coat. TICA rules for outcrossing allows the use of any domestic cat that does not already belong to a...

genetic diversity within these species indicate that these plants are outcrossing, even though many violet species can produce many clonal offspring throughout...

Winged bean is a self-pollinating plant but mutations and occasional outcrossing may produce variations in the species. The pretreatment of winged bean...

has two fundamental aspects: genetic recombination during meiosis, and outcrossing. It has been proposed that these two aspects have two natural selective...

of genetic variation, the rate of genomic decay, the maintenance of outcrossing sexual reproduction as opposed to inbreeding and the evolution of sex...

distribution of plant mating systems: study bias against obligately outcrossing species". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 60 (5):...

largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals results in the beneficial masking of deleterious...

view that the two fundamental aspects of sex, genetic recombination and outcrossing, are adaptive responses to the two major sources of "noise" in transmitting...

Studbook Argentino. Retrieved 2022-10-30. Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Godolphin Makes Sharp Impact in Spectacular...

modern purebred dogs and more similar to today's Alaskan huskies often outcrossed to promote better fitness and health. Balto shared part of his ancestry...

the other French braque breeds; its foundation stock was extensively outcrossed to the English Pointer and some believe there were minor introductions...

itself. Agave schottii proves to be a good model to observe this type of outcrossing. Agave plants, in general, have many uses, including: as a sweetener...

(2017-06-01). "Genetic rescue of an endangered domestic animal through outcrossing with closely related breeds: A case study of the Norwegian Lundehund"...

different individuals. Arrangements other than hermaphroditic help to ensure outcrossing. The development of the embryo and gametophytes is called embryology...

(zygospores) are globose and unornamented. The hyphae used during sexual outcrossing is similar to vegetative hyphae or in some cases may be slightly enlarged...

the two, comparing the population of the United States to a massive outcrossing experiment: We are more crossed than any other nation in the history...

Holsteins. When Milking Shorthorn breeders were looking for potential outcrossing individuals to improve milk production, red and white Holsteins came...

Division, or a horse of "purebred Arabian heritage" registered in the Arabian Outcross Division. The resulting foal will be over 99% Arabian blood and must have...

pollinator specialization (dependence on Agrius convolvuli) and obligate outcrossing, which make sexual reproduction dependent on a single pollinator species...

fertilisation and hence to leave offspring. The main selective advantage of outcrossing is that it promotes the masking of deleterious recessive alleles, while...

reproduces by selfing in natural populations, with very low rates of outcrossing. A. barbata is native to central Asia (as far east as Pakistan) and the...

is seemingly uncommon in nature. These plants predominantly rely on outcrossing, mediated by pollinators for population sustainability and increased...

strain that was crossed with Teddies and other haired breeds: a form of outcrossing. The Baldwin, like the Skinny, is a nearly hairless breed. However, Baldwins...

some breeds to be unsustainable and outcrossing to non-brachycephalic breeds might be necessary. Although outcrossing can attempt to lengthen the average...

the world today. In the mid-1980s, Tersk Stud introduced a few different outcross stallions, such as the Polish imports Gvizd ("Gwizd" in Poland) and Harfiaj...

far, acting as a dispersal stage from one pond to another, ensuring outcrossing in the population. The striking coloration of this stage is an example...

although mating type switching and pheromone signaling allow for occasional outcrossing to enhance genetic variation. Certain yeast species have unique mating...

another organism just like an endogenous gene. The process is known as outcrossing and can occur in any new open-pollinated crop variety. As late as the...

1016/s1161-0301(98)00037-9. Vollmann, J.; Ruckenbauer, P. (1991). "Estimation of Outcrossing Rates in Crambe (Crambe-Abyssinica Hochst Ex Re Fries) Using a Dominant...

later suggested to be an artifact because the mutants show increased outcrossing due to organ fusion. The plant's small size and rapid lifecycle are also...

American Classic Pedigree: Round Table Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Apalachee Halel...

the one pictured in this article as a cross to his bloodhounds, and this outcross was bred on into the modern population of bloodhounds. Many of the modern...

self-fertilize. Chasmogamous flowers are adapted to cross-fertilize, or outcross. Leaves have three leaflets and are held alternately on twining stems....

strains of opposite mating type. This promotes some degree of outcrossing. Outcrossing, through complementation, could provide the benefit of masking...

Tourbillon American Classic Pedigree: Tourbillon Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Emerson American...

American Classic Pedigree: Round Table Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Apalachee South...

2006). "Impact of Insect Pollinator Group and Floral Display Size on Outcrossing Rate". Evolution. 60 (2): 234–246. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01102...

Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved August 6, 2024. "Neocogniauxia monophylla outcross". Retrieved 27 July 2014. Media related to Neocogniauxia monophylla at...

identified euascomycete sex genes. A heterothallic sexual cycle involving outcrossing between MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 isolates was subsequently described . A. clavatus...

geographic variation in pollinator assemblages. Passiflora lutea is primarily outcrossing and typically requires animal pollinators for successful fruit production...

Fruit production from self-fertilization is rare. In three study plots, outcrossed flowers had an average of about 11% fruit set. Within its range, A. syriaca...

sheep being sold for years, well into the 19th century.[citation needed] Outcrossing with English long-wool breeds and selection produced a well-defined breed...

other barriers to hybridization between two diverging populations of an outcrossing species are required for the populations to become new species. Horizontal...

excluding pairings between parents and offspring, and between full siblings. Outcrossing is the planned breeding between two unrelated dogs, used to increase...

for German breeding, helped by the fact that his pedigree represented an outcross for the "ever-increasing saturation of Northern Dancer" in European bloodlines...

fertilisation event may be classed as either self-fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate. Thus the only model parameter to be estimated...

means that seeds sired through geitonogamy are, on average, less fit than outcrossed progeny. These effects are especially pronounced in large, many-flowered...

reversion phenomenon was due to the plants having a pronounced bias towards outcrossing (because of their floral defects), rather than self-fertilizing at high...

of outcrossing in natural populations showed that selfing is the predominant mode of reproduction in C. elegans, but that infrequent outcrossing events...

Tourbillon American Classic Pedigree: Tourbillon Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Djebel American...

but males do exist, and strong genetic evidence indicates occasional outcrossing. The concentration of males to hermaphrodites can vary depending on the...

especially of the "island" type. In addition to that, the occasional "outcross" adds an element of hybridization to the mix. It is not panmixia. Following...

largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious...

morphs appearing within the same populations. This is thought to increase outcrossing and so boost genetic diversity, which in turn may help to survive in...

original on 2025-02-18. Retrieved 2025-07-03. Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. "Admiral Drake Horse Pedigree". www.pedigreequery...

Matsuzaki, Ryo; Kawachi, Masanobu (2020-07-02). "A new preferentially outcrossing monoicous species of Volvox sect. Volvox (Chlorophyta) from Thailand"...

for channel catfish since 2003. Other studies of genetic diversity, outcrossing, etc. in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm...

gametophytes self-fertilization comes from the low rates of outcrossing. The low rates of outcrossing can be overcome by variations of heterogeneity in selection...

pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex but instead requires activation...

full saturation. The dilute gene was introduced into the breed through outcrossing with other rabbit breeds to add Blue and Lilac rabbits. The dilute gene...

Branch Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Image: Katko Image: Trapezio American Classic...

Wirawan; Matsuzaki, Ryo; Kawachi, Masanobu (2020). "A new preferentially outcrossing monoicous species of Volvox sect. Volvox (Chlorophyta) from Thailand"...

but its form of breeding is rarely reported on and has been said to be outcrossed through seed dispersal by wind or water. The plant is commonly found in...

predators. Typically the virgin queens and males first scatter to ensure outcrossing. The queens then release pheromones to attract males. However, the queens...

maintained as a landrace using traditional methods including the occasional outcrossing to produce wolfdogs. Archeologists have uncovered evidence of sled dogs...

remained a healthy breed through "refresher breeding" (Auffrischungszucht, outcrossing). The breed was created in the 1870s by Karl Peintinger, an industrialist...

demonstrated negative impacts of recent inbreeding and benefits of occasional outcrossing for lifespan in individual dogs. Studies that have been done in the area...

traces back through Man o' War to the Godolphin Arabian, Put It Back is an outcross for most mares. Bal a Bali is out of the stakes-winning mare In My Side...

different mating systems which may be sexual or asexual, and may involve outcrossing, self-fertilization, or mixed mating. Some are pollinated by insects...

the vugs, are obsessed with gambling. In addition, the Game's exogamy/outcrossing helps to promote human fertility after the devastation of global warfare...

leads to the expectation that adaptation from new mutations in large outcrossing populations should primarily proceed via fixing non-recessive beneficial...

experimentally produced in Finland and showed good results. The risk of outcrossing is very small, as cañihua is self-pollinating. The risk of becoming invasive...

been placed in its own family, Bretschneideraceae. B. sinensis has an outcrossing entomophily breeding system with protogyny and a high P/O ratio, and...

fertilization may have evolved to avoid inbreeding depression, and to facilitate outcrossing which allows the masking of deleterious recessive mutations. Ciona is...

bushfires) on the gene pool of Telopea speciosissima, which relies on outcrossing, is unclear. Although largely protected within National Parks and conservation...

leading to smaller and/or paler flowers, in plants that reproduce without outcrossing, for example via selfing or obligate clonal reproduction. Many objects...

