Epidemic Intelligence Service

Epidemic Intelligence Service
Epidemic Intelligence Service logo
Map
Agency overview
FormedOctober 26, 1951; 74 years ago (1951-10-26)
HeadquartersAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Parent agency
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Websitewww.cdc.gov/eis/

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is a two-year applied epidemiology training program administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Based in Atlanta, Georgia, participants — formally called EIS officers and colloquially known as "disease detectives" — spend most of their term on field assignments investigating disease outbreaks and public health emergencies at CDC operational units or at state and local health departments across the country.[1][2]

Alexander Langmuir of the United States Public Health Service proposed the program on March 30, 1951, citing the need for trained field epidemiologists to detect and respond to biological warfare threats during the Korean War. The EIS was formally organized that September; since its founding, more than 4,100 officers have been trained to investigate outbreaks and other public health emergencies in the United States and internationally.

The EIS served as the model for the global network of Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs), which CDC has helped establish in numerous countries. The program is a common pathway into the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and holds an annual conference in Atlanta at which the Alexander D. Langmuir Prize is awarded for the best scientific publication by a current or recent officer. In February 2025, the Trump administration directed layoffs at the CDC that included first-year EIS officers; the program was not eliminated in that round of cuts.[3][4]

History

Black-and-white headshot of Alexander Langmuir in a suit and tie
Alexander Langmuir, who proposed and founded the EIS in 1951

Alexander Langmuir, Chief of the U.S. Public Health Service, proposed the creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service on March 30, 1951.[5] Langmuir argued that the agency could identify appropriate defense measures against biological warfare germs, develop new detection methods, and train laboratory workers to rapidly recognize biological warfare germs.[5] This justification arose from biological warfare concerns during the Korean War.[6]

The Epidemic Intelligence Service was organized on September 26, 1951, with the purpose of investigating disease outbreaks that are beyond the control of state and local health departments, enforcing interstate quarantine regulations, and providing epidemic aid at the request of state health agencies. The Epidemic Intelligence Service's first staff members were 21 medical officers of the Public Health Service.[7]

Structure and operations

Three men in suits examining large architectural blueprints on a table
Tom Chin, Melvin Goodwin, and Alexander Langmuir reviewing CDC blueprints, 1962

The EIS is operated by the CDC's Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (CSELS), in the Office of Public Health Scientific Services (OPHSS).[8]

Program participants, known colloquially as "disease detectives", are formally called "EIS officers" or "EIS fellows" by the CDC. Since 1951, the program has trained more than 4,100 officers, who have been involved in domestic and international response efforts including Legionnaires' disease, Ebola, the 2001 anthrax attacks, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other outbreaks and public health emergencies.[1][9]

EIS officers begin their fellowship with a one-month training program at CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia; however, most of the two-year term consists of field-based training and service.[1] For the remainder of their service, EIS officers are assigned to operational branches within the CDC or at state and local health departments around the country. Placement is determined via a competitive matching process.[1] The CDC pairs EIS officers with a Public Health Advisor (PHA), forming a scientist–operations team.[10] The EIS is a common recruiting pathway into the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.[11]

The EIS is the prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), which operate in numerous countries with technical assistance provided by the CDC.[12] However, attempts to establish FETPs in Indonesia, Hungary, Ivory Coast, and within the World Health Organization have failed due to insufficient long-term support.[13]

History of responses

Since its founding, EIS officers have investigated outbreaks and public health emergencies spanning every decade of the program's operation.[14]

EIS conference

EIS officers attend an annual conference in Atlanta, Georgia, to present components of their work from the preceding year.[17] The conference has typically been held at an Atlanta hotel, open to former CDC employees and members of the public.[18] In April 2026, organizers were denied the budget to hold the 75th annual conference at a hotel; the event was instead held on the CDC's main campus, which requires security clearance for entry, effectively closing it to public attendance.[18]

During the conference, the Alexander D. Langmuir Prize is awarded "to a current officer or first-year alumnus of the EIS for the best scientific publication. The award consists of a $100 cash prize, an engraved paperweight, a case of ale or beer redolent of the John Snow Pub in London, and an inscription on the permanent plaque at CDC."[19]

A complete list of Langmuir Prize winners is included below:[20]

