Draft:Chimpanzee intelligence

  • Comment: This needs some more work on it. The tone is not fully encyclopedic, as a neutral summation of available sources, and veers into an essay writing style in places. There are also some strong statements made without sourcing, or where the sourcing doesn't work (e.g. "the famous male Kanzi..". ChrysGalley (talk) 10:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC)

Chimpanzee intelligence is the most studied of all animal species. According to the latest research, their genetic base is approximately 90% similar to that of humans.[1] Chimpanzees are so genetically close to humans that at one time it was even proposed to classify chimpanzees as members of the genus Homo.[2]

Although chimpanzees cannot speak due to the structure of their vocal apparatus, they are able to communicate using sign language. The first chimpanzee was taught to speak sign language in 1967, and by 1972, about a dozen chimpanzees had already been taught sign language. Other languages ​​were also invented to communicate with chimpanzees, such as symbolic language and lexigram language. Male Kanzi was successfully trained to understand about 3,000 English words by ear and actively use more than 500 words using a keyboard with lexigrams. A case has been described where a female bonobo, trained in sign language, taught it to her baby earlier than the researcher had planned to do.

In nature, chimpanzees are capable of using tools. They use sticks to catch ants and termites, collect honey and hunt mammals, and stones to throw and crack nuts, fruits, vegetables and seeds and leaves for catching ants and termites, collecting water and cleaning. They are capable of making tools (clean sticks from leaves, sharpen sticks and stones). They can also use 2 tools at the same time (a stick and leaves for cleaning it, a stone for breaking it and a stone stand). In addition to tools, chimpanzees build nests, which can be arranged in groups.

Self-awareness

All chimpanzees[3][4][5][6] and bonobos[4][6] pass the mirror test, which proves self-awareness.

Speech

Sign language

Main article: Great ape language

In 1967, the first experiment was launched to teach a young female chimpanzee named Washoe to speak American Sign Language (ASL).

Washoe was shown an object or action and then had her fingers folded into the corresponding gesture. Having already learned eight signs, Washoe began to combine them. Even at the beginning of her training, she demonstrated an understanding of signs: she recognized the image in the picture no worse than the object itself, distinguished a small image of an adult from an image of a child, and so on. After five years she already knew 160 words. Washoe actively used signs to communicate with people and achieve her goals. Although people were slow to recognize Washoe as a language-speaking primate, the monkey itself, without any doubt, considered itself to be part of the human race, and she called other chimpanzees "black creatures"

By 1972, a dozen chimpanzees at the Oklahoma Institute for Primate Research were already able to communicate in sign language.

A case has been described in which a female bonobo, trained in sign language, taught her baby instead of a human experimenter.

In an experiment conducted by the Great Ape Research Foundation (USA), The famous male Kanzi was taught to understand about 3,000 English words by ear and actively use more than 500 words using a keyboard with lexigrams (geometric signs).[7]

Language of symbols

Main article: Sarah (chimpanzee)

David Premack invented symbols to teach a seven-year-old chimpanzee named Sarah, denoting this or that concept. I quickly learned that the blue triangle is a symbol of an apple, and the red square is a banana, then the symbols of the names of Premak, his three assistants and his own. After some time, Sarah's vocabulary was expanded to include the names of almost all the objects that surrounded her, primary colors of the spectrum and all their possible combinations so successfully that Sarah's "working vocabulary" soon numbered 120 words.[8]

The language of lexigrams

Main article: Lana (chimpanzee)

A group of scientists has created an electronic device and a program for syntactic and semantic analysis of a iconic language. The Yerkish iconic language consisted of small geometric figures called lexigrams, each of which corresponded to a specific word.

When Lana presses the key, the lexigram depicted on it is projected onto a screen located directly above the keyboard. Pressing another key causes a new image to appear next to it. And so on, until a linear notation of the phrase is obtained. The computer then makes a decision. If the phrase is correct, a bell rings; if not, the lexigrams disappear from the screen, and Lana has to start over.[9]

Lana discovered and mastered this "erasing mechanism" very quickly.