Herrera, Carlos M.; Parra-Tabla, Víctor (June 2015). "Genetic diversity, outcrossing rate, and demographic history along a climatic gradient in the ruderal...

was analyzed, it was determined that formation of diploid meiocytes by outcrossing (as opposed to inbreeding or selfing) occurs only about once every 50...

both outcrossing (reproduction with another individual) and self-fertilisation. In natural populations, reproduction occurs mainly by outcrossing, but...

silver was not expressed; it was thought to have been introduced by outcrossing to some other breed in the past. Horse breeding in the Black Forest –...

and early spring, with pollination by flies and moths; the plant is outcrossing, so seed production depends on multiple plants being present. The berry...

Line: St Simon Branch Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Image: Katko Image: Trapezio...

Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Sandro Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Isabell Werth's Satchmo Passed Away In Memoriam...

example by manual crosses of inbreeding species or mixing of cultivars in outcrossing species. Stage 2: Multiplication of seeds Stage 3: Seeds of each cross...

production is reduced. Further experiments showed that seedlings of outcrossing with plants greater than 30 kilometres (19 mi) apart are more vigorous...

(help) Cheptou, P.O.; Lepart, J.; Escarre, J. (2001-01-01). "Differential outcrossing rates in dispersing and non-dispersing achenes in the heterocarpic plant...

In this work, he presented his findings that hybrids are offspring of outcross pollination and not due to grafting as previously thought. He also studied...

contrast to asexual reproduction. These are genetic recombination and outcrossing. Genetic recombination during meiosis provides the benefit of recombinational...

Galloway, L. F.; Etterson, J. R.; Hamrick, J. L. (11 April 2003). "Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in the herbaceous autotetraploid, Campanula...

2025-08-02. Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Cougar American...

Dancer or Seattle Slew in his own pedigree, he is expected to be a popular "outcross" for mares from these lines. His first foals will be of racing age in 2017...

between related parents, causing a decrease in fitness in the offspring. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals results in the beneficial masking of deleterious...

nature of meiotic events that result from outcrossing suggests that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of genetic diversity)...

developing to maturity before the next freeze. They also have a high outcrossing rate, which helps to increase genetic diversity. Speed and time of flowering...

lead to differing levels of outcrossing compared to those resulting from visits by the native species of birds. Outcrossing is the introduction of unrelated...

original on 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Emerson "Coaraze...

to set seeds. P. lanata has a breeding system with high capacity for outcrossing in West Greenland (Disko) and also show great morphological variation...

geitonogamous pollination. Diurnal visitors like social wasps facilitate outcrossing. There are two known species; Mitrastemon matudae Yamam. Mitrastemon...

Roots of Modern Show Jumpers: Orange Peel Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. ASB: Hurry On (GB) Retrieved 2011-1-29 The...

between strains of different mating types suggests that some degree of outcrossing is favored by natural selection. In haploid multicellular fungi, such...

fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes are meiosis and outcrossing. These two aspects have been proposed to have two natural selective advantages...

the freshwater shrimp Eulimnadia texana: sexual encounter rates and outcrossing success". Behavioral Ecology. 13 (4): 561–570. doi:10.1093/beheco/13...

prominent rose or brown veins and anthers. These are fully to predominantly outcrossing, usually pollinated by species of solitary bees in the genera Panurginus...

that biparental reproduction might be possible in P. corethrurus. Such outcrossing events might restore genetic variability in populations. Ortíz-Ceballos...

various biotypes found that those causing disease symptoms (C,S) are non-outcrossing (primary homothallic), wherein a single uninucleate basidiospore is capable...

does not result in missing teeth. Because the breed is new and rare, outcrossing to the parent breed (the Rat Terrier) is permitted to increase genetic...

while retaining desirable beekeeping traits such as honey production. VSH outcrossed to commercial Italian bees recently have been shown to perform well in...

self-pollinating perennial, the rate of outcrossing varies among Elymus caninus populations. This outcrossing occurs when the species florets are open...

Kingdom in 2011. Dr. Robert Schaible started a breeding program in 1973 to outcross an American Kennel Club (AKC) champion Dalmatian with a Pointer to correct...

by Wolfe. David: Number 5's half-brother. Actually natural son ("an outcrossing") of Maitre. Mr. Million: A "ten nine (1000000000) unbound simulator";...

test-matings are required. Curly-furred Manx cats were all traceable to an outcross mating (to widen the Manx gene pool) in Australia which used a cream Persian...

