DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

fatty acids to replace glucose in tissues such as the brain that cannot metabolize fatty acids. In other organisms such as plants and bacteria, this metabolic...

processes are often facilitated by enzymes such as drug transporters or drug metabolizing enzymes (discussed in-depth below). Variation in DNA loci responsible...

The Atwater system, named after Wilbur Olin Atwater, or derivatives of this system are used for the calculation of the available energy of foods. The system...

Steroidogenic enzymes are enzymes that are involved in steroidogenesis and steroid biosynthesis. They are responsible for the biosynthesis of the steroid...

Substances animals can metabolize into vitamins...

others slowly (poor metabolizers). If a drug is metabolized quickly, the drug's efficacy may decrease, while if a drug is metabolized too slowly, toxicity...

Acyl-CoA is a group of CoA-based coenzymes that metabolize carboxylic acids. Fatty acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA...

do not induce a glycemic response when ingested, because humans cannot metabolize stevia. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for steviol glycosides, expressed...

categories for each marker: poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer, extensive metabolizer, or ultra-extensive metabolizer. Different testing companies...

machinery used to metabolize the second (slower-growth supporting) substrate is activated and subsequently the second substrate is metabolized. This can also...

pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug...

with the outside world. The lymphatic system extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is similar...

Prolonged daily use may cause kidney or liver damage. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver and is hepatotoxic; side effects may be more likely in chronic...

Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because...

with poor metabolizers having a bioavailability of 94% and extensive metabolizers having a bioavailability of 63%. Extensive metabolizers are considered...

drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Although morphazinamide is metabolized to pyrazinamide within the body, the drug itself has intrinsic in vitro...

the metabolism by the enzyme. CYP2C9 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes, by oxidation, both xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. CYP2C9 makes...

250% in ultra-rapid metabolizers, 150% in extensive metabolizers, 50% in intermediate metabolizers, and 30% in poor metabolizers. Doxepin is a tricyclic...

In vitro experiments have shown that it is also capable of further metabolizing 24S-hydroxycholesterol into 24,25- and 24,27-dihydroxycholesterols. Cholesterol-24...

protection from parasites, to provide mineral supplements and to help metabolize toxic compounds from leaves. Geophagy also occurs in humans and is most...

area-under-the-curve levels of propranolol in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers versus extensive metabolizers. However, area-under-the-curve propranolol levels were...

reserves are low and the liver shifts from primarily metabolizing carbohydrates to metabolizing fatty acids. This occurs during states of increased fatty...

chenodeoxycholic acid. Bacteria metabolize chenodeoxycholic acid into the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid, and they metabolize cholic acid into deoxycholic...

Hydrogenotrophs are organisms that are able to metabolize molecular hydrogen as a source of energy. An example of hydrogenotrophy is performed by carbon...

phenylalanine (Phe)‑metabolizing enzyme. Chemically, it is a pegylated derivative of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase that metabolizes phenylalanine to...

rare, inherited metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize amino acids due to a deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain...

metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis, and conducts...

Alcohol dehydrogenase class IV, or ADH4, an enzyme involved in the metabolization of alcohol, first appeared in hominoids around 10 million years ago...

from both red and yellow carotenoid pigments. Northern cardinal males metabolize carotenoid pigments to create plumage pigmentation of a color different...

as such, the drug is most commonly used orally. Like oxycodone, which metabolizes to oxymorphone, oxymorphone has a high abuse potential. Oxymorphone was...

drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs. Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism...

active metabolites. Active metabolites are produced when a person's body metabolizes the drug into compounds that share a similar pharmacological profile...

effects from tramadol. Because desmetramadol itself does not need to be metabolized to induce an analgesic effect, it can be used in individuals with CYP2D6...

that a rare subglacial ecosystem of autotrophic bacteria developed that metabolizes sulfate and ferric ions. According to geomicrobiologist Jill Mikucki...

Mats Hamberg and Bengt Samuelsson, discovered that human neutrophils metabolize arachidonic acid to two novel products that contain 3 hydroxyl residues...

acting vasodilating drug used to treat angina pectoris. Molsidomine is metabolized in the liver to the active metabolite linsidomine. Linsidomine is an...

intestinal obstructions, and severe liver or kidney problems. Sulfasalazine metabolizes to sulfapyridine. Serum levels should be monitored every three months...

to be metabolized, 90% or more by the liver. One standard drink is sufficient to almost completely saturate the liver's capacity to metabolize alcohol...

metabolism. Some enterics subsequently use the mixed acid pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids, such as lactic, acetic, and formic acids...

of a human from Nuthetal in Germany. Slackia isoflavoniconvertens can metabolize daidzein and genistein, two compounds in the class of isoflavones. Parte...

disorders either do not produce enough of one of the enzymes needed to metabolize and break down lipids or, they produce enzymes that do not work properly...

tetrahydrofolate-methyltransferase; affected individuals cannot properly metabolize methylcobalamin, a type of Vitamin B12. This disorder causes neurological...

and intermediate metabolizers have reduced metabolism of the drug as compared to extensive metabolizers; patients with these metabolizer types may have...

unique ability to metabolize arginine to the "killer" molecule nitric oxide, whereas M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the...

needed] Theophylline is metabolized extensively in the liver. It undergoes N-demethylation via cytochrome P450 1A2. It is metabolized by parallel first order...

laeviglucosivorans being the only other characterized species able to metabolize L-glucose. Bacterial wilt of carnation was first described in 1941 by...

A bacterial cell related to today's Rickettsia, which had evolved to metabolize oxygen, entered a larger prokaryotic cell, which lacked that capability...

colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and...

endoplasmic reticulum of cells. P450s metabolize thousands of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Some P450s metabolize only one (or a very few) substrates...

also produced a glandular secretion, derived from carrion, partially metabolized, used as a protein source, and kept completely separate from the honey...

and intermediate metabolizers have reduced metabolism of the drug as compared to extensive metabolizers; patients with these metabolizer types may have...

donkeys which are fed it lose their hair. In many cases this acid is metabolized by ruminants to goitrogenic DHP [3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridone] in the rumen...

linkage of galactose to lactosylceramide catalyzed by A4GALT. It is metabolized by alpha-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes the terminal alpha linkage....

hand, Daniel Trachsel has stated that mescaline is not metabolized by MAO, instead being metabolized by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), and...

other parts of Latin America. A prodrug of amphetamine, clobenzorex is metabolized within hours of ingestion into 4-hydroxyclobenzorex and, in smaller amounts...

children. Children in EJ communities are uniquely exposed, because they metabolize and absorb contaminants differently than adults. These children are exposed...

the bacteria's sole source of nitrogen and carbon. The L-carnitine is metabolized at its beta-hydroxy group by L-carnitine-3-dehydrogenase and the coenzyme...

biosynthesis involves an initial stage of fruit development when squalene is metabolized to di-glucosylated, tetra-hydroxycucurbitadienols, then during fruit...

what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body. It is an application of pharmacokinetics...

placenta and is excreted into breastmilk in small quantities. It is metabolized by the liver and excreted into the urine. It has an onset of 30 minutes...

Sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Sulfur can have an oxidation state from −2 to +6 and is reduced...

fats. Individuals with a fatty-acid metabolism disorder are unable to metabolize this fat source for energy, halting bodily processes. Most individuals...

dextroamphetamine and chloral hydrate. Upon ingestion and metabolization, amfecloral is metabolized as dextroamphetamine and chloral hydrate, as well as converting...

by metabolizing the omega 3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with certain cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. These epoxygenases can metabolize EPA...

Mineral salts pyridine broth is a selective medium for bacteria that can metabolize pyridine (which is an unusual carbon source that a select few types of...

matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize the nutrients and energy of the sources absorbed. Often, they have the...

its activity as a P-glycoprotein substrate. Cetirizine is notably not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system. Because of this, it does not interact...

the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2.[better source needed] PEA is metabolized by the cellular enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine...

second and third carbons on 2-trans/cis-enoyl-CoA: ECH is essential to metabolizing fatty acids in beta oxidation to produce both acetyl CoA and energy in...

bacteria from the family Beijerinckiaceae. M. gorgona has been shown to metabolize significant amounts of atmospheric methane. Parte, A.C. "Methylocapsa"...

emulsifier, especially for parenteral use since it does not need to be metabolized. In aqueous solution, its phospholipids can form either liposomes, bilayer...