Year Article title Publication Author(s)
1966 Complications of Smallpox Vaccination: I. National Survey in the United States, 1963. N Engl J Med 1967;276:125–32. J.M. Neff, J.M. Lane, J.H. Pert, R. Moore, J.D. Millar, D.A. Henderson
1967 An Outbreak of Neuromyasthenia in a Kentucky Factory—The Possible Role of a Brief Exposure to Organic Mercury. Am J Epidemiol 1967;86:756–64. G. Miller, R. Chamberlin, W.M. McCormack
1968 Salmonellosis from Chicken Prepared in Commercial Rotisseries: Report of an Outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1969;90:429–37. S.B. Werner, J. Allard, E.A. Ager
1969 Outbreak of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Spokane County, Washington. JAMA 1969;210:1045–50. R.S. Thompson, W. Burgdorfer, R. Russell, B.J. Francis
1970 Tularemia Epidemic: Vermont, 1968—Forty-Seven Cases Linked to Contact with Muskrats. N Engl J Med 1969;280:1253–60. L.S. Young, D.S. Bicknell, B.G. Archer, et al.
1971 Tomato Juice-Associated Gastroenteritis, Washington and Oregon, 1969. Am J Epidemiol 1972;96:219–26. W.H. Barker Jr., V. Runte
1972 Salmonella Septicemia from Platelet Transfusions: Study of an Outbreak Traced to a Hematogenous Carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis. Ann Intern Med 1973;78: 633–41. F.S. Rhame, R.K. Root, J.D. MacLowry, T.A. Dadisman, J.V. Bennett
1973 Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Trinidad in 1971 Traced to a Commercial Ice Cream Product. Am J Epidemiol 1974;100:150–7. A. Taylor Jr., A. Santiago, A.Gonzales-Cortes, E.J. Gangarosa
1974 Oyster-Associated Hepatitis: Failure of Shellfish Certification Programs To Prevent Outbreaks. JAMA 1975;233:1065–8. B.L. Portnoy, P.A. Mackowiak, C.T. Caraway, J.A. Walker, T.W. McKinley, C.A. Klein Jr.
1975 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Aboard a Commercial Aircraft. Lancet 1975;2:595–9. PMID 51419 M.S. Eisenberg, K. Gaarslev, W. Brown, M. Horwitz, D. Hill
1976 Nursery Outbreak of Peritonitis with Pneumoperitoneum Probably Caused by Thermometer-Induced Rectal Perforation. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:632–44. M.A. Horwitz, J.V. Bennett
1977 Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica Infection due to Contaminated Chocolate Milk. N Engl J Med 1978;298:76–9. R.E. Black, R.J. Jackson, T. Tsai, et al.
1978 Measles Vaccine Efficacy in Children Previously Vaccinated at 12 Months of Age. Pediatrics 1978;62: 955–60. J.S. Marks, T.J. Halpin, W.A. Orenstein
1979 An Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease Associated with a Contaminated Air-Conditioning Cooling Tower. N Engl J Med 1980;302:365–70. PMID 7351928 T.J. Dondero Jr., R.C. Rendtorff, G.F. Mallison, et al.
1979 Risk of Vascular Disease in Women: Smoking, Oral Contraceptives, Noncontraceptive Estrogens, and Other Factors. JAMA 1979;242:1150–4. D.B. Petitti, J.Wingerd, J. Pellegrin, et al.
1980 Injuries from the Wichita Falls Tornado: Implications for Prevention. Science 1980;207:734–8. R.I. Glass, R.B. Craven, D.J. Bregman, et al.
1981 Respiratory Irritation due to Carpet Shampoo: Two Outbreaks. Environ Int 1982;8:337–41. K. Kreiss, M.G. Gonzalez, K.L. Conright, A.R. Scheere
1981 Toxic-Shock Syndrome in Menstruating Women: Association with Tampon Use and Staphylococcus aureus and Clinical Features in 52 Cases. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1436–42. PMID 7097945 K.N. Shands, G.P. Schmid, B.B. Dan, et al.
1982 Risk Factors for Heatstroke: A Case-Control Study. JAMA 1982;247:3332–6. E.M. Kilbourne, K. Choi, T.S. Jones, S.B. Thacker
1983 Epidemic Listeriosis — Evidence for Transmission by Food. N Engl J Med 1983;308:203–6. W.F. Schlech III, P.M. Lavigne, R.A. Bortolussi, et al.
1984 Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment. N Engl J Med 1985;313: 211–6. J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, C.W. Heath, R. Kusiak, J.L. Herndon.
1984 Medication Errors with Inhalant Epinephrine Mimicking an Epidemic of Neonatal Sepsis. N Engl J Med 1984;310:166–70. S.L. Solomon, E.M. Wallace, E.L. Ford-Jones, et al.
1985 The Use and Efficacy of Child-Restraint Devices: The Tennessee Experience, 1982 and 1983. JAMA 1984;252:2571–5. M.D. Decker, M.J. Dewey, R.H. Hutcheson Jr., W.S. Schaffner
1986 The Role of Parvovirus B19 in Aplastic Crisis and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease). J Infect Dis 1986;154:383–93. T.L. Chorba, P. Coccia, R.C. Holman, et al.