Arabian Peninsula by Prince Roman Sanguszko of the Gumniska stud. Seeking an outcross for his mares, Sanguszko sent Bogdan Zientarski, accompanied by Carl Raswan...

himal-ulmi (‘of the Himalayan elm’; ulmi means ‘of the elm’). It is outcrossing and heterothallic, with two sexual compatibility types: A and B, occurring...

produced from these matings compared to mating with unrelated individuals. Outcrossing also increases the chances of infecting the second intermediate host...

and Gran Premio Joaquín V. González Hunter, Avalyn (2007-12-20). "Potent Outcross Created Latency". www.bloodhorse.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06. "Our Heritage...

species can successfully grow. Outcrossed pollen grows more successfully. With self-incompatibility systems, outcrossed pollen grows and outcompetes self...

in places where these predominantly self-fertilizing slugs apparently outcross contradicted their status as biological species. Molecular studies led...

colour and a very good walk. He was a terrific racehorse and is a complete outcross for the majority of National Hunt mares here in Ireland." In late December...

genetically identical with their parent gametophyte. Dioicy promotes outcrossing. Sexual dimorphism is commonly found in dioicous species. Dioicy is correlated...

Thoroughbreds, and potentially in any breed with Thoroughbred ancestry or outcrossing such as Quarter Horses, Standardbreds, and Morgans. It is autosomal recessive...

nature of meiotic events that result from outcrossing suggests that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of diversity) are unlikely...

down an offer of $250,000 from the Tersk Stud in the Soviet Union. The outcross of the original Crabbet stock with Skowronek was extremely successful,...

in places where these predominantly self-fertilizing slugs apparently outcross contradicted their status as biological species. Molecular studies led...

entomophilous and has multiple different pollinators. It is thought that outcrossing happens occasionally. The species flowering period is between Mai and...

flowering plants, must outcross in order to reproduce. Within-season synchrony can increase the probability of successful outcrossing by donating pollen to...

reproduction involving interaction of opposite mating types promotes outcrossing and the masking of deleterious recessive mutations in the diploid stage...

2006. Is linear deployment of clones optimal under different clonal outcrossing contributions in seed orchards? Tree Genetics & Genomes 2:25–29. Prescher...

variety of breed systems which can be divided into outcrossing and inbreeding. To promote outcrossing, female gametophytes release a chemical pheromone...

giving populations the raw material for adaptation whenever those spores outcross with compatible partners. Because the spore is often the only structure...

section Ceratochloa, B. catharticus flowers both through chasmogamy (outcrossing through open flowers) and cleistogamy (self-pollinating through closed...

example, they determine when selfing becomes at an advantage compared to outcrossing. Another example is the genomic renewal in yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae...

characters. However, in other regions of Europe where these slugs more often outcross there was evidence of hybridization between strains, contradicting their...

Species Orchids and Flasks (Santa Rosa California USA), Dickasonia vernicosa outcross Terragalleria studio photo Au Jardin de Minique, Dickasonia v t e...

coat is covered with woolly hairs. Reproduction takes place via sexual outcrossing through cross-pollination; star cacti reach sexual maturity after a few...

who were placed in triplet groups. M. hystrix has been shown to prefer outcrossing under normal conditions. Another study showed the onset of reproduction...

croceum), and small skullcap (Scutellaria parvula). Pollinators of the outcrossing plants probably include halictid bees such as Halictus ligatus. This...

always had a countershaded dorsal stripe, but these disappeared with the outcrossings of the 18th century. The breed has a large head, slightly convex profile...

Havresac Portrait: Biribi Portrait: Rialto Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. Portrait: Fenimore Cooper Felkel, Sabine; Vogl...

g., bristlecone pine). Many traits involving mating patterns (e.g., outcrossing or selfing) and life history strategies (e.g., annual or perennial) are...

(the slender wild oat Avena barbata and barley Hordeum vulgare) and one outcrossing species, corn (Zea maize). Clegg, Michael T. (2006). Robert Wayne Allard:1919-2003...

and Second World Wars, and at the end of the Second World War further outcrossings to English Foxhounds were necessary to reconstitute the breed. Whilst...

million, with Windfields owner E. P. Taylor regarding him as providing an outcross to Northern Dancer. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1988 and also...

yet have a website). Where colours have been added to a breed through outcrossing to another breed, not all registries accept the new colours under the...

the female parts of the tree mature before the male parts, to promote outcrossing. The species ranges along the eastern coastline of Australia, from Bulburin...

seeds through cross-pollination or self-pollination, though to encourage outcrossing the flowers exhibit protogyny, where the female parts develop before...

evolution as an adaptation for the promotion of cross-fertilisation (outcrossing), a process that allows the masking of deleterious mutations in the genome...

reproductive event and the resulting progeny may both be referred to as an outcross, and the progeny is said to be outbred. Contrast inbreeding. outgroup paleontology...