The plasma protein binding of bremelanotide is 21%. Bremelanotide is metabolized via hydrolysis of its peptide bonds. The elimination half-life of bremelanotide...

oral dose being absorbed into systemic circulation. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to desvenlafaxine (O-desmethylvenlafaxine...

consumption, THC is metabolized inside the body by cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 into 11-hydroxy-THC and then further metabolized by dehydrogenase[which...

non-selective beta blocker used in eye drops to treat glaucoma. It is rapidly metabolized into desacetylmetipranolol. Maffei Facino R, Bertuletti R, Carini M,...

that ingested histamine in persons with deficiencies in the enzymes that metabolize histamine may be responsible for various non-specific health complaints...

food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation. Methylparaben is readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable. Methylparaben...

beta-oxidation of fat. Unlike the sugar glucose, the enzyme fructokinase rapidly metabolizes fructose. This leads to a decreased level of intracellular adenosine...

observations have confirmed that cats consuming large proportions of metabolizable energy, in the form of carbohydrates rather than protein, are more likely...

related to the barbiturates and similar drugs such as primidone. It is metabolized once inside the body to form the barbiturate proxibarbital (proxibarbal)...

Ciprofloxacin inhibits the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2 and thereby can reduce the clearance of drugs metabolized by that enzyme. CYP1A2 substrates...

of the combination by inhibiting the liver and gut wall enzymes that metabolize elvitegravir. It is taken by mouth. It is manufactured by Gilead Sciences...

nucleotide metabolizing enzymes that are expressed on the plasma membrane and have externally oriented active sites. These enzymes metabolize nucleotides...

reticulum and is known to metabolize many drugs. Polymorphism within this gene is associated with variable ability to metabolize drugs. The gene is located...

converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is cyclically metabolized back to lactate. Muscular activity requires ATP, which is provided by...

the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen or formate. They cannot metabolize acetate, methylamines, or methanol. List of Archaea genera See the NCBI...

also metabolizes into the more potent GABA receptor agonist progabide acid (SL-75.102). In addition, progabide and progabide acid are metabolized into...

antipsychotic, behaves as an atypical antipsychotic. Loxapine may be metabolized by N-demethylation to amoxapine, a tricyclic antidepressant. The US Food...

times greater than most insects. The bees do not ingest or otherwise metabolize the collected DDT, which Whitten suggests "must mimic some natural product...

severe cirrhosis of the liver. Combined oral contraceptive pills are metabolized in the liver and thus liver disease can lead to reduced elimination of...

species Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The bacteria metabolize lactose, the sugar naturally found in milk, into lactic acid, which means...

wheat) is glutamic acid. Ninety-five percent of the dietary glutamate is metabolized by intestinal cells in a first pass. Auxigro is a plant growth preparation...

the World Health Organization, and has been since 2001. Since it is metabolized differently from sucrose, tagatose has a minimal effect on blood glucose...

plasma proteins. Desloratadine is metabolized to 3-hydroxydesloratadine in a three-step sequence in normal metabolizers. First, N-glucuronidation of desloratadine...

dibenzocyclooctadiene, and dibenzylbutyrolactol." Many lignans are metabolized by mammalian gut microflora, producing so-called enterolignans. Flax...

360 mg/kg (rat; comparable values for ethanol are 7,000–15,000 mg/kg). It is metabolized completely in vertebrates in a manner similar to ethanol: alcohol dehydrogenase...

P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications. If a drug's breakdown...

Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavandiol estrogen metabolized from daidzein, a type of isoflavone found in soybeans and other plant sources, by...

measurement used to compare CSF glucose and blood sugar. Because many bacteria metabolize glucose, and because the blood–brain barrier minimizes transversal, the...

α-ketoacid dehydrogenase converts α-ketobutyrate to propionyl-CoA, which is metabolized to succinyl-CoA in a three-step process (see propionyl-CoA for pathway)...

brain is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body and metabolizes a large amount of glucose to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine...

continually utilized such key words of life principles as metabolism (metabolize and recycle), ecology, sustainability, symbiosis, intermediate areas (ambiguity)...

heavily investigated. Alkyl sulfates if ingested are well-absorbed and are metabolized into a C3, C4 or C5 sulfate and an additional metabolite. The highest...

Methanosaetaceae. Like other species in this family, those of Methanosaeta metabolize acetate as their sole source of energy. The genus contains two species...

mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to...

as willow) to extract heavy metals. Mycoremediation, or using fungi to metabolize contaminants and accumulate heavy metals. Remediation of oil contaminated...

proportion of waste proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates, that can be metabolized by bacteria to produce compounds that cause body odor. In addition, the...

organisms also have the ability to metabolize other monosaccharides and disaccharides but glucose is often metabolized first. In Escherichia coli, for example...

tannins, which are plant polyphenols, interfere with an animal's ability to metabolize protein, creatures must adapt in different ways to use the nutritional...

Species Human mutant Team affiliations X-Men Generation X Abilities Power replication Metabolize bio-energy signatures Sense and track superpowered beings...

"Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 46 (1): 86–95...

partly due to its low body fat concentration, which affects its ability to metabolize these anaesthetics. Additionally, the Whippet’s liver is not well-equipped...

does not occur. Because ATP decays relatively quickly when it is not metabolized, this is an important regulatory point in the glycolytic pathway. ADP...

bats generate energy from their blood meals, hypothesizing that they metabolize amino acids due to their low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet. The team captured...

the liver must metabolize fat deposits in the body into usable energy to sustain life. The cat liver, however, is poor at metabolizing fat, causing a...

the common garter snake. The snakes, after swallowing, digesting, and metabolizing a rough-skinned newt, release a chemical signature. This stimulus can...

combination of carbohydrates and fat, with relatively more carbohydrates metabolized at faster speeds and relatively more fat the longer the workout lasts...

products. For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies...

RDH12 belongs to a family of dual-specificity retinol dehydrogenases that metabolize both all-trans- and cis-retinols (Haeseleer et al., 2002).[supplied by...

completely bound to proteins. Based on preclinical data, it appears to be metabolized by glucuronidation and excreted via bile; in humans, around 59% of a...

organisms with nutrients (divided into macro- and micro-) which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures; too much or too little of an...

rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Galactosemia follows an autosomal recessive...

called A1, and instead mostly containing the A2 form, which does not metabolize to β-casomorphin 7 in the body. A research project at the Department of...

coli does not waste energy making such enzymes if there is no need to metabolize lactose, such as when other sugars like glucose are available. The type...

This bacterium can cause disease in fish. Microbacterium paraoxydans metabolize (RS)-mandelonitrile to (R)-(-)mandelic acid. Microbacterium paraoxydans...

a prodrug of amphetamine; upon ingestion, the compound will begin to metabolize into, as well as promote the production of, the active metabolites levoamphetamine...

concentration and metabolic rate (VO2), and found out that leucine is metabolized by muscle but is not a major contributor to the energy cost of muscle...