In an experiment conducted by the Great Ape Research Foundation (USA), The famous male Kanzi was successfully taught to understand about 3,000 English words by ear and to actively use more than 500 words using a keyboard with lexigrams (geometric symbols)

Tool use chimpanzees

All the tools described below were used and built by chimpanzees without human intervention, as chimpanzees in apartments, laboratories and with the help of training can use any tools, just like people, right down to cleaning their own enclosures.[10] The use and manufacture of tools are quite diverse and includes hunting for invertebrates and mammals, honey production food processing (nuts, fruits, vegetables and seeds), water collection, weapons and shelter.

Catching ants and termites

Background

In 1960, Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee poking a blade of grass into a termite mound, and then raised it to his mouth. When he left, Goodall walked up to the embankment and repeated the use of the tool, because she wasn't sure why chimpanzees did it. She found that the termites were climbing a little onto the blade of grass. A chimpanzee used a blade of grass as a tool to catch termites.[11]

Making tools

The making of tools is much less common than the simple use of tools and shows high cognitive abilities. Soon after his first discovery of the use of tools, Goodall observed other chimpanzees picking up branches with leaves, stripping branches of leaves and stems to catch insects. This modification of leaf branches is one of the major discoveries in chimpanzee tool use. Before this, scientists believed that only humans made and used tools, and that this ability is what separates humans from other animals[11].

Both chimpanzee species have been observed using 'sponges' made from leaves and moss, to suck up water and use them for cleaning tools[12].

Chimpanzees have even been observed using two manufactured tools simultaneously:a stick to dig into the ants' nest, and a "brush" made with teeth from grass stems to collect the ants.[13]

Food processing (stone tools)

Chimpanzees crack nuts with stones[11].

After cracking nuts with stones, the kernel parts may be too difficult to reach with teeth or nails, , and so some chimpanzees use sticks to remove these remains, and hit the nuts vigorously with a hammer, made of wood or stone, as other chimpanzees do. A relatively rare combination of using two different instruments.

Making tools

Chimpanzees in the Guinea Highlands use stone and wooden knives, as well as stone anvils, Treculia tree fruits are chopped and reduced into small portions. These are hard and fibrous fruits that can be as big as a volleyball and weigh up to 8.5 kg, but despite lacking a hard outer shell, they are too large for chimpanzees to bite off whole. Instead, chimpanzees use a range of tools to cut them into smaller pieces. This is the first instance of chimpanzee tool technology being used to break down large food items into smaller pieces, , rather than simply extracting them from other inaccessible sources such as baobab nuts. Additionally, for the first time, wild chimpanzees have been observed using two different types of percussive technology:moving cleavers and stationary anvils – to achieve one goal. Neighbouring chimpanzees in the nearby Seringbara area do not process food in this way, which indicates which tools are used among apes only in this culture.

Hunting

Research in 2005 showed that common chimpanzees sharpen sticks to use as weapons when hunting mammals.This is considered the first evidence of the systematic use of weapons by animal species other than humans.Researchers documented 22 instances of wild chimpanzees in the savannah of Senegal making "spears" from sticks and hunting bushbabies[14]. In each case, the chimpanzees modify the branches by breaking one or both ends and often use their teeth to sharpen sticks. The tools are, on average, about 60 cm in length and 1.1 cm in diameter. Then the chimpanzees poked a spear into the hollows in the tree trunks where the baby Senegal bushbabies sleep[15]. There was one case in which a chimpanzee successfully extracted a Senegal bushbaby with a tool. The tools are called "spears", however, they are different from the spear in the sense that they poke at tree trunks and branches rather than throw them. Some people consider the word "spear" an exaggeration, which makes chimpanzees look too much like ancient humans, and they consider the term "club" to be more accurate.[16] Females and young chimpanzees have been observed doing this more often than adult males.[17]

Bee hunting

Some chimpanzees use tools to hunt large bees, which build nests in dead branches on the ground or in trees. To get to the larva and honey, chimpanzees first check for the presence of bees by probing the entrance to the nest with a stick. If present, adult bees block the entrance with their stingers, ready to sting. The chimpanzee then kills them with a stick, then throws them out and quickly eats them. After this, the chimpanzee opens the nest with its teeth to get the larvae and honey[13]. Chimpanzees eat honey from four species of bees. Groups of chimpanzees catch bees with sticks after trying to do so with their hands. As a rule, they extract honeycombs from the nests of calm honey bees with their hands and run away from the bees, so you can eat your catch in peace. But nests that have already been destroyed due to a tree falling or due to the intervention of other predators, are cleared of the remaining honey using tools[13].

