DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

shorter lengths. In valence bond theory, delocalization in benzene is represented by resonance structures. Delocalized electrons also exist in the structure...

that simple diagrams illustrate as not having a π bond. They allow a delocalization of π electrons across all the adjacent aligned p-orbitals. The π electrons...

term resonance be abandoned in favor of delocalization and resonance energy abandoned in favor of delocalization energy. A resonance structure becomes a...

clusters is another example of delocalization, this time often in three-dimensional arrangements. Metals take the delocalization principle to its extreme,...

compounds. Aromaticity can also be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons...

5-cyclohexatriene" to the delocalized bonds of benzene. Taking this distortion energy into account, the value of |β| for delocalization without geometric change...

Metal–insulator transitions are transitions of a material from a metal (material with good electrical conductivity of electric charges) to an insulator...

occurs in relatively narrow (d-)bands, which are poorly delocalized. Generally, strong delocalization in a solid due to large overlap with neighboring wave...

orbitals. Metallic bonding is thus possible when the number of electrons delocalized by each atom is less than twice the number of orbitals contributing to...

arrow notation used for discussions of reaction mechanisms and electron delocalization can be readily superimposed. Several other ways of depicting chemical...

Wannier functions. Standard ab initio quantum chemistry methods lead to delocalized orbitals that, in general, extend over an entire molecule and have the...

pyramidalization (orbitals with s character are lower in energy), while 2) delocalization of the N lone pair into the aryl ring favors planarity (a lone pair...

achieve SOMO delocalization, and electron withdrawal functions just as well. Indeed, radicals are particularly stable if they can delocalize into both an...

the center. The substituents thermodynamically stabilize the center by delocalizing the radical ion via resonance. These stabilization mechanisms lead to...

ideal choice for a conductor; metals, characteristically, possess a delocalized sea of electrons which gives the electrons enough mobility to collide...

equalization of the carbon–carbon bond lengths, thus the electronic delocalization, follows with an increase in counter-ion size for salts. This result...

indicate better electron delocalization, and it is argued that when this bifurcation value is greater than 0.70, the delocalization is sufficient to designate...

structure of which was formulated by Kekulé who first proposed the delocalization or resonance principle for explaining its structure. For "conventional"...

hyperconjugation (σ-conjugation or no-bond resonance) refers to the delocalization of electrons with the participation of bonds of primarily σ-character...

strongest isolable acids. Their high acidities stem from the extensive delocalization of their conjugate bases, carboranate anions (CXB11Y5Z6−), which are...

bipy are coplanar, which facilitates electron delocalization. As a consequence of this delocalization, bipy complexes often exhibit distinctive optical...

transfer (nB → σ*AH), orbital interactions, and quantum mechanical delocalization, making it a resonance-assisted interaction rather than a mere electrostatic...

chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms, as follows: the...

λ = 1 (and so with expected value 1/λ = 1) Slow randomness with finite delocalized moments: scale factor increases faster than q but no faster than q w...

a result of metallic bonding, where valence (bonding) electrons are delocalized and can flow freely between atoms, rather than being shared between specific...

entails the sharing of electrons over more than two atoms is said to be delocalized. The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving...

Carboranes (or carbaboranes) are electron-delocalized (non-classically bonded) clusters composed of boron, carbon and hydrogen atoms. Like many of the...

Left: two resonance structures of DMF. Right: illustration highlighting delocalization....

conductive when oxidized. The electrical conductivity results from the delocalization of electrons along the polymer backbone. Conductivity however is not...

progressive transformation of "Broadway" from a specific location into a delocalized "moment of reception" that can be experienced anywhere and everywhere...

half-filled 3d sub-shell and consequently its d-electrons are not easily delocalized. This same trend appears for ruthenium but not osmium. The melting point...

any given atom. Metallic bonding may be seen as an extreme example of delocalization of electrons over a large system of covalent bonds, in which every atom...

structure of the acceptor substantially. When the added electron is highly delocalized, the structural consequences of the reduction can be subtle. The central...

"non-classical" structures. Non-classical carbenium ions feature also σ delocalization (3c2e bonds) in their bonding but have the general formula CR3+ (R =...

This fueled a debate with Herbert C. Brown over the existence of σ-delocalized carbocations. Winstein also first proposed the concept of an intimate...

"though well-stabilized in two separate regions by electron and charge delocalization." Cefanone (Cephanone) Ipramidil 3-Thiomorpholino-sydnonimine U.S. patent...

radical form of benzopyran is paramagnetic. The unpaired electron is delocalized over the whole benzopyran molecule, rendering it less reactive than one...

a single localized quantum impurity coupled to a large reservoir of delocalized and noninteracting electrons. The quantum impurity is represented by...

is dipolar and where both the negative and the positive charges are delocalized. A completely uncharged structure cannot be written and mesoionic compounds...

conserving the number of p-electrons while, however, removing the effects of delocalization. Surprisingly, the interaction energies with benzene are higher for...

and socio-politically driven things such as cash cropping, dietary delocalization, and commoditization of food; one important caveat is that all of these...

discussed later. The paramagnetic ring current resulting from the electron delocalization in antiaromatic compounds can be observed by NMR. This ring current...

quasiparticle in solid-state physics. The ground state of TI-polaron is a delocalized state of electron-phonon system: the probabilities of electron's occurrence...

the electron cloud of the lone pair of nitrogen towards it. With the delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair, a partial positive charge is conferred to...

the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds. Intravenously administered...

geometry and a ring system consisting of 18 π-electrons. The extensive delocalization of the π-electrons affords the molecule useful properties, lending itself...

carbonium ions, a family of organic cations. They are characterized by delocalized three-center, two-electron bonds. The more stable members are often bi-...

Of the 36 electrons associated with 12 boron atoms, 26 reside in 13 delocalized molecular orbitals; the other 10 electrons are used to form two- and...

hydrogenation data of simple alkenes; the additional stability is due to the delocalized cloud of electrons, called resonance energy. Criteria for simple aromatics...

the national average,[citation needed] although it is threatened by delocalization. Crime statistics are lower than the national average but cost of living...

bonds, especially where the conjugate base is stabilized by electron delocalization or one or more heteroatoms (non-carbon atoms). Examples include acetylenes...

Joel E. (2020). "Critical properties of the ground-state localization-delocalization transition in the many-particle Aubry-André model". Physical Review...

Mulliken, in which electrons are described by mathematical functions delocalized over an entire molecule. The Hund–Mulliken approach or molecular orbital...

aromatic species; however it is relatively stable due to delocalization: the positive charge is delocalized over 3 carbon atoms by the pi system, as depicted...

copper. Loosely speaking, this is because metals have large numbers of "delocalized" electrons that are not stuck in any one place, so they are free to move...

Krygowski, Tadeusz M. (2006). "Tautomeric Equilibria and Pi Electron Delocalization for Some Monohydroxyarenes Quantum Chemical Studies". The Journal of...

are still some scholars who prefer the use of related words, such as "delocalization" or "displacement". It emphasized different point in the use of different...

this cation lies in the fact that the resulting electronic vacancy is delocalized across the arene group, albeit unequally so. Ethylammonium nitrate Banerjee...

orbitals, that are used as the basis functions for VBT, and λ is a delocalization parameter from 0 to 1. The valence bond (VB) structures then use ϕ 1...

one canonical description. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized. Unlike salts, dipolar compounds have charges on separate atoms, not...

electricity at a temperature of absolute zero, which is a consequence of delocalized states at the Fermi energy. Many elements and compounds become metallic...

properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a π-cloud, graphite...

element in which the 5f electrons are the transition border between delocalized and localized; it is therefore considered one of the most complex elements...

which the proton exists as an H13O+6 ion. The positive charge is thus delocalized over 6 water molecules. For many strong acids, it is possible to form...

properties a manifested in the phenomenon of aromaticity. To reflect the delocalized nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside...

3839–3842. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)94175-9.. How far is the π-electron delocalization of the phenanthrene moiety modified in the aza-analogues and their N-oxides...

such bands allows electrons in metals to behave as if they were free or delocalized electrons. These electrons are not associated with specific atoms, so...

transistor Capacitance–voltage profiling Deep-level transient spectroscopy Delocalized electron Diode modelling Field-effect transistor n–p–n transistor p–n–p...

common solvents. The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalized into the Carbonyl group, thus forming a partial double bond between nitrogen...

departures from an idealized localized Lewis structure, which means true "delocalization effects". With a computer program that can calculate NBOs, optimal Lewis...