β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate; BHB; 3-hydroxybutyrate). It is slowly metabolized and converted into BHB in the body. Ketone esters like 3GHB can induce...

facilitate the initial acetylene reaction. After ingestion, ethinamate is metabolized to the active compound 4-hydroxyethinamate, which is eliminated in urine...

approval in 1991. Nabumetone is a non-acidic NSAID prodrug that is rapidly metabolized in the liver to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl acetic acid...

cellulose. When needing to use this stored energy, an organism's cells then metabolize the organic compounds through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis plays...

but there is a lot of variation between patients in how quickly it is metabolized in the liver, making it challenging to determine the optimal dose. So...

therefore cross the blood–brain barrier. Once inside the brain, MPTP is metabolized into the toxic cation 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by the enzyme...

cause damage to the heart and lungs. They found that acetylcysteine was metabolized to S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNOAC), which increased blood pressure...

typically low and restricted to the space outside of cells. NSAIDs are metabolized in the liver by oxidation enzymes and then conjugated into inactive metabolites...

with bioavailability and onset varying by route, and is extensively metabolized in the liver to active and inactive metabolites before being excreted...

edition substituted for the fifth edition's crude protein the concept of "metabolizeable protein", which was defined around the year 2000 as "the true protein...

the B vitamins. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolize amino acids necessary for cell division and maturation of blood cells...

genetic disease of the liver, the symptoms of which include an inability to metabolize ammonia – a byproduct of protein breakdown. The disease is usually fatal...

cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. In the liver, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. The resulting...

animals, such as the colubrid snake Erythrolamprus epinephalus, are able to metabolize the frogs' poison. Ways to ward off predators and prevent predation are...

binding to the H,K-ATPase. All the PPIs except tenatoprazole are rapidly metabolized in the liver by CYP enzymes (mostly by CYP2C19 and 3A4). Dissociation...

between the glucose and fructose molecules in sucrose. This helps the yeast metabolize the sugars faster. Thiamine increases the resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces...

metabolite 2-14 ×10−6 1-10 ×10−6 Biotin (Vitamin H) Gluconeogenesis, metabolize leucine, fatty acid synthesis 7-17 ×10−9 9-16 ×10−9 Blood Urea Nitrogen...

enzyme in glycolysis. When PFK-1 is inhibited, cells are no longer able to metabolize carbohydrates, depriving them of energy. Alternatively, fluorocitrate...

and is not metabolized by this enzyme. This is in contrast to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Isoprenaline is much more strongly metabolized and conjugated...

vitro studies seem to suggest that epibatidine is hardly, if at all, metabolized in the human body. Also there is currently little information on the...

in lipids. Xylazine is metabolized by the liver's cytochrome P450 enzymes. When it reaches the liver, xylazine is metabolized and proceeds to the kidneys...

Inhibitors and Inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6". "DRUGBANK Online: Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors". "MEDICATIONS METABOLIZED BY CYTOCHROME P450 3A4" (PDF)....

diminished motivation. These drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which metabolizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thereby increasing acetylcholine...

enantiomer of HB preferentially metabolizes into β-3'-hydroxyhexobarbital and the R(-) enantiomer preferentially metabolizes into α-3'-hydroxyhexobarbital...

mutation in the ASPA gene that encodes aspartoacylase, an enzyme needed to metabolize N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA). The mutation causes a deficiency of aspartoacyclase...

frequent adverse event reported in literature. CYP3A4 is an enzyme that metabolizes many drugs in the liver. Macrolides inhibit CYP3A4, which means they...

fatty acid oxidation, several enzymes work in a step-wise fashion to metabolize fats and convert them to energy. People with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A...

buildup of fat and scar tissue. The reduced ability of such a liver to metabolize or break down alcohol means that small amounts can lead to a high blood...

intensity of its action. Understanding how pharmaceutical compounds are metabolized and the potential side effects of their metabolites is an important part...

It is known that certain microbes with 7α-dehydroxylase activity can metabolize primary to secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile. Thus, incorporating...

agents look around, find the closest cell filled with sugar, move and metabolize. They can leave pollution, die, reproduce, inherit sources, transfer information...

yellow carotenoid pigments that form the crown and are subsequently metabolized. Despite the protection of thorns and hanging over water, nest predation...

(shakuyaku), and glycyrrhizin, found in licorice root (kanzō). Glycyrrhizin is metabolized in the human gut into glycyrrhetinic acid, which is pharmacologically...

risk of prolonged effect or increased plasma levels seen with drugs metabolized by the liver. Neurological Disorders: Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders...

increasing liver damage. In general, damage occurs in liver cells as they metabolize the paracetamol. Hallmark pathology on liver biopsy includes regions of...

brivaracetam is primarily metabolized by hydrolysis, via amidase enzymes, to an inactive metabolite. To a lesser extent, it is also metabolized by a minor metabolic...

and resistance. It is used to measure either how well an individual metabolizes glucose or how sensitive an individual is to insulin. Two types of clamp...

which cam metabolize arachidonic acid to 12R-HETE at a low rate, Alox12b does not metabolize arachidonic acid as free acid but dose metabolize arachidonic...

renal corpuscles. In addition, endogenous and exogenous substances are metabolized and broken down in the kidneys—the kidney is therefore a central metabolic...

Flavones have effects on CYP (P450) activity, which are enzymes that metabolize most drugs in the body. The biosynthesis of flavones proceeds from the...

to these and other proteins. First generation retinoids are rapidly metabolized by Cytochrome p450 enzymes, typically of the Cyp26 family. Common skin...

and NSAIDs (like ibuprofen). These agents are hepatotoxic as they are metabolized by the liver. If a medication that harms the liver is still recommended...

potential applications in wastewater treatment. It is also capable of metabolizing hydrocarbons, which may make it useful in the bioremediation of oil spills...

polymerase.[medical citation needed] Favipiravir is a prodrug that is metabolized to its active form, favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5'-triphosphate (favipiravir-RTP)...

exhibits pharmacologic effects. It is also the fraction that may be metabolized and/or excreted. For example, the "fraction bound" of the anticoagulant...

5-HT), and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-T), are known to be very rapidly metabolized and thereby inactivated by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in vivo and to...

any environmental or systemic changes that impede calcification or metabolization of calcium can also result in anomalous dentin. This is the most widely...

in the brain. 25I-NBOMe is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. It does not appear to be metabolized by the monoamine oxidase (MAO)...

myalgia, pancytopenia, and organ failure. CYP3A4 is an enzyme that metabolizes many drugs in the liver. Some drugs can inhibit CYP3A4, which means they...

tryptophan by bacteria that express tryptophanase. Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes tryptophan into indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA)...

multiple types of white blood cells that when activated, can engulf or metabolize pathogens (bacteria and viruses) and defective or cancerous cells, preventing...

same enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to series 2 prostanoids similarly metabolize two other straight chain PUFAs: they metabolize gamma-Linolenic...

poisons from the Epipedobates clade of poison frogs is exogenous, as they metabolize certain alkaloids found in their prey, research has not concluded if this...

commercially produced mushroom species Agaricus bisporus. Gyromitrin is metabolized into monomethyl hydrazine. Isoniazid, iproniazid, hydralazine, and phenelzine...

or constipation. A significant population are rapid, or ultra-rapid metabolizers and can quickly develop fatal toxicity from even the small amount present...

each poison is processed by the body, i.e. on how the toxic compound is metabolized or passed out of the body. However, in some cases, it is possible to...

(polyunsaturated fatty acids) of 20 carbon units in length that have been metabolized or otherwise converted to oxygen-containing products. The PUFA precursors...

Chiesara, E. (April 1963). "A new potent inhibitor of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes 2:4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine hydrochloride (DPEA) (LILLY...

For a test drug, the trial documents the absorption, distribution, metabolization, and clearance (excretion) of the drug, and the drug's interactions...

surge in aMT6s activity. In the liver, plasma melatonin is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The main isoenzyme responsible for...

In the metabolic pathway of cyclophosphamide inactivation it first metabolizes to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, then partially tautomerizes into aldophosphamide...

further metabolize 15-HPETE to eoxins in a pathway analogous to (and presumably using the same enzymes as used in) the pathway which metabolizes 5-HPETE...

warning about this risk. Impaired liver function, as haloperidol is metabolized and eliminated mainly by the liver In patients with hyperthyroidism,...

non-selective, contact herbicide, with some systemic action. Plants may also metabolize bialaphos and phosalacine, other naturally occurring herbicides, directly...