1987 Oral Contraceptives and Cervical Cancer Risk in Costa Rica: Detection Bias or Causal Association? JAMA 1988;259:59–64. K.L. Irwin, L. Rosero-Bixby, M.W. Oberle, et al.
1988 A Day-Care–Based Case-Control Efficacy Study of Haemophilus influenzae B Polysaccharide Vaccine. JAMA 1988;260:1413–8. L.H. Harrison, C. Broome, A.W. Hightower, et al.
1989 Group A Meningococcal Carriage in Travelers Returning from Saudi Arabia. JAMA 1988;260:2686–9. P.S. Moore, L.H. Harrison, E.E. Telzak, G.W. Ajello, C.V. Broome
1989 Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in San Diego County, California, 1986. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990;42:3–9. Y.A. Maldonado, B.L. Nahlen, R.R. Roberta, et al.
1990 An Outbreak of Surgical Wound Infections due to Group A Streptococcus Carried on the Scalp. N Engl J Med 1990;323:968–72. T.D. Mastro, T.A. Farley, J.A. Elliott, et al.
1991 An Investigation of the Cause of the Eosinophilia–Myalgia Syndrome Associated with Tryptophan Use. N Engl J Med 1990;323:357–65. E.A. Belongia, C.W. Hedberg, G.J. Gleich, et al.
1992 An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1514–21. B.R. Edlin, J.I. Tokars, M.H. Grieco, et al.
1993 Comparison of Prevention Strategies for Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infection: A Population-Based Economic Analysis. JAMA 1993;270:1442–8. J.C. Mohle-Boetani, A. Schuchat, B.D. Plikaytis, J.D. Smith, C.V. Broome
1993 Retrospective Study of the Impact of Lead-Based Hazard Remediation on Children's Blood Lead Levels in St. Louis, Missouri. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1016–26. C. Staes, T. Matte, C.B. Copley, D. Flanders, S. Binder
1994 A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply. N Engl J Med 1994;331:161–7. PMID 7578760 W.R. Mac Kenzie, N.J. Hoxie, M.E. Proctor, et al.
1995 A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-Associated Bloody Diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome from Hamburgers: The Washington Experience. JAMA 1994;272:1349–53. PMID 7883892 B.P. Bell, M. Goldoft, P.M. Griffin, et al.
1996 A Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with Consumption of Schwan's Ice Cream. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1281–6 T.W. Hennessy, C.W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker, et al.
1996 Passenger to Passenger Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aboard Commercial Aircraft During Transoceanic Travel. N Engl J Med 1996;334:993–8. T.A. Kenyon, S.E. Valway, W.W. Ihle, I.M. Onorato
1997 Epidemic Meningococcal Disease and Tobacco Smoke: A Risk Factor Study in the Pacific Northwest. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:979–83. M.A. Fisher, K. Hedberg, P. Cardosi, et al.
1998 Suicide After Natural Disasters. N Engl J Med 1998;338:373–8. E.G. Krug, M. Kresnow, J.P. Peddicord, et al.
1999 Legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon—The First Year's Experience. N Engl J Med 1999;340:577–83. A.E. Chin, K. Hedberg, G.K. Higginson, D.W. Fleming
2000 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis After Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin: A Case Review and Cohort Study. Lancet 1999;354:2101–5. PMID 10609814 M.A. Honein, L.J. Paulozzi, I.M. Himelright, et al.
2001 Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Transmitted by Chlorine-Pretreated Clover Sprout Seeds. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:1020–8. PMID 11724718 J.T. Brooks, S. Rowe, P. Shillam, et al.
2002 Serratia liquefaciens Bloodstream Infections from Contamination of Epoetin Alfa at a Hemodialysis Center. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1491–7. PMID 11357151 L.A. Grohskopf, V.R. Roth, D.R. Feikin, et al.
2003 Transmission of West Nile Virus from an Organ Donor to Four Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2196–203. M. Iwamoto, D.B. Jernigan, A. Guasch, et al., the West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team
2004 Risk of Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cochlear Implants. N Engl J Med 2003;349:435–45. J. Reefhuis, M.A. Honein, C.G. Whitney, et al.
2005 Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among HIV-Infected Adults Living in the Era of Childhood Pneumococcal Immunization. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:1–9. B.L. Flannery, R.T. Heffernan, L.H. Harrison, et al.
