Draft:Microendemism


Microendemism is a term that is used for biological species that have a very restricted range in a small area (For e.g.: a single hill, a single cave) and can be found nowhere else and when compared to species with larger ranges, like endemic species native to a specific mountain range or island, microendemic species differ from them in the fact that they're only limited to a single site within a larger broader specific ecosystem. Due to their extreme range restriction, they're more likely to go extinct quickly than any other species would, because even tiny disturbances, in their habitat caused by human activities could lead to their extinction. The restriction often happens because the surrounding habitat in which their range is located are often very hard for them to bypass, like the Devils Hole Pupfish being Microendemic to a few sq.meters of a single water-filled cavern in desert of the state of Nevada in U.S.A. Other examples include the Amboli Toad, which is only known from the vicinity of the village of Amboli in the Indian state of Maharashtra and its entire range is thought to comprise less than 10 sq.km in the forest of the much wider mountain range of western Ghats. Specific locations like the Movile cave in Romania, which is an isolated cave that has been sealed off from the surface for over 5.5 million years and have been known to contain over 37 microendemic species. Some microendemic species can be safe from human disturbances in their habitat, due to their entire range being within a single National Park, Protected Areas and reserves, like the Afrarchaea cornuta or the Long-necked Assassin Spider which can been only found in Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa and is considered relatively safe. The locality in which a Micro-endemic species inhabits is characterized by its adaptation to its unique microhabitat by its specialized Niche adaptation which no other species can replace. Microbes are the most commonly encountered Microendemics as they have fast evolutionary adaptation and speciation. The habitat these species inhabit may also have unique mineral-rich regions and types occurring as specific area and might also host unique geographic features.

References

1. Microendemism- Knowledge Deck.no

2. IUCN SSC Habitat Specialist Group (2011)."Xanthophyrne Tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011 e.T189700A8763964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-IRTLS. T189700A8763964 en.

3. Devils Hole Pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). Environmental Conservation Online system. U.S fish & wildlife service. 4. Fox-Skelly, jasmin (4 september 2015)."The bizzare beasts living in Romania's poison cave". BBC Earth. 5. "Gen Afrarchaea Forster & Plantick 1984". World Spider Catalog.

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