DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0CC BY 2.0 Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 truetrue English Pseudoreplication due to correlation of samples...

replicates is subject to pseudoreplication, in which the replicates are not statistically independent (Hurlbert 1984). Pseudoreplication can lead to artificially...

replicates is subject to pseudoreplication, in which the replicates are not statistically independent (Hurlbert 1984). Pseudoreplication can lead to artificially...

three tanks holding approximately 15 fish of one species each to avoid pseudoreplication [45]. Observations were made between 10.00 and 16.00 h using two identical...

recording files). Unique exemplars were used for each trial to avoid pseudoreplication [32]. 4 (b) 1.0 0.5 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no. visitations...

(1 or 0) [27]. The shark ID was added as a random effect to avoid pseudoreplication [33]. We used the drop1 function (χ 2) for variable selection tested...

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their effects on the participants’ rating of the stimuli. To avoid pseudoreplication, for each species, we maximized the number of questions prepared (4–10...

a tank were not independent replicates, and to address issues of pseudoreplication we calculated means across three fragments within a tank and used...

classes. More¬ based on half samples in balanced sets according to the pseudoreplication procedure described by McCarthy.® over, the pricing areas form natural...

= 75). In all models, subjects were random effects to control for pseudoreplication of multiple behavioural syndrome scores from individual subjects....

lame-pseudoreplication.wav Audio pronunciation file from the Lingua Libre project. Language InfoField English Transcription InfoField pseudoreplication Date...

the presentation and were further summarised in MS Excel to avoid pseudoreplication [31-33]. Gare was taken ponderosae, mostly number of but to allow...

[23] with 300 ml of water. Maintaining tadpoles singly eradicates pseudoreplication. For water, I used distilled water that was allowed to degas and reach...

recorded the identities and direction of the grooming dyads. To avoid pseudoreplication, and because we could not know who initiated every grooming event...

clusters ¼ no genetic admixture). 2.3. Statistical analysis To avoid pseudoreplication, we only included the first nesting event observed for each male and...

(more than 5 km from each other), thus reducing the potential for pseudoreplication owing to studying the same breeding robin(s) at repeated breeding...

was randomized using a random number generator application to avoid pseudoreplication. Testing involved a 2–3 h acclimation period in the experimental net...

described previously [17,83,84]. 2.3. Behavioural measures To reduce pseudoreplication, we aimed to sample each focal subject when the party had a unique...

plot selection point intercept power variable plots precision pseudoreplication FIELD TECHNIQUES: PRODUCTION random sampling production replication...

between cultural, environmental and biodiversity variables [39,46,47]. Pseudoreplication arising from spatial autocorrelation is routinely addressed in macroecological...

feeders (e.g. [27,28]) provided a suitable technique for avoiding pseudoreplication is used. The predictions made here about behaviour in response to...

reintroduced to its colony until the end of the experiment to avoid pseudoreplication. In the first treatment (no cleaning, ‘NC’), six ants were consecutively...

tabanid individual could have landed more than once on them. Such pseudoreplication could be eliminated only if the barrels were sticky. However, from...

(200-mm or 300-mm long) were used during the trials to avoid stimulus pseudoreplication, with lure sizes changed between successive blocks of three trials...

readily acknowledge that this method cannot exclude the possibility of pseudoreplication, it was sufficient for the purpose of determining the presence or...

approach avoids overestimation of intraindividual variations (i.e. pseudoreplication) over intraspecific (between different birds of the same species)...

treatments (some sample only a single site per treatment or provide “pseudoreplication” by simply subdividing a single site into two or more plots) or from...

frequently at one site and very rarely at any others. Therefore, to avoid pseudoreplication, for these birds, we only analysed data from the single site it was...

is likely to be a true signal, or if it could have been caused by pseudoreplication (e.g. [43]). Authors’ contributions. S.Q.S.: conceptualization,...

models, we controlled for individual identity and trial to account for pseudoreplication by including them as random effects. Furthermore, each subject’s identity...

directionality of grooming events (giver to recipient). To avoid pseudoreplication, a grooming dyad was not recorded more than once within the same half-hour...

component) were built to account for unit-level heterogeneity, study pseudoreplication and phylogeny while explaining variation in effect size according...

stimulus when moving. Two models of each type were used to prevent pseudoreplication. The birds were freeze-dried specimens of native, commonly encountered...

individual per cage allowed us to measure growth rate without concerns of pseudoreplication associated with including multiple individuals from the same cage...

pair identity was fitted as a random factor in the model to avoid pseudoreplication. F-test revealed that there was no significant variation in fork length...

multiple recordings from each subject, and in order to avoid temporal pseudoreplication, we entered subject identity as a random factor in all of the GLMMs...

supplementary material, figure S2), and we thereby avoided the problem of pseudoreplication in the dataset. Together, ADD0, forest management intensity and study...

Hitchmough et al 1989; Mclntyrc 1990 and Willis and Groves 1991) involve pseudoreplication studies: by replicating samples within a treatment one temperalure...

have been counted in both periods B and C) and thus there was no pseudoreplication in the response variables. Social explanatory variables included a...

derived from permutation allowed us to reduce the potential impact of pseudoreplication in our data. Both the null models maintained the same underlying structure...

BG-sensitive and BG-tolerant nodules within each plant to reduce pseudoreplication. a full somatic maintenance (FSM) 9.9 � 102 25.14 2 26.14 ...

used to calculate the second degrees of freedom in F-tests to avoid pseudoreplication, because otoliths collected from the same individuals are unlikely...

(doi:10.1073/pnas. 0906910106) Heffner RA, Butler MJ, Reilly CK. 1996 Pseudoreplication revisited. Ecology 77, 2558 –2562. (doi:10.2307/2265754) Marra G,...

respectively. Note that our random effect structure is formulated to prevent pseudoreplication of fixed effects, and we caution that these variance components do...

outside this range are plotted individually as circles. To avoid pseudoreplication, the medians of the individual replicates were compared between conditions...

first flight of a bird was included in subsequent analyses to avoid pseudoreplication. Although we received signals from all tags at the stopover site,...

each bird is only represented once in all statistical analyses and pseudoreplication is avoided. We analysed SF, NG, ND and II of Notes 2, 3 and 4 using...

the neighbor programs of PAUP* [38]. Bootstrap resampling (1,000 pseudoreplications) of neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony trees were performed in...