9 ft). Like its relative the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus), escolar cannot metabolize the wax esters naturally found in its diet, instead distributing the undigestible...

over a short space of time.[medical citation needed] While it can be metabolized by 5α-reductase into methyl-1-testosterone (17α-methyl-δ1-DHT), a more...

this character is not used to define them as lithotrophs. Heterotrophs metabolize organic compounds to obtain carbon for growth and development. Autotrophs...

available in GenBank. In the bovine rumen, Denitrobacterium detoxificans metabolizes the following substrates through oxidation: Hydrogen Formate Lactate...

respiration. Heterotrophs consume rather than produce biomass energy as they metabolize, grow, and add to levels of secondary production. A food web depicts a...

leads to malabsorption as the bacteria colonizing the small intestine metabolize nutrients, directly competing with the intestinal absorption of nutrients...

NMPEA is metabolized relatively rapidly by monoamine oxidases during first pass metabolism; both compounds are preferentially metabolized by MAO-B. The...

Tocilizumab lowers IL-6 and thus normalises cytochrome levels, increasing the metabolization of simvastatin (and possibly other cytochrome metabolised drugs). Besides...

3 L/kg. Its plasma protein binding is more than 99%. Brexanolone is metabolized by keto-reduction mediated via aldo-keto reductases. The compound is...

bloodstream, 52% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. It is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and possibly to a minor extent by CYP2D6. The most important...

US: ℞-only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 90–100% Metabolism Not metabolized Elimination half-life 12 hours Excretion Kidney Mammary gland (In lactating...

gram-negative, aerobe, bacterium from the genus of Nitrosomonas which metabolize ammonia to nitrite for its source of energy. LSPN lpsn.dsmz.de Straininfo...

transporting bilirubin and other compounds from the blood to the liver to be metabolized and cleared from the body. Coproporphyrin I, a major coproporphyrin isomer...

enilospirone, despite being azapirones, are not piperazines and therefore do not metabolize to 1-PP, and while perospirone and tiospirone are piperazines, they are...

potent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It is metabolized by CYP2D6. Most beta blockers are aryloxypropanolamine-based. In this...

(/ˈɡluːsɪtɒl/), is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, which changes the...

other genera, is known to metabolize aromatic compounds of low molecular mass; this includes nine phenolic compounds metabolized by C. hoffmannii itself...

sample of Amhara and Oromo, examining a single enzyme variant: drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) loci. They found that 62% of Ethiopians fall into the same...

glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP) and one mole acetyl phosphate. GAP is further metabolized to lactate as in homofermentation, with the acetyl phosphate reduced...

there was fetal harm at clinically relevant doses. Dimethyl fumarate is metabolized to monomethyl fumarate (MMF) prior to entering systemic distribution...

member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. Members of this enzyme family metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol (beverage alcohol), retinol...

but the euphoria is generally short-lived due to carisoprodol's fast metabolization into meprobamate and other metabolites, and is most likely due to carisoprodol's...

and enzymes are usually used to metabolize it and shuttle it back out of the cell. These nanoshells are not metabolized so for them to be effective they...

had already demonstrated that tyrosine is metabolized to norlaudanosoline, as follows. Tyrosine is metabolized to L-DOPA (3), and thence dopamine (4) and...

bottromycin, dunaimycin and mensacarcin. Streptomyces bottropensis can metabolize (+)-carvone to (+)-bottrospicatol. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio...

lumps of matter. Instead, these other decomposers live by absorbing and metabolizing on a molecular scale (saprotrophic nutrition). The terms detritivore...

pass through cell membranes and cross the blood-brain barrier. They are metabolized primarily by the liver and are excreted in the bile, although it is thought...

data Bioavailability 0% oral Protein binding 30% Metabolism Largely not metabolized Elimination half-life 36–72 minutes Excretion 20% in bile, 80% unchanged...

it is able to survive in the stomach involves its urease enzymes which metabolize urea (which is normally secreted into the stomach) to ammonia and carbon...

designer drug, first being definitively identified in Europe in 2017. It is metabolized to 7-aminonitemazepam, nimetazepam, 3-hydroxynitemazepam, temazepam,...

a lesser extent, heterozygous for glu487lys metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde normally, but metabolize acetaldehyde poorly and are thereby susceptible...

(DHA). Cell types that express certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by converting one of their double...

tryptophan by bacteria that express tryptophanase. Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes tryptophan into indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA)...

hypnotic. The hypnotic drug triclofos (2,2,2-trichloroethyl phosphate) is metabolized in vivo to 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. Chronic exposure may result in kidney...

occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans. The enzymes that metabolize caffeine into 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid in humans include CYP1A2, CYP2E1...

less able to defend themselves against gaseous air pollutants and to metabolize environmental pollutants than adults. Depends on the research from India...

People heterozygous or homozygous for the ALDH2*2 metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde normally but metabolize acetaldehyde poorly. As a result, they accumulate...

an inactive prodrug and only becomes active after it has been further metabolized to ethcathinone, it thereby would appear rational to consider that ethcathinone...

S, Vaida F, et al. (September 2010). "Cytochrome P450-2D6 extensive metabolizers are more vulnerable to methamphetamine-associated neurocognitive impairment:...

genome analysis of B. coagulans AO1167B, which equip this microbe to metabolize a diverse range of sugars allowing it to grow and produce energy in the...

recommended that diabetics be placed on a starvation diet for minimum metabolization. Banting's fourth year was committed to clinical work at Toronto General...

interactions because of an effect rifampin has on bictegravir. Bictagravir is metabolized primarily through the liver (CYP3A4), so inducers of CYP3A4 should be...

converted from one form to another. In nutrition, dietary energy refers to metabolizable energy, not gross energy. The level of absorption and the thermic effect...

reduce the blood pressure lowering effects of methyldopa. Maltol is metabolized by the enzyme UGT1A6. It is not known whether inhibitors of this enzyme...

occurs as they have age-related differences in how their bodies absorb, metabolize, and excrete pharmaceutical agents. One study reported that approximately...

food chain, they increase in concentration as they are processed and metabolized in certain tissues of organisms. The natural capacity for animals gastrointestinal...

of substrates, including steroid hormones.[supplied by OMIM] It also metabolizes 3-hydroxycotinine, which is minor nicotine metabolite GRCh38: Ensembl...

formation of hydroperoxides. A cytochrome P450 enzyme is proposed to metabolize diethyl ether. Diethyl ether inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, and thus...

99% are bound to plasma proteins (mainly albumin). The substance is metabolized by the liver enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 to various hydroxyl derivatives...

throughout the body. Rapid elimination from non-brain organs of ingested (un-metabolized) agmatine by the kidneys has indicated a blood half life of about 2 hours...

primary energy sources for H. nudus. While H. nudus is generally able to metabolize maltose oligosaccharides, maltose levels in the blood can vary depending...

tryptophan by bacteria that express tryptophanase. Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes tryptophan into indole and subsequently 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA)...

feeds, principally as a protein supplement, but also as a source of metabolizable energy. Typically 1 bushel (i.e. 60 lbs. or 27.2 kg) of soybeans yields...

Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur. Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium...

is not orally active. When consumed orally, the liver breaks down and metabolizes THC into the more potent 11-hydroxy-THC. Dry-herb vaporizers can be used...

faculties. These effects are more pronounced in women as women usually metabolize alcohol slower than men. In the United States, drunkorexia is found to...

Bacteroidetes. Most of the bacteria were heterotrophic and more than half could metabolize glycolate. When the amount of reactive nitrogen increases in a body of...

amide, phosphate, sulfate and glycosidic bonds are more likely to be metabolized from the resulting analogue to reform the parent lead compound as the...

isolated from activated sludge in Germany. Parvibaculum lavamentivorans can metabolize linear alkylbenzenesulfonates like alkyldiphenyletherdisulfonate. LPSN...

its brand name Olean) is a fat substitute food additive that adds no metabolizable calories to products. It has been used in the preparation of otherwise...

monooxygenases, the cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylases, is used by cells to metabolize arachidonic acid (i.e. eicosatetraenoic acid) to the cell signaling molecules...

The difference in protein content may enable those who cannot properly metabolize proteins (such as phenylketonurics) to consume foods which are normally...

Thioridazine is a racemic compound with two enantiomers, both of which are metabolized, according to Eap et al., by CYP2D6 into (S)- and (R)-thioridazine-2-sulfoxide...

identity with human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase and, like ALOX15, metabolizes arachidonic acid primarily to 15(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic...

