Cylindrococcus

Cylindrococcus
Gall of adult female of C. spiniferus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Family: Eriococcidae
Genus: Cylindrococcus
Maskell

Cylindrococcus is a genus of scale insects that induces galls on plants of the genus Allocasuarina. There are two described species of Cylindrococcus, both of which occur only in Australia.[1] The galls of adult females (10–30 mm long) look somewhat similar to the cone-like "fruit" of the host plant and might be mistaken for such.

Systematics

Cylindrococcus is currently classified in the scale insect family Eriococcidae[2] although, at times, it has been placed in its own family, Cylindrococcidae.[3] Recent molecular phylogenies show that Cylindrococcus is closely related to the type species of Eriococcidae,[4] Eriococcus buxi, so its placement in this family is probably correct.

There are two species currently recognised in Cylindrococcus, C. casuarinae (the type species) and C. spiniferus,[1] which can be easily differentiated by the appearance of the galls induced by adult females. The galls of C. casuarinae are long, narrow and relatively smooth whereas those of C. spiniferus are broad and have prominent bracts. Two other species have been described in the past but are no longer recognised as distinct species: C. amplior[5] is in synonymy with C. casuarinae, and C. gracilis[6] has been synonymised with C. spiniferus.[1]

Morphology

Female C. spiniferus surrounded by tiny nymphs
Gall of adult female of C. casuarinae
Gall of male of C. spiniferus

Like most scale insects, Cylindrococcus exhibits marked sexual dimorphism. Adult females are wingless, practically legless and cylindrical, and about 2–9 mm in length. Adult females of C. casuarinae have large, bulbous membranous lobes where the mid and hind legs would be, whereas C. spiniferus has only sclerotised patches in these areas. Adult females of the two species can also be separated by the semicircular plates with robust spines near the anus of C. spiniferus that are not present in C. casuarinae.[1]

Adult males are small (about 3–5 mm long) and winged.[7] Adult males have very long thin external genitalia that, it has been argued, allow them to mate with adult females that are deep within galls. Males induce their own galls (7–17 mm long), which are long and thin bract-like galls on the tip of branchlets.[7]

Males and females are both a reddish colour: reddish brown or burgundy for females, and a reddish pink for males.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Gullan P.J. (1984). A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Cylindrococcus Maskell (Homoptera: Eriococcidae). Aust. J. Zool., 32: 677-690.
  2. ^ Miller D.R. & Gimpel M.E. (2000). A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Felt Scales) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Ltd, Andover, UK.
  3. ^ Balachowsky A. (1942). Essai sur la classification des cochenilles (Homoptera-Coccoidea). Annls Éc. natn. Agric. Grignon, 3, 34-48.
  4. ^ Cook L.G. & Gullan P.J. (2004). The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 83, 441-452.
  5. ^ Maskell, W. M. (1893). Further notes: with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Trans. N.Z. Znst. 25, 201-52.
  6. ^ Fuller, C. (1897). Some Coccidae of Western Australia. J. West. Aust. Bur. Agric. 4, 1344-6.
  7. ^ a b Gullan P.J. (1978). Male insects and galls of the genus Cylindrococcus Maskell (Homoptera: Coccoidea). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 17, 53-61.

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