This was taken as evidence of a π-bond weakened and lengthened by delocalization, as depicted by the resonance structures shown below. A qualitative...

Molecules in this compound are approximately flat and exhibit high charge delocalization. Within the molecule an intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond is present...

is connected to its three nearest carbon neighbors by σ-bonds, and a delocalized π-bond, which contributes to a valence band that extends over the whole...

Sasankasekhar (2011-05-07). "Slow magnetic relaxation and electron delocalization in an S = 9/2 iron(II/III) complex with two crystallographically inequivalent...

is in most respects a purely covalent structure can support metallic delocalization of electrons; metallic carbon nanotubes are one example. Transition...

engineering. Metallic solids are held together by a high density of shared, delocalized electrons, known as "metallic bonding". In a metal, atoms readily lose...

nodes were present. The extra electrons delocalized and paired with lattice electrons to form doublons. Delocalization was prevented unless the lattice electrons...

interacts with the p orbital of the carbonyl carbon resulting in increased delocalization in the molecule. This stability would be lost by addition of a reagent...

carboxyl groups being para to each other, allows for easy electron delocalization, which reduces the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital...

compounds whose properties as chromophores result primarily from the delocalization of electrons originating from an azo group (-N=N-). Consequently, all...

delocalization over the unsaturated NHSi rings. DFT calculations of NHSi-phosphonyl radical adducts show far greater radical electron delocalization over...

anions; these are resonance stabilized, because the negative charge is delocalized over the two oxygen atoms, increasing the stability of the anion. Each...

out-of-plane bending and dihedral torsion parameters in order to planarize delocalized trigonal nitrogen atoms, e.g. in aniline. The "s" in MMFF94s stands for...

adopts the rock-salt crystal structure. The surplus hafnium electron delocalizes, so that HfN is a metal, conducting at room temperature and superconducting...

formation of an enolate anion, which is made relatively stable by the delocalization of electrons. Next, the carbonyl carbon of the (other) ester is nucleophilically...

This high basicity is hypothesized to be due to the loss of electron delocalization when the amide bond is twisted—this causes misalignment of the pi orbitals...

amines (anilines). For anilines, the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen delocalizes into the ring, resulting in decreased basicity. Substituents on the aromatic...

singlet state is energetically favoured. This configuration allows a delocalization of the involved electrons due to a lowering of the kinetic energy.[citation...

bond theory, the molecular orbital approach considers electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. The simple MO diagram of H 2O is shown on...

with the eight all-carbon rings forming regions of extended electron delocalization. D.J. Harris, Discovery of Nitroballs: Research in Fullerene Chemistry...

When the formal charge is non-zero, the S-O bonding is assumed to be delocalized. In any case the three S-O bond lengths are equal to one another, at...

the electrons around their mean positions, which corresponds to the delocalization of the electronic charge within a molecular system. The total position-spread...

spherical aromaticity or cluster bonding, that is the electrons are highly delocalized. This has been illustrated by calculations of the magnetically induced...

Ying; Chong, Hanbao; Yu, Haizhu; Zhu, Manzhou (2019). "Exposing the Delocalized Cu−S π Bonds on the Au24Cu6(SPH t Bu)22 Nanocluster and Its Application...

due to significant delocalization of the cationic charge onto the Co2(CO)6 moiety. Experimental evidence for the charge delocalization includes an increase...

and B is shown below. Aliphatic C-C or C-H bonds can lead to charge delocalization if these bonds are close and antiperiplanar to the leaving group. Corresponding...

material comes from it having many partially filled states and much state delocalization. Metals are good electrical conductors and have many partially filled...

cyclopropane" bond totally replaced by electron delocalization. This structure shows how delocalization is cyclic and involves 6 π electrons, consistent...

cubane structure. Bonding in organolithium clusters involves sigma delocalization and significant Li−Li bonding. Despite its complicated structure, tert-butyllithium...

S2CID 39219368. Anantharaman, Nalini; Nonnenmacher, Stéphane (2007). "Half-delocalization of eigenfunctions for the Laplacian on an Anosov manifold". Annales...

character because one of the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom is delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n + 2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule)...

ArN(O)=NAr' + C6H12O6 → ArN=NAr' + C6H10O6 + H2O As a consequence of π-delocalization, aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds, oranges, and...

Bingham, Richard C. (1976). "The stereochemical consequences of electron delocalization in extended π systems. An interpretation of the cis effect exhibited...

than that of benzene. The "electron pairs" on sulfur are significantly delocalized in the pi electron system. As a consequence of its aromaticity, thiophene...

aligned and so can overlap and mix (i.e., are conjugated). Electron delocalization enables the EWG to receive electron density through participation of...

rings do not delocalize over the whole molecule. A spherical fullerene of n carbon atoms has n pi-bonding electrons, free to delocalize. These should...

low due to the potential for radical delocalization in the lipid radical product. This potential for delocalization confers a stabilizing effect that makes...

SCVB/full GVB) is an extension of GVB that still uses delocalized orbitals, whose delocalization can adjust with molecular structure. In addition, the...

rationalized primarily via dispersion, electrostatics, and electron delocalization (similar to Lewis-acid/base coordination) and are characterized by a...

it is merely a tool to understand how electrons are distributed in a delocalized system. Arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially...

arrangement, lead forms metallic bonds in which only the p-electrons are delocalized and shared among Pb2+ ions. Consequently, lead adopts a face-centered...

[2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Hyperfine resonances suggest different electron delocalization patterns from plant ferredoxins". Biochemistry. 30 (37): 9078–83. doi:10...

which the canonical anion has a negative charge that is shared between (delocalized) a carbon atom and an atom more electronegative than carbon (e.g. enolates)...

corresponds to the "missing" electron. Conduction band electrons are similarly delocalized. The analogy above is quite simplified, and cannot explain why holes...

so that in numerical approaches one can always find a localization-delocalization transition when either decreasing system size for fixed disorder or...

imbue metals with their extraordinary conductivity because they are delocalized (i.e., not tied to a specific atom) and behave rather like a sort of...

many of the properties of the parent, including the delocalized bond in the ring and the delocalized charge in the atoms attached to the ring. Similar anions...

bonds, and thus isopeptide bonds, are stabilized by resonance (electron delocalization) between the carbonyl oxygen, the carbonyl carbon, and the nitrogen...

spherical aromaticity or cluster bonding, that is the electrons are highly delocalized. This has been illustrated by calculations of the magnetically induced...

can be used in cationic dyes; in methine dyes, the positive charge is delocalized, in contrast to other chromophoric systems. Although cationic dyes are...

classes use distinct mechanisms in cleaving the ketose ring. Electrons delocalized in the carbon-carbon bond cleavage associate with the alcohol group....

the configuration: the nitrogen atom in amides is not basic due to delocalization of the lone pair into a double bond and in pyrrole the lone pair is...

be thought to be the valence electrons of the atoms that have become delocalized due to the electric field of the other atoms. The Drude model neglects...

value, there is "delocalization" (i.e., deviation from the ideal Lewis-type wavefunction). From this, NRT generates a "delocalization list" from deviation...

different norms, which they tend to share only partially. Communities may be delocalized and unbounded, rather than local, and often comprise different sub-communities...

cortical components, supposedly of the exocyst and polarisome, are delocalized from the apical pole to the entire plasma membrane of the bud, but not...

was used for what is today called carbenium. Carbonium ions charge is delocalized in three-center, two-electron bonds. The more stable members are often...

stabilization of phenolate anion. In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system. An alternative...

pKa of 13.6. The reason that it is such a weak acid is the complete delocalization of the positive charge through three nitrogen atoms (plus a little bit...