5-HT), and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-T), are known to be very rapidly metabolized and thereby inactivated by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in vivo and to...

2012 2009 Automotive gasoline 45, 138 In prep. 2025 Benzidine, dyes metabolized to 99, 100F 2012 2009 Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on...

(TMAO). If the meat is eaten without pretreatment, the ingested TMAO is metabolized into trimethylamine, which may be a uremic toxin. Occasionally, sled...

odorous substances. One possible solution to this problem is using DIRB to metabolize the OM in the sediments under anaerobic conditions. OM serves as an electron...

state until tamoxifen is given. Once tamoxifen is introduced, it is metabolized into 4-hydroxytamoxifen, which then binds to the ER and results in the...

for every 1000 m above sea level. Athletes will no longer be able to metabolize as much oxygen as they would at sea level. Any given velocity must be...

vivo. After consumption, dietary polyphenols are rapidly digested and metabolized into smaller fragments that cannot be traced or assessed for biological...

volume of distribution is approximately 10 L/kg. Opipramol is partially metabolized in the liver to deshydroxyethylopipramol. Metabolism occurs through the...

unhealthy state. An overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine can metabolize levodopa into dopamine, preventing it from reaching the brain. There are...

℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 80% Metabolism Not metabolized Elimination half-life 8–11 hours, 57–108 hours (kidney impairment) Excretion...

(4HAQO), is believed to be a carcinogenic metabolite of 4NQO. When 4NQO is metabolized to its electrophilic reactant, selyl-4HAQO, it reacts with DNA to form...

is an insecticide, and specifically a pro-insecticide (meaning it is metabolized into an active insecticide after entering the host). It is derived from...

Microbiology (Frühling et al., 2002). This species has the ability to metabolize arabinose, cellulose, fructose, and glucose. It may undergo fermentation...

or HMB. In patients with maple syrup urine disease, who are unable to metabolize the branched chain alpha keto acids, α-KIC is believed to be one of the...

it chelates magnesium and can cause hypomagnesemia. The by-product of metabolizing citrate elevates carbon dioxide levels in the blood that can lead to...

identified in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Humans cannot metabolize the glycosides in stevia, and it therefore has zero calories. Its taste...

anticoagulants betrixaban has relatively low renal excretion and is not metabolized by CYP3A4. Betrixaban was originally developed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals...

permeation of the insecticide, metabolic resistance via overexpression of metabolizing cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases, and the...

most other vaginal Lactobacillus species, L. vaginalis does not directly metabolize glycogen, but rather its depolymerization products. The bacterium occurs...

as other gut microbiota. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is capable of metabolizing a very diverse range of otherwise indigestible polysaccharides, like...

white-rot fungi specialized in catabolizing lignin, they are also capable of metabolizing other common organic forms of carbon like cellulose. Cellulose is also...

administration are not always as effective, as the therapeutic protein may be metabolized or cleared before it can enter the target tissue. Cell-based pro-angiogenic...

monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). These enzymes metabolize monoamine neurotransmitters and related amines, including serotonin, norepinephrine...

respiratory quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins...

In any case, Shulgin stated that it would be expected to be rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase and that it would likely only be active parenterally...

metabolism. Calcipotriol is metabolized to MC1046 (the α,β−unsaturated ketone analog), which is subsequently metabolized to its primary metabolite, the...

the cytosol into the matrix of the mitochondria so that they may be metabolized. While some fatty acids can, long chain fatty acids cannot pass through...

transporter then secretes cytosolic LTC4 and cell surface proteases further metabolize it by sequential cleavage of the γ-glutamyl and glycine residues off its...

\rightleftharpoons } 12R-HpETE → 12R-HETE ALOX12B is also capable of metabolizing free linoleic acid to 9(R)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid...

contraction. Cardiac muscle undergoes aerobic respiration patterns, primarily metabolizing lipids and carbohydrates. Oxygen from the lungs attaches to haemoglobin...

"Chromosomal location of two human genes encoding tetrahydrobiopterin-metabolizing enzymes: 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase maps to 11q22.3-q23.3,...

five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms. There are at least four...

xenobiotics undergo this process causing repeated liver damage. Hepatocytes metabolize cholesterol to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These lipid-soluble...

activity. It is metabolized into cortisol via the actions of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1). Cortisol can also be metabolized back into cortisone...

Oral bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans live in dental plaque and metabolize any free sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose, lactose, fructose...

Bob; Phys.org. "The caterpillar larvae 'plastivores' that consume and metabolize polyethylene". phys.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26. Yang, Yu; Yang, Jun; Wu...

laboratory animals exceeds 10 g/kg when administered orally. Fenbendazole is metabolized in the liver to oxfendazole, which is anthelmintic, too; oxfendazole...

substitute in various specified food categories. Because it is absorbed and metabolized differently from other sugars, the FDA has exempted allulose from the...

polyphenols are not absorbed following digestion, and what is absorbed is metabolized and excreted. A clinical case report showed an association between MonaVie...

of syntrophic hydrogen-consuming microbes allows continued growth by metabolizing the waste products. In addition, fermentative bacteria gain maximum energy...

brain region. Brasofensine is not particularly stable and is readily metabolized. It was studied in humans in doses ranging from 2-50 mg. Because metabolism...

Singh, S. V.; Awasthi, Y. C. (2004). "Transfection with 4-hydroxynonenal-metabolizing glutathione S-transferase isozymes leads to phenotypic transformation...

States are corn starch or plant starch and sugars, which then need to be metabolized by microorganisms in order to produce ethanol. These microorganisms include...

is that grapefruit can block an enzyme which metabolizes medication, and if the drug is not metabolized, then the level of the drug in the blood can become...

aspirin found in the bark of the willow tree (genus Salix), salicin, is metabolized in the human gut into the medicinally active compound salicylic acid...

18.1 L/h for CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers, extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, and poor metabolizers. Area-under-the-curve levels of...

species. Serious poisoning happens more frequently in animals, which metabolize theobromine much more slowly than humans, and can easily consume enough...

performance. However, gazelles appear to have the ability to detoxify and metabolize some tannins and moderate levels of condensed tannins may even be beneficial...

Ceftolozane is not metabolized to any significant extent and thus predominantly eliminated unchanged in the urine. Tazobactam is partially metabolized to an inactive...

plant to create specialized amino acid derivatives which the bacteria can metabolize, called opines. Opines are a class of chemicals that serve as a source...

been shown to metabolize to the compound para-fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP) in a similar manner to how trazodone and nefazodone metabolize to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine...

manner as ethanol poisoning. Second, in a process of toxication, it is metabolized to formic acid (which is present as the formate ion) via formaldehyde...

For that reason, organisms that consume a chiral compound usually can metabolize only one of its enantiomers. For the same reason, the potencies or effects...

Jones G, Petkovich M (July 1997). "cDNA cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) identifies a novel family of cytochromes P450". The...

into glucose. By contrast, few organisms can metabolize cellulose. Some bacteria and protists can metabolize these carbohydrate types. Ruminants and termites...

sequence. Both isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B, effectively metabolize dopamine. Different breakdown pathways exist but the main end-product...

growth restriction have been suspended. PDE5 inhibitors are primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, particularly CYP3A4. The potential...

a known inhibitor of microsomal P450 enzymes which are important in metabolizing the pyrethroid. By that means, the efficacy (lethality) of the pyrethroid...

vertebrates, manure, soil and hydrothermal vents. Peptostreptococcaceae metabolize via fermentation producing a variety of short-chain fatty acids. The bacteria...

because it, not MG, traverses cell membranes. Once inside the cell, it is metabolized into LMG. Only the cation MG is deeply colored, whereas the leuco and...

nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite. Nitrite...

ALDH1A2 (RALDH2), and ALDH1A3 (RALDH3) that metabolize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Enzymes that metabolize retinoic acid to turn off biological signaling...

Metopimazine is rapidly metabolized to metopimazine acid (Tmax ~2 hours), its major metabolite in humans. Metopimazine is primarily metabolized by a liver amidase...

Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading...

Plasma membrane, also known as cell membrane Polymyositis, a disease Poor metabolizer, a term used in pharmacogenomics to refer to individuals with little...

primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. Nonoxynol was found to metabolize into free nonylphenol when administered to lab animals. APEs are produced...

The mechanism of action is inhibition of CYP3A4, which is necessary to metabolize the drug and eliminate it from the body. Without CYP3A4, levels of the...

Pyrococccus yayanosii as a gram-negative bacterium with the ability to metabolize proteinaceous substrates and carbohydrates for energy and release hydrogen...

Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living thing is known to metabolize aluminium salts, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals...

hypertension. Trenbolone has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Once metabolized, trenbolone esters have the effect of increasing ammonium ion uptake...

community in the oceans. Methanotrophs, such as the order Methylococcales, metabolize methane as sole energy source and are very important in the global carbon...

should be supportive and based on symptoms. Centanafadine is primarily metabolized by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and hence should not be taken in combination...

therefore an anaplerotic reaction, increasing the cycle's capacity to metabolize acetyl-CoA when the tissue's energy needs (e.g. in muscle) are suddenly...

Nitrous oxide has no acute biochemical or cellular toxicity and is not metabolized in humans or other mammals. Rare deaths and injuries associated with...

Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a12 in mice, and Cyp4a1, Cyp4a2, Cyp4a3, and Cyp4a8 in rats metabolize arachidonic acid and many arachidonic acid metabolites to their corresponding...

identified an evolved genetic adaptation among the Inuit that allows them to metabolize fatty acids. Lang, Susan S. (2004-03-23). "Two Cornell University scientists...

coli is capable of producing ethanol under anaerobic conditions through metabolizing glucose into two moles of formate, two moles of acetate, and one mole...

T, McLean B, et al. (August 2016). "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Metabolizes and Partially Inactivates Pyr-Apelin-13 and Apelin-17: Physiological...

phospholipids. This type of enzyme is responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) phospholipids. Phospholipid metabolism is essential for many body processes...

CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane. The scientists hypothesized that metabolizing organisms would either consume or release at least one of the gases being...

tests. The related agent propylamphetamine is known to be partially metabolized into amphetamine and this is thought to be involved in its effects. Propylcathinone...

of appearance of hangover symptoms. As both ethanol and methanol are metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase – and this enzyme has a greater binding affinity...

berries. As the vine progresses through ripening, tartaric does not get metabolized through respiration like malic acid, so the levels of tartaric acid in...

products of metabolism are glucuronides. Approximately 25% of the drug is metabolized; the rest is excreted as the parent drug. Adapalene was a research product...

Vibrio species based on their sucrose metabolism, since only some will metabolize the sucrose in the plate and change its pH. Indicator dyes included in...

used as a dairy-related flavoring agent. It is metabolized to lactic acid, which is in turn metabolized to n-butanol, n-butyraldehyde, and n-butyric acid...

Protein binding 21% to 29% Metabolism Negligible. Cefpodoxime proxetil is metabolized to cefpodoxime by the liver Elimination half-life 2 hours Excretion Kidney...

intramuscular injection Imipramine, by the trade name IM Intermediate metabolizer, an individual with reduced metabolic activity .im, an Internet country...

from the gastrointestinal tract. When they reach the liver, they are metabolized via three pathways: N-oxidation, oxidation, and ester hydrolysis. N-oxidation...

been shown to be metabolized into 4-hydroxynorephedrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in vitro and it is presumed to be metabolized similarly in vivo...

affect the drug's pharmacokinetics. Trelagliptin is not significantly metabolized by the liver, so hepatic function has minimal impact on its pharmacokinetics...

in the mitochondria, if pyruvate is building up faster than it can be metabolized, the fermentation will happen anyway. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes...

ability to metabolize harmful environmental pollutants, including toluene, naphthalene, herbicides, and PCBs. Rhodococcus species typically metabolize aromatic...

dosage has contraindicated with damage to the liver because of how it is metabolized causing liver toxicity. Nicotinamide should NOT be taken if the person...

recycled production from production leading to export. Biologically metabolized nitrogen returns to the inorganic dissolved nitrogen pool in the form...

galactosemia is an inherited condition associated with diminished ability to metabolize galactose due to a partial deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate...

John R.; Drott, Henry R.; Chance, Britton (eds.), Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, Academic Press, pp. 643–648, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-691403-0...

as arterial hypoxia. Adequate circulation of blood and perfusion of metabolizing tissue to meet demand is necessary to prevent tissue hypoxia. Lactic...

in the lab due to characteristic swarming motility, and inability to metabolize lactose (on a MacConkey agar plate, for example). Also P. mirabilis produces...

Cinacalcet is a strong inhibitor of the liver enzyme CYP2D6 and is partially metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Dose adjustments may be necessary if people are...

cholesterol. IDL particles are then consumed in two processes: half is metabolized by HTGL and taken up by the LDL receptor on the liver cell surfaces,...

are of particular concern to felines because cats are unable to fully metabolize them. A cat may swallow the product by licking its paws after it has come...

they metabolize it efficiently (cf. L-canaline) or avoid its incorporation into their own nascent proteins. Herbivores may be able to metabolize canavanine...

medications (e.g., erythromycin), cimetidine interferes with the body's metabolization of sildenafil, causing its strength and duration to increase and making...

dinoseb. Although binapacryl has low toxicity itself, it is readily metabolized to form dinoseb, which is highly toxic. International trade in binapacryl...

consume sugar, particularly Streptococcus mutans. When these bacteria metabolize the sugar found in most candies, juice, or other sugary foods, they produce...

food comes from plants. The mechanism by which they process, ingest, and metabolize the Beltian bodies is still unresearched. The vast majority of spiders...

from in vivo studies (e.g. studies on drug action) since the drugs are metabolized in vivo but not in vitro. Cell culture Tissue culture 3D bioprinting...

studies investigating the metabolism of drugs, because these species metabolize a wide range of drugs in manners similar to mammalian enzyme systems....

enzyme at the mineralocorticoid receptor of the distal renal tubule to metabolize cortisol to cortisone and thus protect the receptor. This was the first...

such as protozoans, mollusks, and polychaetes have limited ability to metabolize PAHs. Some such organisms bioaccumulate disproportionate concentrations...

converted to CH4 and CO2 by methanogenic microorganisms. As VFAs are metabolized by the methanogens, the landfill water pH returns to neutrality. The...

and common non-opioid drugs (xylazine, MDMA, cocaine, ketamine). The metabolization of nitazenes is species-dependent. In humans, the main degradation pathways...

different causes: Hormonal disorder due to the body's inability to properly metabolize fat Increase in fat cells (adipocytes) Enzymatic defect or a change in...

first-pass metabolism, 6-MAM is then metabolized into morphine or excreted in urine.[citation needed] Heroin is rapidly metabolized by esterase enzymes in the brain...

that it can utilize oxygen to metabolize various sugars and other simple carbohydrates. However, it does not metabolize polysaccharides such as starch...

a mechanical ventilation apparatus until enough of the drug has been metabolized or excreted for the patient to breathe sufficiently without assistance...

doses of chlorine, or circulating fluids to biologically capture and metabolize the noxious gases. Other methods of odor control exist, including addition...

5-HT), and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-T), are known to be very rapidly metabolized and thereby inactivated by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in vivo and to...

treatment of glaucoma. The drug was designed to be quickly and easily metabolized, minimizing systemic activity through facile inactivation into an inactive...

relevant to the atmospheric chemistry of acetone. Acetone can then be metabolized either by CYP2E1 via methylglyoxal to D-lactate and pyruvate, and ultimately...

reaction with repeated administration of lidocaine because the drug is metabolized by the liver. Adverse reactions may include neurological symptoms (e...

half of the absorbed portion of an orally administered dose will be metabolized by the liver into inactive metabolites, with roughly the other half being...

in many tissues in the human body; however, most dietary leucine is metabolized within the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle tissue. Adipose and muscle...