Tolpis Adans. Crawford, D. J. (2010). Mixed mating in the ‘obligately outcrossing’ Tolpis (Asteraceae) of the Canary Islands. Plant Species Biology 25:2...

maximum flower and fruit production generally occurs during May–July. Outcrossing between all three species has been successful, and many hybrids have...

multiple unlinked loci with Subodh Jain, outlining a procedure to estimate outcrossing rates using genotypic data from families. In 1996, he introduced Method-of-Moments...

of mares, as well as being a good option for those looking to find an outcross for Northern Dancer-line mares. He had his best year to date in 2013, when...

species (acclaimed ancestor of cultivated maize, teosinte) in Spain that can outcross with genetically modified maize (MON 810). Van Rie, J.; Jansens, S.; Höfte...

long. A. arenicola is a self-fertilizing lineage that arose from the outcrossing species Arabidopsis lyrata, and is associated with range expansion. During...

crosses", she imported the stallion *Bremervale Andronicus from Australia, an outcross for her intensely Crabbet-based bloodlines. He became the 2006 National...

Paint Horse, and the Appaloosa and any other breed registry that allows outcrossing to AQHA[clarification needed] horses. HERDA is characterized by abnormal...

longer available to be fertilized by outcrossed pollen, meaning LSI still uses up ovules for potential outcrossing while other SI methods do not. Since...

1937, though the line was believed to be older still. The only known outcrossing to another population had been done in 1968, when two black and white...

brachyantherum. It was hypothesized that this hexaploid form was evolved by outcrossing between diploid Hordeum marine and tetraploid Hordeum brachyantherum...

interest to be identified. Since most laboratory strains are inbred, outcrossing of the homozygous mutated individual with a polymorphic strain is essential...

through which he was related to leading sire Dynaformer; that he was an outcross for mares from the Mr. Prospector and Northern Dancer lines; and that he...

American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. lyrata are typically outcrossing in the center of the distribution but exhibit a shift to selfing at range...

flowers visited and longer flight distances increase pollen flow and outcrossing, which is beneficial for the plant because it lessens inbreeding depression...

exists. Generally, breeds are established using few cats as founders and outcrossing is mostly not allowed. It is also normal that breeds go through population...

2025-08-05. Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. American Classic Pedigree: Cougar American...

commonly known as Nottingham catchfly. Silene nutans is a diploid, mainly outcrossing, herbaceous, perennial plant. It grows up to 25–80 centimetres (10–31 in)...

and allozyme analysis of chamise populations have shown a high rate of outcrossing. Dormant seeds tend to accumulate in the soil, until they are disturbed...

Florensa; Jp, Feral; L, Cornudella; V, Alva (1999-01-01). "Selfing and outcrossing in the brood protecting ophiuroid Amphipholis squamata". ResearchGate...

ewes may have been in lamb to rams that did not survive the winter. Outcrossing with other types of Welsh Mountain sheep may also have occurred, and...

Thomas (1994). "The mating system and relative performance of selfed and outcrossed progeny in Arabis fecunda (Brassicaceae)". American Journal of Botany...

to environments that may be better suited for survival and promotes outcrossing. V. rafinesquii experience seed removal by ants less frequently than...

structure of the fig tree populations: there is clear evidence of abundant outcrossing in the nuclear DNA (which is transported in the pollen dusted on the...

flowers, at the tip of the stem will require pollination to facilitate outcrossing. The other cleistogamous flowers reproduce without any external pollination...

Proliferating pseudanthia are absent. This species is not autogamous and outcrossing is obligatory. Flowering occurs throughout the year. It was first described...

the freshwater shrimp Eulimnadia texana: sexual encounter rates and outcrossing success". Behavioral Ecology. 13 (4): 561–570. doi:10.1093/beheco/13...

antheridiogen". Depending on the ratio of males to hermaphrodites, either outcrossing or inbreeding is selected for by the population. Studies performed on...

rest of the host genome than outcrossing sexual genomes. There are several reasons for this. First, sex and outcrossing put selfish genetic elements into...

phase. Endosporic species are thus dioecious, a condition that promotes outcrossing. Some exosporic species produce micro- and megaspores in the same sporangium...

inflorescence flowering after the male ones senesce, thus promoting outcrossing. Female floral anthesis shows no correlation with climate, although significant...

self-pollinating and outcrossing species. One such example is hybridization between the self-pollinating wood aven and the mostly outcrossing water aven in the...

maturation fitness in smaller and fragmented populations results from wide outcrossing from long-distance pollen dispersal by birds between the populations...

mutant phenotype is lost with successive outcrossings, and recovered with inbreeding of offspring. By outcrossing, he argued, the breeder selects for modifying...

fertilisation event may be classed as either self-fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate. That is, it assumes that inbreeding is...