(convex edges) which are indicative of significant delocalization. The favorability of delocalization is, in turn, interpreted as evidence for aromaticity...

a substituent atom of oxygen, and an overall positive charge that is delocalized between the central carbon and oxygen atoms (R2[CO]+R). An oxocarbenium...

which is a stronger Lewis acid than BCF, this shows that there is some delocalization of electron density from the para-fluorine atoms to the boron atom that...

has also been a critic of China's dumping trade policy that causes delocalization of jobs from Europe to Asia. Nevertheless, he gave an important lecture...

adding an oxo group is due to stabilization of the conjugate base by delocalization of its negative charge over an additional oxygen atom. This rule can...

et al. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) result from the coupling of delocalized electron oscillations ("surface plasmon") to electromagnetic waves ("polariton")...

as the norbornyl cation, which can be depicted as cationic character delocalized over several bonds. Olah's studies of the cation with NMR spectroscopy...

σ̂-Type Long-Bonding: A Novel Transitional Motif toward the Metallic Delocalization Limit". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (9): 5154–5166. doi:10.1021/ic4000395...

describe electronic delocalized states, a previously optimized standard basis set can be complemented with additional delocalized Gaussian functions with...

hexane. Already in weakly acidic media protonation produces the extremely delocalized and soft P4-t-Bu-H cation and causes besides a very strong solubilization...

localized". A result that was irreconcilable with the observations on delocalization. Without knowing the solution to this problem, physicists resorted to...

orbitals by scanning transmission electron microscopy and measuring the delocalization of core-level excitations". Physical Review B. 93 (16) 165140. Bibcode:2016PhRvB...

(LPP) (2) and neryl diphosphate (NPP) (3). LPP preferentially forms a delocalized allylic cation-diphosphate (4). The ion-pair intermediate then cyclizes...

lamp electrodes. It can conduct electricity due to the vast electron delocalization within the carbon layers (a phenomenon called aromaticity). These valence...

polycyclic, more specifically a bicyclic compound, with circles showing delocalization of π-electrons (aromatic). Decalin (decahydronaphthalene), the fully...

increasing the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon, via a stabilizing delocalization of the forming π C-C bonds into the σ* C-O bonds of the adjacent ethers...

the constitution, has contributed to this confirmation. Despite the delocalization enjoyed within the republic, the federal principle is not evident enough...

thermodynamic stability and unique magnetic properties arising from π-electron delocalization around a large "super-ring" composed of a cyclic array of smaller aromatic...

combine with each other to a molecule wide delocalized set of orbitals. The electrons in these delocalized orbitals have high mobility when the material...

unpaired electrons based on the increase in weight. MOT provides a global, delocalized perspective on chemical bonding. In MO theory, any electron in a molecule...

C-terminal truncated version of NDH-2, it was observed an intracellular delocalization from the membrane to the cytoplasm. The third domain, together with...

18 May 2023. Wu, Hao (August 2020). "An overview of tailoring strain delocalization for strength-ductility synergy". Progress in Materials Science. 113...

expected from free-electron theory. The presence of local moment and delocalized conduction electrons leads to a competition of the Kondo interaction...

oxonium ions. In furans, the oxygen atom contributes to pi-electron delocalization via its filled p-orbital and hence furans are aromatic. Bond lengths...

smaller ones react easily.[citation needed] In typical amides resonance delocalization makes the C-N bond partially double which results in it being stable...

continued to localize and adapt the channel. In May 2004, the channel was delocalized and replaced by Nickelodeon Europe. Now broadcasting was carried out...

AICAR is much less nucleophillic than its counterpart on GAR due to delocalization of electrons in AICAR through conjugation. Therefore, the N5 nucleophile...

eliminates the barrier for dissociation. The charge transfer can be local or delocalized in terms of the substrate electrons, depending on which orbitals participate...

curvature translates into lower effective mass and a larger radius of delocalization. In practical terms, a low effective mass leads directly to high carrier...

metal–carbon bonds (Mδ+–Cδ−) rather than true carbanions. Absent π delocalization, the negative charge of a carbanion is localized in an spx hybridized...

polyradical nature in their ground states, with the active orbitals being delocalized over the entire length of l-CC[n] or the whole circumference of c-CC[n]...

non-basic rings, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom is delocalized and contributes to the aromatic pi-electron system. In these compounds...

withdrawing at the carbonyl carbon and also exhibits small electron delocalization from the carbonyl oxygen *** Y = -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -CN, -CF3 The...

initial carbon-carbon bond forming step the free electrons would be delocalized through the adjacent double bonds. Despite multiple stereochemical possibilities...

be lost by the atoms in a crystalline structure. The effect of this delocalization is simply to exaggerate the effect of the "sea of electrons". As a result...

pair of correlated rings. In that state, the water molecules become delocalized around a ring and assume an unusual double top-like shape. At low temperatures...

accordance with cluster compound theory, ferrocene's rings behave as a single delocalized π system. Electronic perturbations to one ring propagate to the other...

is nearly the same as that of the outer 5d and 6s electrons that are delocalized in the metallic state, and only a small amount of energy is required...

also to complex bonds that involve three or more atoms, such as the delocalized bonding in the benzene molecule and other aromatic compounds. Depending...

chemical shift, and para-delocalization index. In 1,4-azaborines, ab initio calculations reported significant π electron delocalization around the ring, but...

(respectively 1.43 and 1.23 Å). The unusual C-O bond lengths are attributed to delocalized π bonding in the molecule's center and extraordinarily strong hydrogen...

Felkin–Anh models. In the Cieplak model, electrons from a neighboring bond delocalize into the forming carbon–nucleophile (C–Nuc) bond, lowering the energy...

modes are restricted to part of the substrate and are thus not fully delocalized, unlike phonon vibrational modes. Instead, there is a hierarchy of vibrational...

ISBN 978-3-031-68806-5. Bucher, D. B. (2014). "Charge separation and charge delocalization identified in long-living states of photoexcited DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad...

cyclic C6H6 (benzene) experiences special stabilization beyond normal delocalization effects, while C4H4 (cyclobutadiene) actually experiences a special...

S2CID 17102453. Rzepa, Henry S. (September 2005). "Möbius aromaticity and delocalization". Chemical Reviews. 105 (10): 3697–3715. doi:10.1021/cr030092l. PMID 16218564...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Boggiano, Andrew C.; Studvick...

MDCS revealed induced inter-dot interactions mediated by excitation of delocalized well states, offering the possibility of another form of coherent control...

hybrid orbitals of the two NO2 units) results from the simultaneous delocalization of the bonding electron pair across the whole N2O4 molecule, and the...

dispersions E ( k ) {\displaystyle E(k)} that are energy eigenvalues for delocalized electrons according to Bloch's theorem. From the plane-wave factor exp...

coupled with a conjugated organic linker, the d-π conjugation allows delocalization of the charge carriers. 3) Through-space:- Organic linkers in one layer...

classified according to the number of azo groups. As a consequence of π-delocalization, aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds, oranges, and...

heterojunction structures. Additionally, its electronic configuration (delocalized LUMOs) allows for efficient percolation and high electron mobility. Another...

pressure the β form changes into an orthorhombic crystal system due to delocalization of the atom's 5f electrons, which frees them to bond. The bulk modulus...

expected to have relatively strong nonlinear optical properties due to delocalized electrons at π − π {\displaystyle \pi -\pi } * orbitals. This expectation...

Synthesis of (η5-C5H5)2Ti]2(C2S4) and Comparative Analysis of this Electron-Delocalized Tetrathiolene-Bridged Dititanium Complex with the Electronically Equivalent...

(11 March 2019). "Observation of dressed states of distant atoms with delocalized photons in coupled-cavities quantum electrodynamics". Nature Communications...

This resonance can be summarized by a model with fractional bonds and delocalized charges: Metal carbonates generally decompose on heating, liberating...

the trans (for instance, it has a distorted configuration and is less delocalized than the trans configuration). Photoisomerization allows for reversible...

partially compensated for by the stabilization offered by aromatic delocalization. B3+ displays π aromaticity associated with its a2''-symmetric HOMO...

principle prevents the Demon from sorting the molecules due to their delocalization upon measurement of momentum. Real-life versions of Maxwellian demons...

resulting in the absence of either of the sorting motifs results in the delocalization of cystinosin to the cellular plasma membrane. Human models for cystinosin...

conjugate base, bisulfite. This reaction disrupts the otherwise favored delocalized extended pi-electron system and resonance in the parent molecule. The...