Tools made from leaves

When chimpanzees cannot reach water that has formed in hollows inside tall trees, they chew up handfuls of leaves and dip these "sponges" into water to absorb it.[18] Both chimpanzee species have also been observed making "sponges" from leaves and moss, which sucks out water and is used as a grooming tool[19]. Some examples of tool use by wild bonobos include using leaves as cover from rain.[20]

Throwing

In March 2009, it was reported that a male chimpanzee at Furuvik Zoo (Sweden) named Santino, threw stones at zoo visitors. In the morning, before the zoo opened, being in a calm state, he stacked hundreds of stones in the place where there will be visitors. A few hours later, feigning "excitement" in front of visitors, the chimpanzee threw stones at them. In addition, the chimpanzee learned to chip off pieces of concrete from his enclosure to make projectiles[21][22]

Chimpanzee constructions

thumb|right|300px|A chimpanzee nest in Kenya Chimpanzees and bonobos build nests in trees, tying together the branches of one or more trees. This is especially often done by mothers who hide their babies there. The nests consist of a mattress resting on a solid foundation, and built higher from branches and soft leaves. Nests are built in trees that have a diameter of at least 5 meters and can be located at a height of 3 to 45 meters. Nests are built during the day and also at night. Nests may be located in groups.[23]

References

See also

Category:Animal cognition Category:Animal intelligence Category:Chimpanzee

  1. ^ "ДНК человека и шимпанзе совпадают меньше чем на 90 %?". www.membrana.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  2. ^ "CNN.com: Humans, chimps should be in same genus". CNN. Archived from the original on 2003-06-01. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  3. ^ Gallup, GG Jr. (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". Science. 167 (3914) (Science ed.): 86–87. doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86. PMID 4982211.
  4. ^ a b Miller, Jason (2009). "Minding the Animals: Ethology and the Obsolescence of Left Humanism". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  5. ^ Povinelli, Daniel; de Veer, Monique; Gallup Jr., Gordon; Theall, Laura; van den Bos, Ruud (2003). "An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Neuropsychologia (journal). 41 (2) (Neuropsychologia ed.): 229–334. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7. ISSN 0028-3932. PMID 12459221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b "National Geographic documentary "Human Ape"". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  7. ^ Great Ape Trust | Meet Our Apes, bonobos, oragutans, Kanzi, Panbanisha, Elikya, Teco, Nyota, Maisha, Matata, Rocky, Allie Archived 2013-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Шимпанзе пишет символами". Archived from the original on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  9. ^ "Шимпанзе Лана". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  10. ^ "В Ижевском зоопарке обезьяны провели уборку в вольерах". RG.ru. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  11. ^ a b c "Tool use, hunting & other discoveries". The Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-07-28. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  12. ^ Julian Oliver Caldecott, Lera Miles, ed. (2005). World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. University of California Press. pp. 189. ISBN 9780520246331.
  13. ^ a b c Boesch, C. and Boesch, H., (1990). Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatol., 54: 86–99 "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  14. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune, Frederick L. Coolidge, Thomas Wynn, ed. (2009). Cognitive Archaeology and Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66. ISBN 9780521769778.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  15. ^ Raffaele, Paul (2011). Among the Great Apes: Adventures on the Trail of Our Closest Relatives. Harper. p. 109. ISBN 9780061671845.
  16. ^ Roach, J. (2007). "Chimps use "spears" to hunt mammals, study says". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  17. ^ "Chimpanzees 'hunt using spears'". BBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  18. ^ "Study corner – tool use". The Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  19. ^ Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Dept. of Anthropology (1995). Symbols. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. p. 5.
  20. ^ "Bonobos". ApeTag. 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
  21. ^ «Zoo chimp 'planned' stone attacks Archived 2015-04-09 at the Wayback Machine». BBC News website, 9 March 2009.
  22. ^ Current Biology, volume 19, issue 5, 10 March 2009, pages 190—191.
  23. ^ Wrangham, Richard W. (1996). Chimpanzee cultures. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Harvard University Press. pp. 115–125. ISBN 978-0-674-11663-4.

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.