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• Comment: Too many primary sources. Stuartyeates (talk) 21:57, 25 December 2025 (UTC)

bitmark
Filename extensions	.bitm[1]
Internet media type	text/plain
Type code	".bitm" ".bitm.txt"
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)	public.bitm-text
UTI conformation	public.plain-text
Developed by	Thomas Gabathuler, Philippe Pointet
Initial release	2020 (6 years ago) (2020)
Latest release	4.0 2023 (3 years ago) (2023)[2]
Type of format	Open file format
Extended to	.bitm.txt
Open format?	Yes
Free format?	Yes
Website	www.bitmark-association.org

bitmark
bitmark (data standard)
example cloze test
Latest version	bitmark 4.0 2023 (2023)
Organization	bitmark Association
Editors	Editors Thomas Gabathuler Philippe Pointet
Base standards	JSON
Domain	Education technology
Website	www.bitmark-association.org

Bitmark is an open-source and lightweight data standard that includes a JSON data model and a markup language. It was originally developed in 2019 in Zurich, Switzerland by Thomas Gabathuler for the description of static and interactive learning content (ex. quizzes, exercises).^[3] The main objective of the bitmark standard is the interoperability of learning content between platforms, content creators, publishers, and developers.^{[2] [1]} Academic publishers of educational media including Springer Nature^[4], Ernst Klett Verlag [de], Hueber Verlag [de], and KLV Westermann are currently using the bitmark standard to create content once and publish it seamlessly on multiple channels.

The bitmark markup language was originally developed in Zurich, Switzerland by a co-founder of the EdTech company Get More Brain AG. The main objective of the standard was to digitize language textbooks and describe interactive learning resources. This separation between content and style allowed the same content to be published across various platforms with no compatibility issues. Text was originally described as markup in bitmark JSON object.^[1] In 2019, a non-profit organization with tax-exemption status named the bitmark Association was founded in Zurich^[5] to introduce the bitmark standard and associated software."bitmark Hackathon". Roteco. 2022.</ref> The standard includes features expected by EdTech publishers and compatible with existing learning platforms and markup languages. Later, bitmark became an open-source standard that enabled interoperability and data sharing.

The bitmark standard focuses on describing the semantics of content instead of style.^[6] That is to say, it gives priority to content over design elements and aesthetics. The current bitmark version includes text exclusively described in the new JSON format.

This approach leads to two essential objectives: 1) It enables mobile devices in particular, to better access and use digital knowledge; 2) It generates a personalized curriculum and adapted feedback that are independent of any layout format.^[7] Bitmark fragments given content into "bits" of knowledge, which can be assembled into chapters, books, and optimized digital assets.

With bitmark, a Bit refers to a single resource like a media file (ex. text, image, audio, video) or a content container (ex. article, e-book, magazine). For example a quiz Bit may require a learner to fill gaps, read a news article, listen to an important audio file, watch a video, or study a particular image.

A bitmark file uses the .bitm file extension (also written .bitmark) that is seldom used as a separate text format. When text and code are mixed, the bitmark extension .bitm.txt is also used.

The table and related descriptions below refer to selected keywords of bitmark markup. It is not an exhaustive list of keywords that normally includes Bit JSON, Book markup, and Book JSON.

There exists an open-source technical documentation and guidelines for the integration, interoperability, and improvement of the bitmark standard.^[2] The following images explain how the bitmark markup is used. ^[8] Given the bitmark input text:

[. cloze] Wikipedia is a free online [_ encyclopedia] hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.

The bitmark parser scans it and generates a bitmark-JSON object that is processed by any app via the bitmark API before rendering the quiz.

{
    "markup": "[_.cloze] Wikipedia is a free online [_encyclopedia] hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.",
    "bit": {
        "type": "cloze",
        ...
    }
}

A possible output, relative to the end-user's platform and its specific representation scheme, could be:

Wikipedia is a free online hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Publishers including Springer Nature together with Ernst Klett Verlag [de] via the Klett Gruppe [de], and Hueber Verlag through Macmillan Education with interests in open standards have adopted and contributed to the bitmark ecosystem since 2024. Their main roles consist in enhancing digital education interoperability, transforming learning materials into reusable open formats, and innovating interactive publications. ^[9][10] The bitmak Association, creator of the bitmark data standard, is member of the European EdTech Alliance since October 2024. The standard is also supported by the Wikimedia CH’s Education Programme through the ‘bitmark Hackathon 2024’ event.^[11] The bitmark standard is mainly used in the European education technology ecosystem and does not appear to have a global reach within the larger Learning management system. Unlike the SCORM standard, bitmark doesn't have enough tools available for elaborate multimedia integration, video embedding, and advanced interactive elements. The standard lacks the ability to record learning experiences, which offers each student a customized learning journey, in an internal Learning Record Store (LRS) similar to xAPI. These limitations confirm that the current version of the bitmark standard is indeed designed to be a lightweight alternative and not a substitute for complex e-learning suites.

• Authoring tool
• Computer aided instruction
• List of markup languages
• Comparison of document markup languages
• Modeling language
• Educational technology
• Learning management system
• Formatted text
• SCRIPT (markup)

• Official website

Look up markup language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Markup languages.

Category:Lightweight markup languages Category:Open formats Category:Formal languages * Category:Swiss inventions