1986–1995. doi:10.1021/om0701367. Thorn, D.L.; Hoffmann, R. (1979). "Delocalization in Metallocycles" (PDF). Nouv. J. Chim. 3 (1): 39. Fernández, Israel;...

delocalized positive charge. The classical model, (b) describes a rapid equilibration between three distinct carbocations rather than delocalization....

suggesting that metallic lawrencium is trivalent with three electrons delocalized, a prediction also supported by a systematic extrapolation of the values...

C (1991). "Particle-Spin Coupling in a Chaotic System: Localization-Delocalization in the Husimi Distributions". Europhysics Letters. 15 (2): 125–131....

encoded second-harmonic generation in bulk glasses and predicted the delocalization of carriers in disordered materials in strong light fields. In addition...

electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond. For delocalized states, for example in one dimension – that is in a nanowire, for every...

Jack S.; Jones, Garth A.; Andrews, David L. (2017-08-23). "Quantum delocalization in photon-pair generation" (PDF). Physical Review A. 96 (2) 023850....

factory lies in the territory of the town, the headquarters have been delocalized in Contres, France The commune is part of historical Brittany, in the...

E_{C}} , above which electrons undergo a transition from localized to delocalized states. In this description, termed multiple trapping and release, electrons...

quantum dots, certain lanthanides and certain organic molecules with delocalized electrons. These excited molecules have an increase in dipole momentum...

; Basova, N. E. (2001-11-01). "Ammonium Compounds with Localized and Delocalized Charge as Reversible Inhibitors of Cholinesterases of Different Origin"...

For example, the short bond length of BF3 can be attributed to the delocalization of the fluorine lone pairs. In 1997, Gillespie et al. found that his...

In metallic bonds valence shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. The delocalized electrons allow metal atoms to slide past one...

acting ambitions. In the documentary Breathless Lambo investigates the delocalization of the asbestos industry to developing countries. On 13 September 2019...

propagation, and relaxational processes, such as annealing, that tend to delocalize strain. Structural geologists study the results of deformation, using...

states. The main assumption of the free electron model to describe the delocalized electrons in a metal can be derived from the Fermi gas. Since interactions...

437...55F. doi:10.1002/andp.19484370105. ISSN 0003-3804. T. Förster, Delocalized excitation and excitation transfer, in Modern Quantum Chemistry, ed....

building blocks for extended systems, some of which exhibit electron delocalization between metal centers. An example of a cyclic poly(metallacarborane)...

group holds. The symmetry properties of molecular orbitals means that delocalization is an inherent feature of molecular orbital theory and makes it fundamentally...

It also possesses antibacterial properties attributed to electron delocalization in the thiosemicarbazide moiety. CID 730679 from PubChem Nandi, Asok...

delocalization[clarification needed], recording, domestication and showing proof of ownership. For example, with a feline microchip, delocalization shows...

formyl center and the fact that the conjugate base, an enolate anion, delocalizes its negative charge. The formyl proton itself does not readily undergo...

dehydrogenated by protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Because of their limited delocalization, porphyrinogens are colorless. Loss of all four central hydrogen atoms...

The acacM ring generally exhibits aromatic character, consistent with delocalized bonding in the monoanionic C3O2 portion. Consistent with this scenario...

located on the oxygen, whereas the nucleophilic site on enolates is delocalized onto both carbon and oxygen sites. Ynolates are also unsaturated alkoxides...

with Hund's rules when on the accepting species. The ability to hop (to delocalize) reduces the kinetic energy. [citation needed] Hence the overall energy...

Bingham, Richard C. (1976). "The stereochemical consequences of electron delocalization in extended .pi. systems. An interpretation of the cis effect exhibited...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.;...

Being planar, thiazoles are characterized by significant π electron delocalization and exhibit a degree of aromaticity greater than that of corresponding...

released, in the spin frame both centripetal and Coriolis forces act in a delocalized way on all parts of the stone with accelerations that are independent...

the shape of the sound wave in the time domain, which is a completely delocalized sine wave. In quantum mechanics, the two key points are that the position...

Surface plasmons (SPs) are coherent delocalized electron oscillations that exist at the interface between any two materials where the real part of the...

discussions. One theory invokes σ-aromaticity: the stabilization afforded by delocalization of the six electrons of cyclopropane's three C-C σ bonds to explain...

2009). "'Your Shire, Your Sharks': The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and Delocalization v. Glocalization in Australian Rugby League". The International Journal...

nucleophile refers to an anionic nucleophile that exhibits resonance delocalization of its negative charge over two unlike atoms or over two like but non-equivalent...

arises from the stability conferred by its resonance structure which delocalizes the charge across the molecule: The acid deprotonates only slowly. Protonation...

at delocalizing information in both direct space and in reciprocal space, the 2-component cat encoding relaxes one constraint by only delocalizing in...

with the number of electrons in the groups. Groups with extended pi-delocalization have larger diamagnetic corrections compared to related saturated ligands...

nitrogen of selenourea delocalizes only slightly more than the lone pair on thiourea (in contrast to a much greater delocalization in going from urea to...

repulsion between the ortho-hydrogen atoms (planar) and breaking of delocalization of pi density over both rings (perpendicular). In QTAIM, the energy...

magnetism (also called itinerant magnetism), the electronic states are delocalized, and their mean-field interaction leads to the symmetry breaking. In...

150–900 kJ mol−1). Intermolecular interactions typically do not involve delocalized electrons, unlike metallic and certain covalent bonds. Exceptions are...

molecular orbital (LUMO) with negative orbital energy is located and the delocalized σ-electron system is interrupted, as shown by Electron Localization Index...

[page needed] Thus, a description Cu+3S−S2−2 would seem appropriate with a delocalized hole in the valence band leading to metallic conductivity. Subsequent...

radical form of benzopyran is paramagnetic. The unpaired electron is delocalized over the whole benzopyran molecule, rendering it less reactive than one...

in s and 2 in p) occupy the bonding molecular orbitals, σ and π. The delocalized MOs of the carbon atom in the molecule of methane can then be localized...

See, for example, Marco Iansiti et al., "Charging Energy and Phase Delocalization in Single Very Small Josephson Tunnel-Junctions," Physical Review Letters...

compound. The organic material is electrically conductive due to the delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule...

(1978), Synthesis of 1,3-(dicyanomethylene)croconate salts. New bond-delocalized dianion, "Croconate Violet". Journal of the American Chemical Society...

Leusser, Dirk; Stalke, Dietmar; Zabel, Manfred; Popp, Jürgen (2004). "How Delocalized is N , N , N , N -Tetraphenylphenylenediamine Radical Cation? An Experimental...

molecules, chemical bonding, atomic energies, electron localization and delocalization, and molecular structure based on the partitioning of the observable...

of the helix and β-sheet structures. Because of decreased resonance delocalization in esters relative to amides, depsipeptides have lower rotational barriers...

general classification is polar intermetallics, as clusters contain delocalized multicentre bonds. Thallides were discovered by Eduard Zintl in 1932...

reynoldsfrance (January 27, 2007), REYNOLDS writing instruments France. Delocalization, retrieved April 2, 2018 www.ETBrandEquity.com. "Reynolds Pens' Indian...

electrons and broad bands are indicative of bonding and antibonding delocalized electrons. Bands can resolve into fine structure with spacings corresponding...

quartz) are poor conductors, as there are no delocalized electrons. However, network solids with delocalized pi bonds (e.g. graphite) or dopants can exhibit...

properties - high electrical conductivity, for example - arising from sigma delocalization of the electrons in the chain. Even silicon–silicon pi bonds are possible...

conjugate base is more stable than the base because the negative charge is delocalized over two electronegative atoms compared to one. Using pKa values, the...

methyl groups. The stability of this radical can be attributed to the delocalization of the radical to form a two-center three-electron N–O bond. The stability...