Olem, never needs to sleep. Powder Mages are wizards with the ability to metabolize gunpowder and use it as fuel for various magical powers, including telekinesis;...

2006). "Progesterone resistance in endometriosis: Link to failure to metabolize estradiol". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 248 (1–2): 94–103. doi:10...

role of CAP is its criticality in activating the ability of E. coli to metabolize lactose. The cAMP-CAP complex allows RNA polymerase to bind to the lac...

activation of Crc and in conjunction with the Hfq protein genes that metabolize a given carbon source are downregulated until another more favorable carbon...

Insulin decreases blood glucose level by helping cells to take up and metabolize glucose, and by stopping the liver from releasing more glucose. Insulin...

formaldehyde, the latter of which is subsequently metabolized to formate, which is in turn metabolized by a folate dependent mechanism. Side effects are...

effects from many prodrugs and decreased effects from drugs which are metabolized by these enzymes to inactive metabolites. This can result in fatal overdoses...

CYP2C19 metabolizers (i.e. the average metabolic capacity of CYP2C19) will extensively metabolize rabeprazole, as expected. The poor metabolizing CYP2C19...

Lactobacillus species. These species metabolize glycogen, breaking it down into sugar. Lactobacilli metabolize the sugar into glucose and lactic acid...

biotransformation of the odorant in the epithelial supporting cells. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory epithelium have been suggested to catalyze inactivation...

The Office works to investigate how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted, and how different drugs impact the immunology or physiology...

or effect is supported with extra glucose until the drugs have been metabolized. The drug doses or combination often needs to be altered. Hypoglycemia...

well-balanced tank contains organisms that metabolize the waste products of other inhabitants. Nitrogenous waste is metabolized in aquaria by a group of bacteria...

Debrisoquine is frequently used for phenotyping the CYP2D6 enzyme, a drug-metabolizing enzyme. Debrisoquine has been identified as a inhibitor of TMPRSS2 protease...

VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plants and must be metabolized in peroxisomes. Certain peroxisomal...

cells invade and grow inside salamander egg capsules. Once inside, it metabolizes the carbon dioxide produced by the embryo and provides it with oxygen...

drug in the blood to be effective in managing the pain. Medications are metabolized differently between children of the same age. Factors that influence...

Elimination half-life Half-life (1.4–4 hours) Excretion The drug is rapidly metabolized to the glucuronide, and mostly excreted in the urine Identifiers IUPAC...

hyaluronic acid’s natural form, the substance is a liquid which the body metabolizes in about half a day. Cross linking is a process which chemically binds...

alder trees. Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin, which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body. Some Native American cultures use red...

which means using ionizing radiation as a main energy source to drive metabolization. It has been claimed that radiotrophic fungi have been found in extreme...

to be metabolized, 90% or more by the liver. One standard drink is sufficient to almost completely saturate the liver's capacity to metabolize alcohol...

β-methylbutyrate, and ketogenic amino acids through a series of reactions that metabolize these compounds into acetoacetate, which is the first ketone body that...

breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods, the animals metabolize fat. Blubber may save energy for marine mammals, such as dolphins, in...

of lycopene in ripe tomatoes. Studies have shown esculeoside A may be metabolized into derivatives that perform various beneficial activities in the human...

metabolism at the C17α position is sterically hindered and thus it cannot be metabolized into androgens like testosterone or estrogens like estradiol. Also in...

mitochondria. This cycle supplies the energy that cells need by sequentially metabolizing (indicated by →) citrate through seven intermediate metabolites and then...

applications to obtain functional foods. Polysaccharides in seaweed may be metabolized in humans through the action of bacterial gut enzymes. Such enzymes are...

stopped from triggering for an extended period. Naloxone is primarily metabolized by the liver. Its major metabolite is naloxone-3-glucuronide, which is...

of toxic effects is delayed, due to the time required for the body to metabolize acetonitrile to cyanide (generally about 2–12 hours). Cases of acetonitrile...

been shown to not enter the brain after administration and to reverse metabolize in peripheral tissues to form clozapine. Clozapine can bind to a number...

induced by glucocorticoids and some pharmacological agents. The enzyme metabolizes drugs such as nifedipine and cyclosporine as well as the steroid hormones...

carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become...

female anatomy, while physiology is the same for the most part, how they metabolize nutrients will vary. Men have less total body fat but tend to carry most...

nitrification of waste water. As the biofilm biomass changes from Carbon metabolizing to nitrifying, a visual colour change from grey/beige to brown can be...

P450 system. [medical citation needed] Because many medications are metabolized by enzymes in this system, precaution must be taken when administering...

cytochrome P450 monoxygenase metabolizes EPA to its 18R-hydroperoxy derivative; this intermediate is then further metabolized by ALOX5 to a 5,6 epoxide which...

ability to metabolize drugs. There are four phenotypes of CYP2D6: Poor Metabolizer (PM), Intermediate Metabolizer (IM), Extensive (normal) Metabolizer (EM)...

hydrothermal sediments in Santorini in Greece. Marinobacter santoriniensis can metabolize arsenate and arsenite. A.C. Parte. "Marinobacter". LPSN. Retrieved 2016-08-18...

pharmaceutical formulation is given intravenously. Belinostat is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1; the initial dose should be reduced if the recipient is known...

destroyed, releasing their oxygen-carrying molecule heme, which is then metabolized by enzymes to bilirubin, a yellow pigment. The most common cause for...

inulin, feed the bacteria and microbiota of the large intestine and are metabolized to yield short-chain fatty acids, which have diverse roles in gastrointestinal...

as a vaginal cream or suppository (through the vaginal mucosa). It is metabolized by acetylation like other sulfonamides and excreted through the urine...

that one possible explanation is that dysbiosis may lead to α-GPC being metabolized into trimethylamine (TMA) in the gastrointestinal tract, and then to...

législatifs, consulté 2013-09-09 Adedokun, S. A.; Adeola, L. (2005). "Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs". Journal of Animal Science...

iodine-131 it can also be used to treat tumor cells that take up and metabolize norepinephrine. MIBG is absorbed by and accumulated in granules of adrenal...

dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-dependent dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that metabolizes between two eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX):...

carnitine is concentrated in tissues like skeletal and cardiac muscle that metabolize fatty acids as an energy source. Generally individuals, including strict...

metabolism is hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450. These enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics are very important for the pharmaceutical industry because...

effects in these tissues are lessened. This is because nandrolone is metabolized by 5α-reductase to the much weaker AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone (DHN)...

majority of flecainide is eliminated by the kidneys, with the remainder metabolized by the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme in the liver. Therefore, alterations...

of chorismate through the shikimate pathway. Chorismate may then be metabolized into the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine)...

toxicology: It is found that many administered substances are distributed and metabolized (see clearance) according to exponential decay patterns. The biological...

the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). 3-MT can be further metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) to form homovanillic acid (HVA)...

5-HTP, especially when administered with vitamin B6, is thought to be metabolized and excreted. Though 5-HTP is found in food only in insignificant quantities...

prescribed drugs. Taking clarithromycin with other medications that are metabolized by CYP3A4 may lead to unexpected increases or decreases in drug levels...

to reach peak plasma concentration after oral administration. It is metabolized in the liver to at least 12 inactive metabolites (though one metabolite...

indirect-acting genotoxin, meaning its carcinogenicity depends on the metabolization to methyldiazonium ions. Methyldiazonium is a strong methylating agent...

trough concentrations ranging from 655 to 706 μg/mL. Pegcetacoplan is metabolized into smaller peptides and amino acids and has a median effective elimination...

Testosterone can either directly exert effects on target tissues or be metabolized by 5α-reductase into DHT or aromatized to estradiol (E2). Both testosterone...

often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. A/B Otic Drops, ear drops combined with benzocaine...

presence of oxygen. When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation, a process that is independent of the mitochondria...

treatment was usually no more than a few months. Since it was unable to metabolize sugars, the diabetic body would instead begin to burn fats. The dependence...

delivered to the Golgi apparatus, these catabolites are either further metabolized to generate energy or reused in biosynthetic pathways to form new complex...