2006 Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1779–83. E. Azziz-Baumgartner, K.Y. Lindblade, K. Gieseker, et al., and the Aflatoxin Investigative Group
2007 Methamphetamine Use Is Independently Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviors and Adolescent Pregnancy. J Sch Health 2008;78:641–8. L.B. Zapata, S.D Hillis, P.M. Marchbanks, K.M. Curtis, R. Lowry
2008 Characteristics of Perpetrators in Homicide-Followed-by-Suicide Incidents: National Violent Death Reporting System—17 US States, 2003–2005. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:1056–64. J. Logan, H.A. Hill, A.E. Crosby, D.L. Karch, J.D. Barnes, K.M. Lubell
2009 Epidemiologic Investigation of Immune-Mediated Polyradiculoneuropathy Among Abattoir Workers Exposed to Porcine Brain. PLoS ONE 2009;5:e9782. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009782 S.M. Holzbauer, A.S. DeVries, J.J. Sejvar, et al.
2010 Increasing Compliance with Mass Drug Administration Programs for Lymphatic Filariasis in Orissa, India, 2009: Impact of an Education and a Lymphedema Management Program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e728. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000728 P.T. Cantey, J. Rout, G. Rao, J. Williamson, L.M. Fox
2011 Effect of Rotavirus Vaccine on Healthcare Utilization for Diarrhea in US Children. N Engl J Med 2011;365;12:1108–17. J. Cortes, A. Curns, J. Tate, M. Cortese, M. Patel, F. Zhou, U. Parashar
2012 Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with In-Store Sampling of a Raw-Milk Gouda Cheese, 2010. J Food Prot. 2012;75(10):1759–65. PMID 23043823 J. McCollum, N. Williams, S. W. Beam, et al.
2013 Necrotizing Cutaneous Mucormycosis After the Tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med 2012;367;2214–25. R. Fanfair, K. Benedict, J. Bos, et al.
2014 Raccoon Rabies Virus Variant Transmission Through Solid Organ Transplantation. JAMA 2013;310:398–407. PMID 23917290 N.M. Vora, S.V. Basavaraju, KA Feldman, et al.
2015 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant E. coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA. 2014;312(14):1447–1455. PMID 25291580 L. Epstein, J. Hunter, M.A. Arwaddy, et al.
2016 Exposure to Advertisements and Electronic Cigarette Use among U.S. Middle and High School Students. Pediatrics 2016;137(5):e20154155. PMID 27244815 T. Singh, I.T. Agaku, R.A. Arrazola, K.L. Marynak, L.J. Neff, I.T. Rolle, B.A. King
2017 Geospatial analysis of household spread of Ebola virus in a quarantined village – Sierra Leone, 2014 Epidemiol Infect 2017;145(14):2921–2929. PMID 28826426 B. L. Gleason, S. Foster, G. E. Wilt, et al.
2018 Educational Disabilities Among Children Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Pediatrics 2018;142(3). PMID 30166364 M.A. Fill, A.M. Miller, R.H. Wilkinson
2019 Homelessness and Hepatitis A — San Diego County, 2016–2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(1):14–21. C.M. Peak, S.S. Stous, J.M. Healy, et al.
2020 Factors Associated with Candida auris Colonization and Transmission in Skilled Nursing Facilities with Ventilator Units, New York, 2016–2018. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(11):e753–e760. J. Rossow, B. Ostrowsky, E. Adams, et al.
2021 Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2081–2090. M.M. Arons, K.M. Hatfield, S.C. Reddy, et al.
2022 Multistate Outbreak of Spinal and Disseminated Tuberculosis Caused by Surgical Implantation of a Bone Allograft Product. N. Schwartz, A. Hernandez-Romieu
2022 Association Between 3 Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine and Symptomatic Infection Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants. JAMA. 2022 Feb 15;327(7):639-651. E.K. Accorsi, A. Britton, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al.
2023 School District Prevention Policies and Risk of COVID-19 Among In-Person K—12 Educators, Wisconsin, 2021. Am J Public Health 2022;112(12):1791-1799. Peter M. DeJonge, Ian W. Pray, Ronald Gangnon, et al.
2024 Extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with artificial tears. Marissa Grossman
2024 Community health impacts after a jet fuel leak contaminated a drinking water system: Oahu, Hawaii, November 2021. Shanna Miko
2025 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, treatment, and telehealth use in adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023. Brooke Staley
2025 Measles Outbreak Associated with a Migrant Shelter — Chicago, Illinois, February–May 2024. Kim Gressick, Amy Nham