Benjamin; Yau, Horng-Tzer (2009). "Semicircle law on short scales and delocalization of eigenvectors for Wigner random matrices". Annals of Probability....

lithium aluminium hydride. Cyclopentasilane is pyrophoric. It has a σ-delocalization property. Cyclopentasilane is a liquid at standard conditions, but can...

planar structure consists of four fused benzene rings. Triphenylene has delocalized 18-π-electron systems based on a planar structure, corresponding to the...

that occur spontaneously in the other regions within a cylinder (i.e., delocalized explosions from the spark plug). This phenomenon of combustion is more...

is partially (~2%) enolized. The enolate anion exhibits significant delocalization, and the highest electron density is on the second carbon. This acid-base...

compounds is due to the stabilization of the resultant enolate ions by delocalization of the negative charge over both carbonyl groups. Enolate ions are more...

distributing the negative charge over a number of atoms by π-orbitals which delocalize a proton's charge when it attaches to the molecule. Both the neutral and...

half-filled 3d subshell and consequently its d-electrons are not easily delocalized. This same trend appears for ruthenium but not osmium. The exact temperatures...

aromatic or otherwise conjugated π-electron system, facilitating the delocalization of orbital wavefunctions. Electron withdrawing groups or donating groups...

to increase the mass of the system, the time of flight, and/or the delocalization distance in order to create ever larger superpositions. The most prominent...

with Pauli paramagnetism, an effect associated with the polarization of delocalized electrons' spins. For the bulk case of a 3D system and low magnetic fields...

which have resonance, bond order may not be an integer. In benzene, the delocalized molecular orbitals contain 6 pi electrons over six carbons, essentially...

market linkages, especially for small-scale actors, by preventing the delocalization of production, preserving local biodiversity, and creating jobs. Additionally...

designation was changed to 89th Punjabis. In 1910, the Burma Battalions were delocalized from Burma and in 1914, the regiment moved to Dinapore in India, just...

The predominant pathway is found to be the middle one, which has six delocalized π electrons corresponding to an aromatic intermediate. The steric isotope...

one electron outside a quasi-closed shell configuration that can be delocalized in the metallic state: thus they should have similar melting and boiling...

towards the additive manufacturing of ceramics. Polysilanes exhibit σ-delocalization. This characteristic stems from the low ionization energy for electrons...

aromatic para position because then the negative charge is effectively delocalized at the nitrogen position. One classic reaction is the Chichibabin reaction...

chemical shift. Anisotropic systems arise from molecules with regions of delocalized electron density, such as the π (pi) system of benzene, where circulating...

endorses a pragmatic acceptance of a neoliberal world order that is delocalized, dehumanized and misogynistic." Alm and Stenport add, "What most international...

formation of carbon compounds. Graphite conducts electricity, due to delocalization of the pi bond electrons above and below the planes of the carbon atoms...

bulk phase would form with a solid lattice of protons and the electrons delocalized throughout. Since then, producing metallic hydrogen in the laboratory...

explain extreme weather events Resonance (chemistry), the electronic delocalization in molecules often represented via a combination of related Lewis structures...

radical is formed that can be studied. The unpaired electron does not delocalize over the entire sphere but takes up positions in the vicinity of the tBu...

is a sigma bond between each oxygen atom and the nitrogen atom, and a delocalized pi bond made from the p orbitals on nitrogen and oxygen atoms, which...

from University of California, Riverside, with a focus on electron delocalization and molecular structure in 2005. She completed her postdoctoral studies...

the superposed target body will cause them to be entangled, thereby delocalizing the phase coherence from the target body to the whole system, rendering...

showed that the localization-delocalization transition is phonon-driven. Additionally, when a localization-delocalization transition is accompanied with...

and boiling points. These properties are due to metallic bonding by delocalized d electrons, leading to cohesion which increases with the number of shared...

as having a well-defined position or as being a superposition of two delocalized states. The assumption is that the preferred basis to use is the one...

and relative stability, all of which are desirable properties. The delocalization energy in tetrazole is 209 kJ/mol. 1H-Tetrazole and 5-(benzylthio)-1H-tetrazole...

2025. Good, Hans Peter (October 22, 2018), "3. Charge localization and delocalization", On the Origin of Natural Constants: Axiomatic Ideas with References...

NBO assigns a charge of +0.64 to the Ge atom, indicating that charge delocalization is significant, and that the structure is best described as an intermediate...

that can enter into conjugation with the benzene ring resulting in delocalization in the aniline. Aniline absorbs in the K (220 - 250 nm) and the B (250...

resonance spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The positive charge is delocalized between the amino groups over four bonds involving six pi electrons....

Because of the uniqueness of its hydridic B-H vertices and charge delocalization, the [CoD]− anion exhibits surface activity and has an amphiphilic character...

catalyzes two steps: the abstraction of a hydrogen from C3 of DHHA, delocalization of the double bond system and reprotonation at C1 as well as enol tautomerization...

α-uranium. This transition is accompanied by a 12% volume decrease and delocalization of the electrons at the 5f electron shell. No further phase transitions...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Weast, Robert (1984). CRC...

oxygen-centered molecular radical. Here, the radical is stabilized by delocalization of electrons from the nitrogen onto the oxygen. TEMPO radicals can be...

substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over part or all of the molecule...

solids, polycrystalline and amorphous semiconductors Underlying mechanism Delocalized molecular wavefunctions over the entire volume Transition between localized...

Demadis, K. D.; Hartshorn, C. M.; T. J., Meyer (2001). "The Localized-to-Delocalized Transition in Mixed-Valence Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 101 (9): 2655–2686...

Stable radicals tend to adopt states in which the unpaired electron can delocalize through resonance. In such cases, the octet rule can be restored through...

iron(IV) oxo (or ferryl) species with an additional oxidizing equivalent delocalized over the porphyrin and thiolate ligands. Evidence for the alternative...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Lide, D. R., ed. (2005)....

[better source needed] Lorenzo Zamponi, "Challenging precarity, austerity, and delocalization: Italian labor struggles from Euro-criticism to Euro-disenchantment"...

delocalized structure. Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, in which the electrons of the C6 ring are fully delocalized....

dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics computations of vibro-rotations, delocalized molecular orbitals (MOs), electric dipole moments, hydrogen-bonding,...

that forms and reproduces structures. Lambri's practice is that of delocalization to counter the structural principles of society. Instead of representing...

methods to study fundamental phenomena such as hydrogen bonds and quantum delocalization, using techniques such as solvent-induced electron transfer, and applying...

covalent rather than ionic in character, and have a high degree of delocalization resulting in complicated electronic band structures. Although many textbooks...

Meanwhile, the phenoxy radical generated by BHT is stabilized due to the delocalization of unpaired electrons around the aromatic ring and the steric hindrance...

structures. In contrast, molecular orbital theory views aromaticity as delocalization of the π-electrons. Valence bond treatments are restricted to relatively...

states, superoxide (O2−) and peroxide (O22−). Ligands with extended pi-delocalization such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and corroles and ligands with the...

of the pi bonds on the compound. A lone pair from the oxygen can be delocalized via conjugation to the benzene ring and nitro group. Since the length...

pairs, 2c–2e objects which are two-center two-electron bonds, as well as delocalized many-center bonding elements with respect to aromaticity. The AdNDP analysis...

Hexafluorophosphate bears a partial (delocalized) negative charge on the fluoride centers....

For non-zero eigenenergies, the corresponding wavefunctions would be delocalized all along the chain while the zero energy eigenstates would portray localized...

its oxidized derivatives, its high symmetry, which promotes charge delocalization, thereby minimizing coulombic repulsions, and its ability to undergo...

to produce a radical cation or anion can be readily stabilized via delocalization to the ligand itself. They are thought to be ubiquitous as intermediates...

that contains a single excitation. This type of state is completely delocalized.[citation needed] Single radiation modes are labelled by, among other...

groups because of the weakness of the metallic bonding with few electrons delocalized. The density of indium, 7.31 g/cm3, is also greater than gallium, but...

1038/s41566-021-00903-x Sludds, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Cai, Z., et al. Delocalized photonic deep learning on the internet’s edge. Science 378, 270-276 (2022)...

preferred isomer as there is less stereoelectronic distortion and more delocalization present. However, excitation of the trans isomer to the S2 state facilitates...

material. Jellium is often used in solid-state physics as a simple model of delocalized electrons in a metal, where it can qualitatively reproduce features of...

Free electrons above 8×1015 per cm3 are not "frozen out" and remain delocalized at cryogenic temperatures. Boron and gallium are group III elements,...

photosynthetic EET, where a exciton is coherently delocalized over several chromophores. This delocalization allows for the system to simultaneously explore...

be able to stabilize a negative charge. Stabilization occurs through delocalization of the negative charge. Because of the nature of the carbanion propagating...

stabilizers. The residues of Gln94, Arg96, and His148 are able to stabilize by delocalizing the chromophore charge. Arg96 is the most important stabilizing residue...

non-basic aromatic rings, the lone-pair electrons of the nitrogen atom is delocalized and contributes to the aromatic pi electron system and is therefore not...

