In coding theory, the dual code of a linear code

${\displaystyle C\subset \mathbb {F} _{q}^{n}}$

is the linear code defined by

${\displaystyle C^{\perp }=\{x\in \mathbb {F} _{q}^{n}\mid \langle x,c\rangle =0\;\forall c\in C\}}$

where

${\displaystyle \langle x,c\rangle =\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}c_{i}}$

is a scalar product. In linear algebra terms, the dual code is the annihilator of C with respect to the bilinear form ${\displaystyle \langle \cdot \rangle }$. The dimension of C and its dual always add up to the length n:

${\displaystyle \dim C+\dim C^{\perp }=n.}$

A generator matrix for the dual code is the parity-check matrix for the original code and vice versa. The dual of the dual code is always the original code.

A self-dual code is one which is its own dual. This implies that n is even and dim C = n/2. If a self-dual code is such that each codeword's weight is a multiple of some constant ${\displaystyle c>1}$, then it is of one of the following four types:^[1]

• Type I codes are binary self-dual codes which are not doubly even. Type I codes are always even (every codeword has even Hamming weight).
• Type II codes are binary self-dual codes which are doubly even.
• Type III codes are ternary self-dual codes. Every codeword in a Type III code has Hamming weight divisible by 3.
• Type IV codes are self-dual codes over F₄. These are again even.

Codes of types I, II, III, or IV exist only if the length n is a multiple of 2, 8, 4, or 2 respectively.

If a self-dual code has a generator matrix of the form ${\displaystyle G=[I_{k}|A]}$, then the dual code ${\displaystyle C^{\perp }}$ has generator matrix ${\displaystyle [-{\bar {A}}^{T}|I_{k}]}$, where ${\displaystyle I_{k}}$ is the ${\displaystyle (n/2)\times (n/2)}$ identity matrix and ${\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a^{q}\in \mathbb {F} _{q}}$.

• MATH32031: Coding Theory - Dual Code - pdf with some examples and explanations