Retrieved 2021-06-12. Bonnin, I.; et al. (2001). "Spatial effects and rare outcrossing events in Medicago truncatula (Fabaceae)". Mol. Ecol. 10 (6): 1371–1383...

both in the same population or plant. Research has also examined how outcrossing, which occurs when individual plants can fertilize and be fertilized...

aid of established standard the breed, breeders in the Nortwest began outcrossing with other breeds to incorporate new colors without changing form. Earl...

Eucalyptus rhodantha has a mixed mating system; it reproduces mainly by outcrossing but is able to self-pollinate. Protandry is achieved by the plant shedding...

population by creating homozygotes. Facultative sex that takes the form of outcrossing can act as an evolutionary capacitor by breaking up allele combinations...

importance of solitary bees and syrphid flies as pollinators of two outcrossing plant species in the New Zealand alpine". Austral Ecology. 38: 169–176...

preserve highly desirable plant varieties, because for these species, outcrossing seriously disrupts the preferred traits. See also asexual propagation...

observed in angiosperms, specifically the flowering plants bred through outcrossing. The obscure development of B chromosomes is supported by the irregularity...

However, their nectar spurs also attract insect pollinators to help with outcrossing. The frequency of insect pollination decreases over the course of the...

(2007-10-01). "Effects of floral display size and biparental inbreeding on outcrossing rates in Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae)". American Journal of Botany...

Pere American Classic Pedigree: Alan Breck Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. The Grand Sefton Chase The horse that never...

cross to other individuals. When its stigma becomes receptive it awaits outcross pollen from other individuals, however if it is not fertilized during this...

Science project: Transgenic apple varieties Approaches to preventing outcrossing – possible effects on micro-organisms Gene+silencing at the U.S. National...

Renaud, François; Durand, Patrick; Jourdane, Joseph (1996). "Selfing and outcrossing in a parasitic hermaphrodite helminth (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)"...

months, but also during June. This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators...

then undergo conjugation. Conjugation of opposite mating types promotes outcrossing and the masking of deleterious recessive mutations in the diploid phase...

life history and morphology, varied reproduction (self-pollination to outcrossing) and ease to work with in experimental settings. They have currently...

cavalry purposes. It was thought by some enthusiasts, however, that this outcrossing reduced the quality of the breed, and many missed the old-style Charolais...

on characteristics that are wanted in a sexual partner. As opposed to outcrossing or outbreeding, inbreeding is the process by which organisms with common...

PMID 4730017. Williams, G. C. (1979). "The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrossed vertebrates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences...

species have found that outcrossing rates vary between populations. Populations in relatively intact bushland have high outcrossing rates, but those in more...

nectar-robbers such as ants. This territorial behaviour may increase xenogamy and outcrossing of the plant through long-range dispersion of pollen. The nectar is also...

variations to allow selection towards high welfare dogs, "evidence-based outcrossing to resolve problems must not be ruled out simply to support what are...

the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms, leading to "outcrossing". Once the pathogen has been detected in an area, management is essential...

traditional nuclear genetically modified crops is posed by the potential outcrossing of the transgene via pollen movement. Initially it was thought that,...

GYNODIOECY AND MAINTENANCE OF FEMALES: THE ROLE OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION, OUTCROSSING RATES, AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SCHIEDEA ADAMANTIS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)"...

flowers visited by birds tend to be aborted. Cullenia exarillata is an outcrossing species, producing negligible fruit-set under geitonogamy and no fruit-set...

Ferrer, M. M.; Eguiarte, LE; Montana, C (2004). "Genetic structure and outcrossing rates in Flourensia cernua (Asteraceae) growing at different densities...

hardwood cuttings, which strike best in early spring, and grows well from outcrossed seed. The translucent fruits are considered decorative, so most plants...

Heterostyly is thought to have evolved primarily as a mechanism to promote outcrossing. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the repeated independent...

populations rather than between them, this can be an indication of an outcrossing mating system and gene flow. The maintenance of genetic diversity within...

the same sire and are out of full sisters. Both horses have pedigrees outcrossed for four generations, with very little inbreeding, 4x5x5 to Northern Dancer...

while teliospores represent the overwintering stage. When the sexual outcrossing occurs the dikaryotic aeciospores and urediniospores are initiated. The...

Saunders. 2014. The evolution of alternative mechanisms that promote outcrossing in Annonaceae: a self-compatible family of early divergent angiosperms...