Physikalische Chemie. 92/354-357. doi:10.1524/zpch.1974.92.4-6.354. Valence Delocalization in Prussian Blue Fe(III)4[Fe(II)(CN)6]3·xD2O, by Polarized Neutron Diffraction...

electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized over only the...

explain the observed ferromagnetism in these materials. In these cases, a delocalized, or Hund–Mulliken–Bloch (molecular orbital/band) description, for the...

McMaster, Jonathan; Moro, Fabrizio; Mills, David P. (June 2011). "A delocalized arene-bridged diuranium single-molecule magnet". Nature Chemistry. 3...

as understood by modern nuclear physics, the nucleons are partially delocalized and organize themselves according to the laws of quantum chromodynamics...

alkene Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction—for insufficiently nucleophilic delocalized carbanions Julia–Kocienski olefination—organosulfur analogue Kauffmann...

nonbonding and delocalized between the two ligands. This model, which preserves the octet rule by distributing electrons across a delocalized system, was...

has a new plot set in a world of global economics and of industrial delocalization. A movie inspired by this novel was released in 2013. La ragazza di...

work included studies of the hexaiodobenzene dication that indicated σ-delocalization ("aromaticity") between the iodine atoms. J.C. Martin received much...

Kawasaki, M.; Iwasa, Y.; Tokura, Y. (July 2012). "Collective bulk carrier delocalization driven by electrostatic surface charge accumulation". Nature. 487 (7408):...

to be stereochemically inactive. In molecular orbital theory (fully delocalized canonical orbitals or localized in some form), the concept of a lone...

mechanism. This intermediate can be stabilized through induction or delocalization of the electron lone pair through resonance. In general it can be claimed...

(2005). "How H-bonding Modifies Molecular Structure and π-Electron Delocalization in the Ring of Pyridine/Pyridinium Derivatives Involved in H-Bond Complexation"...

donation of negative charge from resonance, or in other words, electron delocalization. Hyperconjugation Carbon radicals are stabilized by hyperconjugation...

nitrogen in NPh3 is partially delocalized into the three phenyl rings. Whereas the lone pair on nitrogen is delocalized in pyrrole, the lone pair on phosphorus...

heterocyclic compounds in which both the negative and the positive charges are delocalized. Examples are mesoionic compounds and heteropentalenes (e.g. diazapentalenes)...

often called a point particle. Even if an elementary particle has a delocalized wavepacket, the wavepacket can be represented as a quantum superposition...

anions are electronically related to allyl anions. The anionic charge is delocalized over the oxygen and the two carbon sites. Thus they have the character...

also contains the starfish mouth and stomach. This replication and delocalization of vital organs makes starfish especially resilient to the loss of appendages...

This difference arises because only the cationic form has extended pi-delocalization, which allows the molecule to absorb visible light. The leuco form of...

Intramolecular (Circular) in an Isolated Molecule to Intermolecular Hole Delocalization in a Two‐Dimensional Solid‐State Assembly: The Case of Pillarene. Angew...

of this interaction. When the PML-NB is absent or disrupted, Daxx is delocalized and apoptosis does not occur. This interaction was demonstrated when...

cannot be acceptable, for example, when normal modes are coupled and delocalized. In those cases, an additional term describing the mode coupling contribution...

Scalmani, Giovanni; Frisch, Michael J. (2016). "Quantifying Electron Delocalization in Electrides". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 12 (1):...

when the topology tool was used. This VIF theory also connected both delocalized and localized molecular orbital schemes into a unified form in an elegant...

conjugate base is the ascorbate anion, which is stabilized by electron delocalization that results from resonance between two forms: For this reason, ascorbic...

phenol, some diagrams show a dotted or dashed line to represent the delocalization of areas where the electron density is higher next to the single bonds...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw...

formalized bonding may not be applicable to dynamic systems such as delocalized bonds. Aromaticity is such a case and relies on convention to represent...

cerocene, Ce(C 8H 8) 2, is poised ambiguously between being localized and delocalized and this compound is also considered intermediate-valent. Alkyl, alkynyl...

functional theory (DFT) studies were clouded by band gap errors and overly delocalized defect levels, and more advanced DFT studies refute most of the previous...

properties and the semimetallic state of graphene are the result of the delocalized electrons occupying these pz orbitals. The semimetallic state corresponds...

two-electron, three (or more) center bonding. In these ions, two electrons are delocalized over more than two atoms, rendering these bond centers so electron deficient...

P–N bond lengths which, in many such cyclic molecules, would imply delocalization or even aromaticity. To account for these features, early bonding models...

magnitude in the near future. This method was used to observe the charge delocalization in the organic salt (EDO-TTF)2PF6 as it undergoes a photo-induced insulator-to-metal...

politically, democracy and socially. The control is being denationalized and delocalized causing negative repercussions at state level. New constitutionalism...

E+ (1). This step leads to the formation of a positively charged and delocalized cyclohexadienyl cation, also known as an arenium ion, Wheland intermediate...

which interacts with the pi systems of the adjacent aromatic rings (delocalization into the rings is minimal, since zero-field parameter D is high). The...

and construction of OSLOs. The extent of delocalization could be quantified by using Pipek's delocalization measurement.[clarification needed] For orbitals...

In a metal, semimetal or degenerate semiconductor, μ lies within a delocalized band. A large number of states nearby μ are thermally active and readily...

described fairly accurately by the free electron model in which electrons delocalize from the atomic nuclei, leaving positive ions surrounded by a cloud of...

because the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom is partially delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n + 2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule)...

likely to occur than in materials with longer, delocalized bonds. If a material contains many delocalized bonds it is likely to be soft. Somewhat related...

homoaromaticity. This four-center two-electron bond involves one pair of electrons delocalized among the four bridgehead atoms: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC...

aromatic species; however it is relatively stable due to delocalization: the positive charge is delocalized over 5 carbon atoms. Also contributing to the stability...

common nodal plane. These form delocalized π-electrons that can be excited by radiation. The de-excitation of the delocalized π-electrons results in luminescence...

transferred and then separated after an exciton created in the donor is delocalized on a donor-acceptor complex. The acceptor material needs a suitable energy...

density is concentrated on the first and third carbon atoms. In fully delocalized canonical molecular orbital theory, it is often the case that none of...

protection against both types of degradation, because free radicals can be delocalized through the π-system of the aromatic and stabilized. In this way the...

noticed that a hyperbranched phthalocyanine compound exhibited large and delocalized polarization. When voltages were applied to these phthalocyanines, charge...

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.125106. S2CID 16938353. Förster T (1965). "Delocalized Excitation and Excitation Transfer". In Sinanoglu O (ed.). Modern Quantum...

structure, the electron may be initially localized to the surface or delocalized into the bulk and best represented by a travelling wave. Emission from...

Krygowski, Tadeusz M. (2006). "Tautomeric Equilibria and Pi Electron Delocalization for Some Monohydroxyarenes Quantum Chemical Studies". The Journal of...

photons by light-harvesting complexes. It turns out that the presence of a delocalized excitation in matter can cost some additional amount of energy from the...

COD ligand. Arene ligand exchange results in partial electron spin delocalization onto the aromatic arene ligand, with 84-87% of the unpaired electron...

by resonance between the two alternatives, so that the double bond is delocalized and each oxygen in the carbonyls has a formal charge of −1/2. The ionization...

considered a Fischer carbene when the carbene is in singlet state. Delocalization of the lone pair from the substituent on carbene carbon raises the energy...

during reaction. The pi-system of this molecule facilitates radical delocalization during formation of an aziridinyl radical. The structure is given below:...

This accounts for the resonance stabilization of the molecule due to delocalization of charge. The energy of the actual structure of the molecule, i.e....

3752. PMC 6491971. PMID 28654718. "Strong long-range connections can delocalize a subset of eigenvectors". eLife. doi:10.7554/elife.01239.010. Figure...