2025 federal workforce reductions

On February 14, 2025, the Trump administration announced mass layoffs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of broader federal workforce reductions directed by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). The cuts affected approximately 10 percent of the CDC's workforce of roughly 13,000 employees. First-year EIS officers were among those notified of termination; CDC employees told reporters that the EIS officer corps was directly affected, with all those in the first year of service laid off.[3][21]

In the days following the initial announcements, termination notices affecting EIS officers were not finalized. By February 17, EIS fellows who had been told they would be terminated had not received formal letters, and current CDC staff remained uncertain about the program's status.[22] The EIS program was not eliminated in the February 2025 round of cuts.[4] As of April 2026, the EIS continued to deploy officers to investigate outbreaks including invasive streptococcal disease in Hawaii, diphtheria in Micronesia, and drug overdoses in Arizona. EIS chief Dr. Eric Pevzner said the program was "still doing everything that we've always done," while noting that additional funding would allow it to expand: "Would I like more money to hire more officers? Of course. If Congress wants to write me a larger check, I'll take it."[23] Separately, CDC grant funding to state and local health departments slowed significantly through mid-2025, with some states reporting delays sufficient to force layoffs of public health staff who depended on those funds.[24]

In the 2011 film Contagion, the character Doctor Erin Mears (portrayed by Kate Winslet) is a physician and investigator with the Epidemic Intelligence Service who was tasked by the CDC to discover the origin of a highly contagious and deadly virus known as MEV-1 which was rapidly spreading throughout the world following initial outbreaks in Kowloon, Hong Kong and Minneapolis, Minnesota.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "About the Epidemic Intelligence Service". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 3, 2026. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  2. ^ Ostroff, Stephen M. (March 1, 2001). "The Epidemic Intelligence Service in the United States". Eurosurveillance. 6 (3): 34–36. doi:10.2807/esm.06.03.00216-en. PMID 11682711.
  3. ^ a b "Staff at CDC and NIH are reeling as Trump administration cuts workforce". NPR. February 14, 2025. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  4. ^ a b "We almost lost a generation of disease detectives". STAT News. February 18, 2025. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  5. ^ a b Popham, John (March 31, 1951). "Langmuir Warns of Germ Warfare". Chattanooga Daily Times. Chattanooga, Tennessee. New York Times News Service. p. 2. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  6. ^ "EIS History" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  7. ^ "Epidemic Intelligence Service Is Organized". The News. Frederick, Maryland. Associated Press. September 26, 1951. p. 13. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  8. ^ "Who We Are". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  9. ^ "2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  10. ^ Thacker, Stephen B.; Goodman, Richard A.; Dicker, Richard C. (November 1990). "Training and Service in Public Health Practice, 1951-90--CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service". Public Health Reports. 105 (6): 599–604. PMC 1580174. PMID 2175439. Wikidata ()
  11. ^ "U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Opportunities" (PDF). USPHS. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  12. ^ "Field Epidemiology Training Program". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  13. ^ Pendergast, Mark (2010). Inside the Outbreaks: The Elite Medical Detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780151011209.
  14. ^ "Recruitment Resources". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  15. ^ Mancini, Donato Paolo (April 22, 2020). "Wanted: a civilian army of contact tracers to end the lockdown" (PDF). Financial Times. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  16. ^ "Serologic Evidence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in a Veterinary Professional Exposed to an Infected Cat — Los Angeles County, 2024–2025". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 17, 2026. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  17. ^ "EIS Conference". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  18. ^ a b "This CDC conference was always open to the public. Until now". STAT News. April 21, 2026. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  19. ^ "James Buffington Jr. And Lois Chapman Buffington Endowment For The Alexander D. Langmuir Prize". CDC Foundation. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  20. ^ "Alexander D. Langmuir Prize Manuscript Award: Past Winners" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  21. ^ "CDC cuts expected to devastate Epidemic Intelligence Service, a 'crown jewel' of public health". STAT News. February 14, 2025. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  22. ^ "Federal health agencies including CDC, NIH, and FDA take stock of layoffs". NPR. February 17, 2025. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  23. ^ Huang, Pien (April 25, 2026). "A look at the latest developments at the CDC". NPR. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  24. ^ Simmons-Duffin, Selena (June 28, 2025). "'Where's our money?' CDC grant funding is moving so slowly layoffs are happening". NPR. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  25. ^ Kritz, Fran (February 16, 2020). "Fact-Checking 'Contagion' — In Wake Of Coronavirus, The 2011 Movie Is Trending". NPR. Retrieved February 8, 2025.

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