Westland, Otago and Fiordland. Myosotis macranthais likely to be an outcrossing species, with plants requiring a pollinating vector to achieve pollination...

gynodioecy and maintenance of females: The role of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and resource allocation in Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae)...

for an observed phenotype. This required expansion of a mutant stock, outcrossing to a mapping strain, backcrossing, and genotypic and phenotypic analysis...

et al. (January 2007). "Independent wheat B and G genome origins in outcrossing Aegilops progenitor haplotypes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24...

through summer and often persisting into fall. Reproduction is primarily outcrossing and dependent on insect pollinators. However, fruit set is often low...

importance of solitary bees and syrphid flies as pollinators of two outcrossing plant species in the New Zealand alpine". Austral Ecology. 38 (2): 169–176...

indicating that it is genetically diverse. This is consistent with the tree outcrossing over large distances by long-distance pollen flow and that there has...

undergo wind and insect mediated pollination. Due to its susceptibility to outcrossing, there is a possibility of India's rich mustard germplasm consisting...

so-called floral enantiomorphy is thought to be a mechanism to increase outcrossing and so boost genetic diversity. The species grows in moist and shaded...

the reproductive process and use modifications, such as inbreeding or outcrossing, for increased production. Through the examination of the registers of...

commonly appear in Thoroughbred pedigrees, he is valued as a near-total outcross for most Thoroughbred mares in North America. Mucho Macho Man's dam is...

2025-08-05. Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. "Taboun pedigree". equineline.com. 2012-05-08...

self-incompatible they needed to adapt to pollinators that mostly provide outcrossing, such as generalist birds. These birds mostly feed on arthropods, fruits...

simultaneously produce gametes in both sex functions. Reproduction is by outcrossing, with worms mating reciprocally. Macrostomum lignano lives interstitially...

first in a male phase before becoming receptive to pollen. This promotes outcrossing, although self-compatibility is present. Goodyera oblongifolia is self-compatible...

establishment, persistence, sexual status, selecting for self-fertilization or outcrossing, and new sporophyte establishment. Evolutionary changes including the...

Epperson, BK and MT Clegg. 1987. Frequency-dependent variation for outcrossing rate among flower-color morphs of Ipomoea purpurea. Evolution, 41: 1302-1311...

Pedigree: Bubbling Over American Classic Pedigree: Alan Breck Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding. The horse that never was...

the original on 2025-02-18. Retrieved 2025-07-03. Jumpers: Darley Arabian Sire Line Brazil: A leading country for "outcross" in international breeding....

many members of the family Proteaceae, Banksia attenuata is an obligate outcrossing species. Self-incompatible, inflorescences require pollinators to be...

United States, siring 122 foals. In addition to horses he produced by outcrossing on Arabians of other bloodlines, breeders also had very good results...

500. As a son of Broad Brush out of a mare by Stop the Music, he was an outcross sire for Northern Dancer and Mr. Prospector blood with three crosses to...

particular purposes, for example suggesting Turks or Irish Hobbies as an outcross to produce riding animals, Friesland and Flanders horses to produce light...

plants. Assessments of the mating system of this species have found that outcrossing rates vary between populations, with populations in disturbed environments...

importance of solitary bees and syrphid flies as pollinators of two outcrossing plant species in the New Zealand alpine". Austral Ecology. 38 (2): 169–176...

pollinators are excluded. Almost all Banksia species studied so far have shown outcrossing rates among the highest ever recorded for plants; that is, very few Banksia...

but the species has nonetheless been shown to have one of the lowest outcrossing rates of any Banksia. This is probably caused by the small population...

importance of solitary bees and syrphid flies as pollinators of two outcrossing plant species in the New Zealand alpine". Austral Ecology. 38 (2): 169–176...

probability of sexual vs. asexual reproduction, via the probability of outcrossing vs. inbreeding, via dispersal, and via access to previously cryptic variants...

which are actually the same genetic individual. However, even with outcrossing, seed viability remains low. The germination process takes two weeks...

significant foundation mare, Balalinka, dam of Barbary. In 2002, requiring an outcross stallion not closely related to her own horses, she purchased the Brazilian-foaled...

induction of flowering through photoperiodic treatments, nobilization and outcrossing plants to improve their genetic diversity. He also pioneered the detailed...

is 2n = 46 (CHR100916). The breeding system of Myosotis colensoi is outcrossing, as the flowers are 'always herkogamous', with a high pollen : ovule...

self-incompatible—that is, they are unable to fertilise themselves and require outcrossing to another plant. Persoonia levis is rarely seen in cultivation, mainly...

pollen be physically transported to the stigma, presumably to promote outcrossing, despite the short distance between the stigma and the pollen presenter...

all dryandras to the genus Banksia. Banksia catoglypta is obligately outcrossed and primarily pollinated by the white-cheeked honeyeater, and feral European...

nectarivorous insects. Bumblebees serve the plant as its main pollinator, as outcrossing is the predominant form of reproduction and asexual reproduction doesn't...

clustered to form a flower structure, which is a capitulum. To allow outcrossing, the florets constantly change their sex. From the outside to inside...

lanata, P. lapponica has a breeding system with a lower capacity for outcrossing in West Greenland (Disko) and less morphological variation. It is perennial...

pollinators to set seed. A 1988 isozyme study showed very high rates of outcrossing; pollen from one plant is well-mixed among other plants in the locale...

to ensure the right soil mix, temperatures, control pollination for outcrossing species. In order to keep the seeds safe, they are stored in 2.7 kilometres...