The covalent bond character within the Te network facilitates charge delocalization, correlating with the decreased resistivity observed in this phase....

difference between these two reversible rearrangements is the amount of delocalization possible in the electronic ground state, one can attribute the stabilization...

dispersive wave packet, while moving with constant group velocity ko, is delocalizing rapidly: it has a width increasing with time as √ 1 + 4t2 → 2t, so eventually...

aromatic and symmetric, as the double bond and the negative charges are delocalized and evenly distributed over the six CO units. Rhodizonates tend to have...

the two configurations. Aromaticity of the arsole manifests itself in delocalization and resonance of its ring electrons. It is closely related to planarity...

[citation needed] In molecules with several atoms, some orbitals may be delocalized over more than two atoms. A particular molecular orbital may be bonding...

ensemble is planar, which facilitates electron delocalization. As a consequence of this delocalization, phen complexes often exhibit distinctive optical...

dimers each have hydrophobic pockets that are 8 nm apart and may contain delocalized π electrons. Tubulins have other smaller non-polar regions that contain...

localized, stable defects like cosmic strings or monopoles, textures are delocalized, unstable configurations of the field that rapidly collapse and unwind...

within a pure metal or metal alloy. Metallic electrons are generally delocalized; the result is a large number of free electrons around positive nuclei...

3.35mm. The hard outer shell protects the head from local impacts by delocalizing the force, so the load can be absorbed by the other elements. Polycarbonates...

respectively. The smallest value of the IPR corresponds to a fully delocalized state, ψ ( x ) = 1 / N {\displaystyle \psi (x)=1/{\sqrt {N}}} for a system...

in random distributions; newly-developed, stiffer sublayers tended to delocalize tension from the support and remove the connection between crack direction...

crystalline iodine that extend throughout the layer and lead to the delocalization of electrons akin to that in metals. This explains certain physical...

by: bases, involving a series of steps: deprotonation, formation of a delocalized anion (e.g., an enolate), and protonation at a different position of...

path.[citation needed] In this scenario, the defects lead to a charge delocalization, which redirects an incoming electron down a given trajectory. Brayfindley...

Bicycloaromaticity Rzepa, Henry S. (2005). "Möbius Aromaticity and Delocalization". Chem. Rev. 105 (10): 3697–3715. doi:10.1021/cr030092l. PMID 16218564...

but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−). Boggiano, Andrew C.; Studvick...

Benjamin; Yau, Horng-Tzer (April 2009). "Local Semicircle Law and Complete Delocalization for Wigner Random Matrices". Communications in Mathematical Physics...

triplet states. Nevertheless, Hideo Tomioka and associates used electron delocalization to produce a comparatively stable triplet carbene (bis(9-anthryl)carbene)...

Mathematical Model of Protein Interactions from the Perspective of Electron Delocalization," arXiv:2509.18882 [q-bio.BM] The Discrete exterior calculus offers...

avoid having double bonds in the pentagonal rings, which makes electron delocalization poor, and results in C 60 not being "superaromatic". C 60 behaves like...

optical nonlinearity at the microscopic and bulk levels. Due to the delocalization of electrons in π bonds electrons are more easily responsive to applied...

situations: increasing magnitude of charge will increase solvation increasing delocalization will decrease solvation loss of charge will decrease solvation more...

general, apply to metals or aromatic compounds where the electrons are delocalized. It cannot in principle predict electron density distributions or energies...

(facilitating electrical and thermal conductivity) valence electrons less freely delocalized; considerable covalent bonding present have Goldhammer-Herzfeld criterion...

the porphyrin molecule also serves as an electron source, being able to delocalize radical electrons in the conjugated ring. In the transportation or detection...

orbitals are partially filled. Resonance (chemistry) leads to creation of delocalized electron states. (Feynman 1965, chapter 10, § 4) Nitrogen inversion leads...

charged regions "hard" ions in contrast to soft ions where the charge is delocalized over the whole aromatic pi cloud. When these hard cations encounter the...

in the dicarbides, with the exception of Ce2C3, indicating that the delocalized metal electrons do not fill C-C antibonding orbitals. Other carbon rich...

devices can be internal or external, at the site of pain (local) or delocalized throughout the whole body. It works by interfering with the electric...

533 (2007). E. Babaev; J. Jaykka; M. Speight (2009). "Magnetic field delocalization and flux inversion in fractional vortices in two-component superconductors"...

dimers of the microtubules have hydrophobic pockets that may contain delocalized π electrons. Tubulin has other, smaller non-polar regions, for example...

Vlasov, K.; Winter, M.; Röschenthaler, G.-V. (2014). "Syntheses of novel delocalized cations and fluorinated anions, new fluorinated solvents and additives...

derivatives: BODIPY, aza-BODIPY These fluorophores fluoresce due to delocalized electrons which can jump a band and stabilize the energy absorbed. For...

shift of 3.38 ppm. Unlike buckminsterfullerene, dodecahedrane has no delocalized electrons and hence has no aromaticity. For over 30 years, several research...

known with S4N4 as their parent. The bonding in S4N4 is considered to be delocalized, which is indicated by the fact that the bond distances between neighboring...

nuclear charge into the atom's inert core, reducing their ability to delocalize to form bonds with neighbors. These opposing effects result in groups...

orbitals by scanning transmission electron microscopy and measuring the delocalization of core-level excitations; J. S. Jeong, M. L. Odlyzko, P. Xu, B. Jalan...

dots have a semiconductor layer with a smaller bandgap which leads to delocalized charge carriers in the shell. For type II and inverse type II dots, either...

flux Organic nonlinear optical materials, a class of compounds with delocalized electrons at π–π* orbitals Wide field non linear microscopy, an ultrafast...

electron localized on one atom. Non-bonding orbital, with the electron delocalized throughout the molecule. This disambiguation page lists articles associated...

proton resonances to high field, does indicate the existence of electron delocalization in the central [4n] ring. This upfield shift has been interpreted in...

Canadian provinces and many European countries. Das Echo faced the delocalization of its readers from Montreal and the rest of Quebec to other Canadian...

the NOS and Vodafone Portugal operators. In March 2026, its feed was delocalized and moved to MTV Global, but with Portuguese subtitles and promotion...

field estimator Delayed choice quantum eraser Delayed nuclear radiation Delocalized electron Delta-v Delta-v (physics) Delta-v budget Delta baryon Delta...

molecules. The electronic state for a trihydrogen cation with an electron delocalized around it is a Rydberg state. The outer electron can be boosted to high...

needed] which are based on the treatment of the electronic structure as delocalized molecular orbitals. The bonding can also be described with three-center...

settlement. On 10 December 2013, an amendment to the Finance Law relating to delocalization was presented and approved, in detail: companies that relocate outside...

ellipticity 0.064 at the bond critical point of P2-Ge in ((Dipp)2P)2Ge. Delocalization index (DI) was also used to predict the bond order of ((Dipp)2P)2Ge...

zero energy. This mode is called a Majorana zero mode and is highly delocalized. As the presence of this mode does not change the total energy, the ground...

simplest molecular formula. The formation of the tetramer (SeCl4)4, with delocalized sigma bonding of the bridging chloride is clearly preferred over a "hypervalent"...

If one of these is protonated to form ABCNH+, the positive charge is delocalized across the whole symmetrical molecule due to pi cloud electron movement...

cell ends. Microtubules also help localize Pom1 in the cell as Pom1 delocalization has been shown to result from microtubule disassembly. Structurally...

Conjugated polymers with large π−π conjugated skeleton and a high electron delocalization structure show potential for PTT due to their strong NIR absorption...

formation of a new carbon–hydrogen bond at the carbon terminal in the delocalized hydrazone anion. This proton capture takes place in a concerted fashion...

of directionality in the bond. At one extreme is metallic bonds with delocalized bonding and the other are covalent bonds in which the orbitals overlap...

Selwyn; Self, Chris N.; Gray, Johnnie; Kim, M. S. (2020-04-30). "Quantum Delocalized Interactions". Physical Review Letters. 125 (24) 240406. arXiv:2004.14658...

activity of DBA dianions was reported by Lorbach et al. Due to the delocalization of these extra electrons in the aromatic system, the DBA dianion is...

binding of F− by the antimony pentafluoride. The resulting anion (SbF− 6) delocalizes charge effectively and holds onto its electron pairs tightly, making...

higher hardness of h-BN relative to graphite. The reduced electron-delocalization in hexagonal-BN is also indicated by its absence of color and a large...

of benzene: comprehensive analysis of structural aspects, electron delocalization and magnetic characteristics", Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,...

with both axial and equatorial CO ligands is the HOMO-15. More total delocalization occurs onto the axial CO antibonding orbital than does the equatorial...

