When Black maintains symmetry by replying 1...e5, controlling the central square d4, the result is an Open Game.[1][2] The resulting position gives rise to many of the oldest and most deeply analyzed openings in the game. Play tends to continue 2.Nf3 Nc6, leading to the Ruy Lopez (3.Bb5), Italian Game (3.Bc4), Scotch Game (3.d4), and others. Black's most important alternative to 2...Nc6 is 2...Nf6, Petrov's Defense. White also has several second move alternatives like the King's Gambit (2.f4).
Other responses to 1.e4 can be classified as Semi-Open Games or Single King's Pawn Games. When written in lowercase, the term "open game" refers to a chess position where ranks, files and diagonals are open, and tending to more tactical gameplay. It is possible that an Open Game may lead to a closed game.[1] For example, the Italian Game is an Open Game where White frequently plays d3, intending to keep the game closed, while the Sicilian Defence (1...c5), a Semi-Open Game, is frequently opened via 2.Nf3 and 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4, known as the Open Sicilian.
After having been the most common response to White's most popular first move e4 until the mid-20th century, 1...e5 remains the second most popular top-level response to 1.e4 (1...c5 is slightly more popular among tournament players).[3] 1.e4 e5 is often among the first openings taught to new players.[4]
1.e4 immediately stakes a claim in the center and frees two pieces (the queen and king's bishop) for development. Bobby Fischer wrote that 1.e4 is "Best by test."[5] On the negative side, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens the squares d4 and f4. The symmetrical 1...e5 incurs the same strengths, but also the same drawbacks, for Black: White's usual response 2.Nf3 attacks the undefended pawn. Along with the Sicilian Defence (1...c5), it is the most extensively analyzed of Black's responses to 1.e4. Compared to 1...c5, the other most common response to 1.e4, 1...e5 results in more draws; in particular, there are the drawing weapons of the Berlin Defence (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6) and Petrov's Defence (2.Nf3 Nf6). However, there are many less drawish alternative lines for both sides.
Main line: 2.Nf3 Nc6
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Position after 2.Nf3 Nc6
The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3, the King's Knight Opening. The move attacks Black's king pawn, prepares to castlekingside, and supports playing d2–d4 in many lines. Black's usual reply to 2.Nf3 is 2...Nc6, defending the king's pawn without restricting the movement of the king's bishop. From here several named openings can arise:
3.Bb5, the Ruy Lopez (or Spanish Game), is White's most frequent move at the top level, and one of the most extensively played and analyzed openings at all levels of chess. Black's most common response is 3...a6, forcing White to make a decision between exchanging the bishop for the knight with 4.Bxc6 or retreating with 4.Ba4. Also common is 3...Nf6, the Berlin Defense. Black has several alternatives, the sharpest of which is the Jaenisch Gambit (or Schliemann Defense), 3...f5.
3.Bc4, the Italian Game, is White's second most popular move, and has been extensively analyzed for hundreds of years. It usually leads to either the Giuoco Piano (3...Bc5) or the Two Knights Defense (3...Nf6). The name "Italian Game" historically was synonymous with Giuoco Piano, but the modern trend is to use the term to cover all of Black's third move alternatives. A sharp continuation to the Giuoco Piano is the Evans Gambit (4.b4), offering a pawn for a lead in development and attacking chances.
3.d4, the Scotch Game, was popular in the 19th century and is still the third most common move. After the usual 3...exd4, White may either recapture with 4.Nxd4 with an approximately equal game, or play the Scotch Gambit (4.Bc4), a risky but dangerous tactical line against an unprepared opponent.
3.Nc3, the Three Knights Game, was also a popular move in the 19th century and is still occasionally played at the top level. Black's usual reply is 3...Nf6, leading to the Four Knights Game. It frequently leads to positional games and is generally considered less challenging for Black to defend against than the three lines above. Less commonly after 3.Nc3, 3....g6 or 3...Bb4 are possible.
3.c3, the Ponziani Opening, has never achieved widespread popularity but is occasionally used as a surprise weapon.
Black's most important alternative to 2...Nc6 is 2...Nf6, known as Petrov's Defense (or as the Russian Game), counterattacking rather than defending the pawn. It is a common opening in high level play, where it has a reputation as a drawing weapon. The main line is 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4. 3.d4 is a common alternative, or White can play 3.Nc3, which could transpose into a Four Knights Game after 3...Nc6, avoiding the extensive theory of the Petrov, though Black may play 3...Bb4 instead.
The Philidor Defense (2...d6) defends the pawn on e5 but has the disadvantage of restricting the mobility of Black's king's bishop, and typically leads to solid but passive positions for Black. For this reason, it largely fell out of favor by the early 20th century as Black players sought more dynamic options, but it has a dependable reputation and is still occasionally seen at grandmaster level. When still played, it is often instead reached via 1...d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 e5 (or 3...Nd7 and 4...e5).
2...f5, the Latvian Gambit, another risky pawn sacrifice.
2...Qe7, the Gunderam Defense, which has never achieved widespread popularity; it blocks the development of the king's bishop.
2...Qf6, the Greco Defense, even rarer than the Gunderam; it blocks the development of the king's knight.
2...f6, the Damiano Defense, almost never seen. It may be met by either 3.Nxe5 or 3.Bc4 with advantage for White.
2...Bc5, the Busch–Gass Gambit, also almost never seen, though it was something of an online fad in the early 2020s. It is well met by 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nf3.
White's second move alternatives
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Position after 2.f4
White has four frequent alternatives to 2.Nf3:
2.f4, the King's Gambit, where White offers a pawn to undermine Black's center and achieve quick development. It was very popular before the 20th century with master and amateur alike.
2.Nc3, the Vienna Game, which was popular in the 19th century, also frequently features such attacks on Black's center by means of f2–f4, but there are multiple alternative plans.
2.Bc4, the Bishop's Opening, was also more popular in the past. It often transposes to the Italian Game or Vienna Game, but there are several independent lines.
2.d4, the Center Game, the least common of these four moves, where White immediately opens the center. Most often, the pawn is recovered after 2...exd4 3.Qxd4; Black may then gain a tempo on White's queen with 3...Nc6. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns by offering the Danish Gambit (3.c3).
Other second moves are rare and do not gain any advantage against correct play:
2.Qh5, the Danvers Opening, also known as the Parham Attack or Wayward Queen Attack, is usually played only by amateurs attempting scholar's mate, though Hikaru Nakamura has experimented with it in grandmaster tournaments and was able to achieve a reasonable position.[8][9]
2.Qf3, the Napoleon Opening, has even less to recommend it as Black can easily block any mating threats without compromising development.
2.Bb5, the Portuguese Opening, rarely played and well met by 2...c6 or 2...Nf6.
Emms, John; Flear, Glenn; Greet, Andrew (2008). Dangerous Weapons: 1 e4 e5: Dazzle Your Opponents in the Open Games!. London: Everyman Chess. ISBN9781857445428.
Bologan, Victor (October 2014). Bologan's black weapons in the open games : how to play for a win If white avoids the Ruy Lopez. Alkmaar, The Netherlands. ISBN9789056915438. OCLC878505291.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Davies, Nigel, 1960- (2005). Play 1e4 e5! : a complete repertoire for Black in the open game. London: Everyman Chess. ISBN1857444019. OCLC71338396.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Emms, John. (2000). Play the open games as Black : what to do when White avoids the Ruy Lopez. London: Gambit. ISBN1901983277. OCLC45466779.
Lokander, Martin (7 January 2016). Opening repertoire : the open games with black. London. ISBN9781781941942. OCLC922562228.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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