Viola results from nyctinastic (night-closing) petal movements – A mixed outcrossing-selfing strategy". Flora. 253: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2019.01.007....

the same flower from landing on its own stigma. This in turn promotes outcrossing. In a study of Primula veris it was found that pin flowers exhibit higher...

M. uniflora type pollen. The breeding system of Myosotis uniflora is outcrossing, as the flowers are 'always herkogamous', with a high pollen : ovule...

ichthyotoxic algal blooms. P. hartmanii is capable of both heterothallic (outcrossing) and homothallic (self-fertilizing) sexual reproduction. The reproductive...

Stephanie M. Carlson; John Carlos Garza (2023). "Assisted gene flow from outcrossing shows the potential for genetic rescue in an endangered salmon population"...

violet, violet-blue or red-lilac, and in rare cases also purple or white. Outcrossing may cause a degree of variation in color intensity. From time of sowing...

Budroyale, was second in the 1999 Breeders' Cup Classic. Oxbow's pedigree is outcrossed for four generations, with very little inbreeding. Oxbow is only inbred...

foraging. The flowers of B. sessilis have adaptations that encourage outcrossing. Firstly, they are protandrous: a flower's pollen is released around...

dose-response studies with technical and analytical grades of 2,4,5-T in four-way outcross mice". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 19 (2): 298–306. doi:10...

plant evolution as an adaptation to facilitate cross-fertilisation (outcrossing), a process that allows the masking of recessive deleterious mutations...

Bromus section Ceratochloa, B. brevis flowers both through chasmogamy (outcrossing through open flowers) and cleistogamy (self-pollinating through closed...

one of the primary drivers for cryptic self-incompatibility favoring outcrossed pollen for fertilization. Faster pollen tube growth rate in Dalechampia...

means individual plants are either male or female (male sterile), and outcrossing between plants is required to produce seed. The flowers are insect pollinated...

of heterosis, the increase in fitness observed when inbred lines are outcrossed. In 1950, James F. Crow offered two different explanations (later dubbed...

sitchensis is mostly outcrossing, anther lengths close to 4.2 mm (0.17 in) in some individuals of B. aleutensis suggests outcrossing. B aleutensis is a...

showed dramatic reductions in brood size and relative fitness compared to outcrossed individuals. Over time the decline in fitness accumulated and nearly 90%...

forward in front. The white fringeless orchid reproduces primarily through outcrossing, and is pollinated by butterflies such as the eastern tiger swallowtail...

Nature Conservancy. Norman, J. K., et al. (1997). Pollination biology and outcrossing rates in hermaphroditic Schiedea lydgatei (Caryophyllaceae). Am J Bot...

low because they have retained high genetic diversity and exhibit an outcrossed population genetic structure. Researchers found that genetically distinct...

hairs that make it easily accessible to a wide range of pollinators. If outcrossing does not work, some of these species are able to self pollinate as well...

His study on the Kit paramutation mouse model first discovered that outcrossing promotes the correction of epimutations through epigenetic reprogramming...

in the Chalk Range, Marlborough. Myosotis arnoldii is likely to be an outcrossing species, with plants requiring a pollinating vector to achieve pollination...

estimate the risk of outbreeding depression, showed it worked, showed that outcrossing typically leads to large benefits in reproduction and survival, and advocated...

Miller M. P., Weigel D. E., Mock K. E. & Roth B. (2006). "Evidence for an outcrossing reproductive strategy in the hermaphroditic heterobranch gastropod Valvata...

excluded, since some grains pollen are viable. Finally, parthenogenesis or outcrossing with other gageas are possible, especially as the hybridization is observed...

The Osterhout milkvetch reproduces through seeds made viable through outcrossing and self-pollination. Higher fruit is usually set by self-pollination...

Although Pityopsis graminifolia is capable of sexual reproduction through outcrossing, much of its population upkeep comes through cloning through rhizomes...

Xerocrassa geyeri is hermaphroditic species and fertilisation is obligately outcrossing. The main reproduction period is from March to June and from September...

white flowers. Also, the pink-flowered selfer is inter-fertile with outcrossing populations, while the white flowered self-pollinated population differs...