"Rationalizing the diverse reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane through sigma-pi-delocalization". Chemical Science. 11 (19): 4895–4903. doi:10.1039/D0SC01386B. ISSN 2041-6539...

With its description of the electron wave functions in molecules as delocalized molecular orbitals that possess the same symmetry as the molecule, Hund...

penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a-mediated beta-lactam resistance by delocalizing PBP2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (31): 24055–65. doi:10...

model, was developed. The large yield of single ionized trimer (with two delocalized electrons, the analogue of an alpha particle) observed in experiments...

unemployment had doubled in the preceding four years. Concerns about the delocalization of large companies, fears of employment losses in the powerful banking...

kcal/mol (4.6 kJ/mol) energy difference, although extensive electron delocalization into the rings complicates any conclusions drawn from diaryl carbenes...

Press Singapore. p. 103. "Bargimgaparaa. Carta del Cantino". History Delocalized. 22 December 2014. Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India...

quantum analogs of chaotic dynamical systems and for her work on the delocalization of eigenfunctions on large regular graphs." 2019 Siddhartha Mishra ETH...

or the other term can be dominant. Contact shifts result from spin delocalization through molecular orbitals of the molecule and from spin polarization...

Electronically, Ti8C12 is believed to have a metallic character, with 80 delocalized valence electrons. Its static polarizability was computed to be of the...

AIM analysis of electron density at the bond critical point (bcp) and delocalization index indicates that electron-withdrawing substituents on Sb(V) lead...

with bismuth, the mono-pnictogen-substituted tetrahedrane is unstable. Delocalization plays a large part in the stabilization of the heavier analogues. For...

Bolthausen was in 2002 in Beijing an invited speaker with talk Localization-delocalization phenomena for random interfaces at the International Congress of Mathematicians...

sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle. In contrast, aliphatic hydrocarbons lack this delocalization. The term aromatic...

than the parent acids. The cyanide group can also stabilize anions by delocalizing negative charge as revealed by resonance structures. Cyanocarbons are...

photosensitizers are made up of highly conjugated systems which promote electron delocalization. Due to their high conjugation, these systems have a smaller gap between...

lipids in tissues that have a high lipid concentration with little delocalization and maintains the integrity of the peptide spatial arrangement within...

nitride, which lacks electrons in the plane of the covalent atoms, the delocalized electrons in magnesium diboride allow it to conduct electricity similar...

"carries" luminescence, but in many molecules the emissive excitation is delocalized over several atoms (e.g., an extended π system), and in solids it may...

stabilized by enolate formation, aromatic carbonyls are stabilized by delocalization of charge, and quinoidal carbonyls are stabilized by aromaticity. Sulfur...

bodies known as GW-bodies or P-bodies. Inhibiting expression of this gene delocalizes other GW-body proteins and impairs RNAi and microRNA-induced gene silencing...

"Rationalizing the diverse reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane through σ–π-delocalization". Chem. Sci. 11 (19): 4895–4903. doi:10.1039/D0SC01386B. PMC 8159217...

{\displaystyle c_{cov}=c_{ion}} ; thus, this situation reduces to the complete delocalization of the electrons over the two-orbital system, which is equivalent to...

nucleobases in DNA multimers may be electronically coupled. This leads to delocalization of the excited states responsible for photon absorption (Franck-Condon...

doi:10.1021/ed073p701. Wicholas, Mark L.; Drago, Russel S. (1968). "Spin-delocalization mechanisms in some paramagnetic tris-2,2'-bipyridine complexes of nickel(II)"...

intermediate between single and double bonds, indicating significant π-delocalization across the ring. The molecule possesses D3h symmetry and is isoelectronic...

Physics (1965), 43(9), 2927-9. Eaton, D. R.; Phillips, W. D.. Spin delocalization in mixed tetrahedral Ni (II) complexes. Journal of Chemical Physics...

achieves a seamless description of systems featuring both localized and delocalized bonding without invoking the concept of resonance (although, AdNDP is...

source. Below, compounds are sorted roughly by increasing electron delocalization. In the simplest case, Bi forms a simple σ bond to another metal. For...

Heather J Kulik (June 1, 2015). "Perspective: Treating electron over-delocalization with the DFT+U method". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 142 (24): 240901...

of cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene; Structural Evidence for Greater pi-Electron Delocalization with Increasing Chain Length in Polyenes". Suenram RD, Pate BH, Lesarri...

delocalized aromatic system to test the IBO method. Apart from the C-C and C-H σ-bonds, the six electron π-system is expressed as three delocalized IBOs...

Synthesis of 1,2,3-tris(dicyanomethylene)croconate salts. A new bond-delocalized dianion, croconate blue". Journal of Organic Chemistry volume 45, pages...

1,3-Dimesityl-imidazol-4,5-dihydro-2-ylidene, a stable carbene without delocalization around the ring containing the carbenic carbon (external viewer)...

the Cα and form a quinoid intermediate, which is facilitated by the delocalization of the negative charge over PLP's conjugated p-system. Subsequently...

Tom; Hochberg, Michael; Ghobadi, Manya; Hamerly, Ryan (2022-10-21). "Delocalized photonic deep learning on the internet's edge". Science. 378 (6617):...

The bonding among the atoms is a three-center two-electron bond, a delocalized resonance hybrid type of structure. The strength of the bond has been...

H2C=CH−CH=CH2, has conjugated double bonds. In such molecules, there is some delocalization of electrons in the pi orbitals between the carbon atoms linked by the...

ISSN 0570-0833. Fraenkel, G.; Qiu, Fayang (1996). "Observation of a Partially Delocalized Allylic Lithium and the Dynamics of Its 1,3 Lithium Sigmatropic Shift"...

M 2Al 4. In addition its HOMO is calculated to be a doubly occupied delocalized pi system making it obey Hückel's rule. Finally a match exists between...

energy unoccupied Mn orbitals, resulting in discrete states rather than a delocalized band. Thus the lowest energy band-to-band electronic transition requires...

nonlocalized bond), in chemistry, a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in compounds with alternating single and multiple bonds, which...

charge transport in organic semiconductors: the importance of attenuated delocalization for the carriers". Materials Horizons. 4 (4): 608–618. doi:10.1039/C7MH00091J...

to the quinoid model. When less electron poor arenes this charge is delocalized over the entire ring (structure to the right in scheme 1). In one study...

(benzenoid rings) ~415–430 polaron–π* transition >850 (broad) bipolaron / delocalized polaron transition PSPANa (emeraldine base, blue) ~290–300 π–π* transition...

accomplishments include: defining molecular wires that enable expansive charge delocalization; developing carbon nanotube superstructures that facilitate energy conversion;...

Charge carrier trapping describes the transfer of a charge carrier from a delocalized electronic state of the nanocrystal to a localized state. Fluorescence...

224: 219–253 F. Germinet; A. Klein; J. H. Schenker (2007), "Dynamical delocalization in random Landau Hamiltonians", Annals of Mathematics, 166: 215–244...

significantly more acidic than most other hydrocarbons because the charge is delocalized over three phenyl rings. Steric effects however prevent all three phenyl...

a greater stability from covalent communication and strong covalent delocalization of the “extra” electron from the reduced Fe2+ that results in full ferromagnetic...

others. In sydnone imines, both the negative and the positive charges are delocalized within the ring and the imine group. Montréalone Münchnone Sydnone IUPAC...

chemical calculations (DFT for instance), which often provide extensively delocalized orbitals that are hard to interpret and relate with chemists' intuition...

radical group. In this system one of the nitrogen unpaired electrons is delocalized in the aromatic ring making the compound a σ–σ–π triradical. A carbene...

thin barrier, therefore, the electronic states in superlattices form delocalized minibands. Solutions for the allowed energy states in superlattices is...

the behaviour of the 15 actinides, especially when these electrons are delocalized, from protactinium (Pa) to americium (Am). This results in a high richness...