Kesterite

Kësterite
General
CategorySulfide mineral
FormulaCu2(Zn,Fe)SnS4
IMA symbolKës[1]
Strunz classification2.CB.15a
Crystal systemTetragonal
Crystal classDisphenoidal (4)
H-M symbol: (4)
Space groupI4
Unit cella = 5.427, c = 10.871 [Å]; Z = 2
Identification
ColorGreenish black
Crystal habitMassive, pseudocubic
CleavageNone
Mohs scale hardness4.5
LusterMetallic
StreakBlack
DiaphaneityOpaque
Specific gravity4.54–4.59 (meas.); 4.524 (calc.)
References[2][3][4]

Kësterite is a sulfide mineral with a chemical formula of Cu2(Zn,Fe)SnS4. In its lattice structure, zinc and iron atoms share the same lattice sites. Kesterite is the zinc-rich variety whereas the zinc-poor form is called ferrokesterite or stannite. Owing to their similarity, kesterite is sometimes called isostannite.[5] The synthetic form of kesterite is abbreviated as CZTS (from copper-zinc-tin sulfide). The name kesterite is sometimes extended to include this synthetic material and also CZTSe, which contains selenium instead of sulfur.[6][7] Along with perovskite, recent advances have made kesterite promising materials for solar panels.

Occurrence

Kesterite was first described in 1958 in regard to an occurrence in the Kester deposit and the associated locality in Ynnakh Mountain, Yana basin, Yakutia, Russia, where it was discovered.[2][3][4]

It is usually found in quartz-sulfide hydrothermal veins associated with tin ore deposits.[2] Associated minerals include arsenopyrite, stannoidite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, sphalerite and tennantite.[4]

Stannite and kesterite occur together in the Ivittuut cryolite deposit of southern Greenland. Solid solutions form between Cu2FeSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnS4 at temperatures above 680 °C. This accounts for the exsolved kesterite in stannite found in the cryolite.[8]

Kesterite structure. Orange: Cu, blue: Sn, grey: Zn/Fe, yellow: S

Use

Kesterite-like substances are being researched as a solar photovoltaic material.[9]

References

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  1. ^ Warr, Laurence N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b c Kesterite. Webmineral
  3. ^ a b Kesterite. Mindat.org
  4. ^ a b c Kesterite. Handbook of Mineralogy
  5. ^ Pracejus, Bernhard (2008). The ore minerals under the microscope: an optical guide. Elsevier. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-444-52863-6.
  6. ^ Rau, Uwe; Abou-Ras, Daniel; Kirchartz, Thomas (2011). Advanced Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells. John Wiley & Sons. p. 351. ISBN 978-3-527-63629-7.
  7. ^ Repins, Ingrid; Vora, Nirav; Beall, Carolyn; Wei, Su-Huai; Yan, Yanfa; Romero, Manuel; Teeter, Glenn; Du, Hui; To, Bobby; Young, Matt; Noufi, Rommel (2011). Kesterites and Chalcopyrites: A Comparison of Close Cousins; Preprint. 2011 Materials Research Society Spring Meeting. National Laboratory of the Rockies. doi:10.1557/opl.2011.844. OSTI 1015886.
  8. ^ Karup-Møller, Sven; Pauly, Hans (1979). Galena and associated ore minerals from the cryolite at Ivigtut, South Greenland. Greenland geoscience. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-87-17-02582-0.
  9. ^ Peplow, Mark (12 February 2018). "Kesterite solar cells get ready to shine". Chemical & Engineering News. 96 (7): 15–18.

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