Allomancy is a predominantly genetic ability that allows a person to metabolize ("burn") metals, ingested by the Allomancer, for magical powers that can...

cytochrome P450 group of enzymes. Along with CYP2A6, it is involved with metabolizing nicotine, along with many other substances. This gene, CYP2B6, encodes...

uses including toothache, menstrual cramps, headache, and fever. It is metabolized in vivo into salicylamide. Darias V, Bravo L, Abdallah SS, Sánchez Mateo...

activity of the neuron's ion channels and protein kinases. Or it may be metabolized to form eicosanoids, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), neuroprotectin...

dogs, horses, parrots, and small rodents because they are unable to metabolize the chemical effectively. If animals are fed chocolate, the theobromine...

a sweet potato root is, the more nutritious carotene it has. (Humans metabolize carotene into vitamin A.) The skin of a sweet potato root is a different...

substances largely on the blood vessels. These biologic substances are often metabolized and inactivated by the liver in a process known as first pass metabolism...

benign condition purple urine bag syndrome, resulting from bacteria metabolizing indoxyl sulfate found naturally in urine. Indirubin is a structural isomer...

half-life of Mobocertinib and its metabolites is 18 hours. Mobocertinib is metabolized by CYP3A enzymes. Mobocertinib may increase the chance of QTC prolongation...

due to a compound called violacein, which is produced when glycerol is metabolized as a carbon source. Violacein has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal...

non-systemic, sucrose octasulfate: 5%, aluminum: 0.005% Metabolism: Not metabolized, excreted unchanged in urine Excretion: Primarily in feces as unchanged...

by urea-splitting bacteria. Using the enzyme urease, these organisms metabolize urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This alkalinizes the urine, resulting...

butyrate-CoA ligase into an intermediate product, benzoyl-CoA, which is then metabolized by glycine N-acyltransferase into hippuric acid. In the US, glycine is...

is a phenethylamine that occurs widely in plants and animals, and is metabolized by various enzymes, including monoamine oxidases. Substituted phenethylamines...

of DCM is exhaled in its unchanged form, a small percentage of DCM is metabolized to carbon monoxide, potentially leading to carbon monoxide poisoning...

to both paraldehyde and chloral hydrate. In humans, acetophenone is metabolized to benzoic acid, carbonic acid, and acetone. Hippuric acid occurs as...

especially in the elderly, which may only be partially reversible. The elderly metabolize benzodiazepines more slowly than younger people and are more sensitive...

approximately 18 kb away. Both variants localize on the endoplasmic reticulum and metabolize leukotriene B4 and very likely 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic...

of the histamine H1 receptor. It is a prodrug, generally completely metabolized to the active form fexofenadine in the liver by the enzyme cytochrome...

23%. Sripada et al. reported that oral pregnenolone is preferentially metabolized into the neurosteroid allopregnanolone rather than into other steroids...

couples with fertility problems. This treatment with 5-MTHF also avoids un-metabolized folic acid syndrome, which can occur with folic acid intakes of 5 mg...

known species (Pradoshia eiseniae). Pradoshia eiseniae is capable to metabolize 3-nitropropionic acid. Pradoshia eiseniae has been isolated from the gut...

20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, a ppd-type monoglucoside ginsenoside metabolized by intestinal bacteria M1 macrophage, a phenotype of macrophage Slang...

utilized depends on whether arginine is converted into ornithine or metabolized via alternative routes, as well as on its availability. Prokaryotes possessing...

their DNA will have a misfolded ALDH2 which will impair their ability to metabolize alcohol. This is because the original amino acid (Glutamic acid) is positively...

associated with UGT1A6 deficiency in cats, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing cypermethrin. As a consequence, cypermethrin remains much longer in the...

classified in the genus Lactobacillus. It is homofermentative; hexoses are metabolized via glycolysis to lactic acid as main metabolite; pentoses are fermented...

squalenivorans is a bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which can metabolize shark oil. "Marinobacter squalenivorans". uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-08-18...

skin of the feet and/or hands, causing redness, heat and pain Extensive metabolizer, a term used in pharmacogenomics to refer to individuals with normal...

Copperiedus A Kayser–Fleischer ring, copper deposits found in the cornea, is an indication the body is not metabolizing copper properly. Specialty Toxicology...

Thiaminase is an enzyme that metabolizes or breaks down thiamine into pyrimidine and thiazole. It is an antinutrient when consumed. The old name was "aneurinase"...

this reason, they have the capacity to bind to and be metabolized by the same steroid-metabolizing enzymes. According to the intracellular metabolism explanation...

inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is not a substrate of that enzyme, and is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase into isovanillic acid, which could make it...

CYP2D6 inhibitor, it can increase the plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Examples of such drugs are risperidone, aripiprazole...

enzymes. Kynurenine, to which tryptophan is mainly (more than 95%) metabolized. Two enzymes, namely indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the immune...

significantly. This activity could be caused by arecoline. Arecoline is metabolized by both kidneys and liver. Currently, 11 metabolites of arecoline are...

split; this indicates that urease (the enzyme that H. pylori uses to metabolize urea to produce ammonia) is present in the stomach, and hence that H....

β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) and β-methylcrotonoyl-CoA (MC-CoA). It can be metabolized into HMB, MC-CoA, and HMG-CoA in humans. This reaction is catalyzed by...

primarily for the synthesis of adenylate. It has the unique ability to metabolize cytokinins—a plant hormone that can exist as a base, nucleotide, or nucleoside—into...

Saunders, M., Cliff, J. and Brasier, M.D. 2011. Microfossils of sulphur-metabolizing cells in 3.4-billion-year-old rocks of Western Australia. Nature Geoscience...

and primates have shown it to have no toxicity. However, animals which metabolize nefiracetam differently from humans and primates are at risk for renal...

sorafenib, are potent inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). sEH metabolizes, and in general thereby inactivates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)...

and lubricant properties, and are a surfactant. They can be completely metabolized (see inositol) by humans, and are therefore well tolerated by humans...

aerobic, extremely acidophilic, thermophilic (hence its name) and sulfur-metabolizing. Its type strain is strain DSM 3191. Segerer, A.; Neuner, A.; Kristjansson...

with polyethyleneglycol-coupled adenosine deaminase (PEG-ADA), which metabolizes the toxic substrates of the ADA enzyme and prevents their accumulation...

levels. Estradiol is also metabolized via hydroxylation into catechol estrogens. In the liver, it is non-specifically metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and...

and is metabolized through a group of enzymes that eventually generate acetoacetate and malate. In alkaptonuria, the HGD enzyme cannot metabolize the homogentisic...

although alcohol can induce sleepiness initially, the arousal caused by metabolizing alcohol can disrupt and significantly fragment sleep. Smoking tobacco...

ingestion, and "a source of oxygen in an amount sufficient for the enzymes to metabolize ethanol after administration to a patient." A 2008 controlled study of...

balsalazide not being metabolized in the small intestine; it can thus reach the large intestine intact, where it is then metabolized to mesalazine. It is...

significant liver disease also show many spider angiomas, as their liver cannot metabolize circulating estrogens, specifically estrone, which derives from the androgen...

statistically and clinically significant reduction. CYP2D6 is a known metabolizer of many commonly used pharmaceuticals, such as antidepressants (including...

is able and likely to consume fermented nectar and that its ability to metabolize alcohol might have been an evolutionary advantage. The aye-aye is classically...

vivo to 4-HO-DET (ethocin), analogously to how psilocybin (4-PO-DMT) is metabolized to psilocin (4-HO-DMT). This chemical reaction takes place under strongly...

adjusted dose = current dose × (target AUC/actual AUC). Busulfan is metabolized via glutathione conjugation in the liver to inactive metabolites. Itraconazole...

capacity of liver cells to phosphorylate fructose exceeds capacity to metabolize fructose-1-phosphate. Consuming excess fructose ultimately results in...

chemicals and also as the regulator of enzymes such as cytochrome P450s that metabolize these chemicals. The most notable of these xenobiotic chemicals are aromatic...