Lethiscus Temporal range: Early Carboniferous
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Aistopoda
Family:	†Lethiscidae Wellstead, 1982
Genus:	†Lethiscus Wellstead, 1982
Species:	†L. stocki
Binomial name
†Lethiscus stocki Wellstead, 1982

Lethiscus is the earliest known representative of the Aistopoda, a group of very specialised snake-like tetrapodomorphs known from the early Carboniferous (Mississippian).

Lethiscus is known from only a single specimen from the Holkerian Stage (Middle Viséan) of the Early Carboniferous (Middle Mississippian) of Scotland, and is one of the oldest known post Devonian tetrapods. Despite its very early date, it was already a highly advanced animal.

The skull is specialised and light, very like that of Ophiderpeton, with the orbits, far forward, and the cheek region unossified (lacking bone). There are approximately 30 closely spaced teeth on the maxilla and dentary, and a sutural pattern of the skull closely resembles that of the Late Carboniferous aïstopod Oestocephalus.

There is no trace of limbs. However, unlike later members of the aïstopod lineage, the vertebrae still possess intercentra, and the pleurocentra are large.

Lethiscus is the only representative of the family Lethiscidae. Owing to its early date, it has since its discovery been considered ancestral to later aïstopods, and more recent cladistic research (Anderson et al. 2003) confirms its position as the most basal (primitive) aistopod. A 2017 cladistic analysis incorporated new data on Lethiscus found all aïstopods, including Lethiscus, to be stem-tetrapods, rendering Lepospondyli polyphyletic.^[1]

• Anderson, Jason S.; Carroll, Robert L. & Rowe, Timothy B. (2003). "New information on Lethiscus stocki (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda) from high-resolution computed tomography and a phylogenetic analysis of Aistopoda". Can. J. Earth Sci. 40 (8): 1071–1083. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1071A. doi:10.1139/e03-023.^{[permanent dead link]}
• Carroll, R.L (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co. pp. 176–7
• Wellstead, C.F. (1982). "A Lower Carboniferous aïstopod amphibian from Scotland". Palaeontology. 25: 193–208.

• Aistopoda - phylogeny