DOSEN PROFIL LENGKAP

governed Constitutional amendment Constitutional court Constitutional crisis Constitutional documents Constitutional economics Constitutional interpretation...

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises...

Constitutionality is the quality of being acceptable under a supreme law with regard to the status of a norm, a procedure, or an act's accordance with...

Constitutional convention may refer to: Constitutional convention (political custom), an informal and uncodified procedural agreement Constitutional convention...

In political science, a constitutional crisis is a problem or conflict in the function of a government that the political constitution or other fundamental...

A constitutional commission is a body of commissioners appointed by a government for the purpose of making or revising a constitution. The commissioners...

A constitutional coup occurs when a person or group seizes political power in a way consistent with their country's constitution, as opposed to a traditional...

A constitutional crisis emerged in Somalia on 30 March 2024, when the Federal Parliament of Somalia approved a series of constitutional amendments aimed...

Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament...

Constitutional history is the area of historical study covering both written constitutions and uncodified constitutions, and became an academic discipline...

Constitutional Revolution may refer to: Constitutional Revolution (Israel), legislation passed by the Israeli Knesset from 1992 to 1995 on human rights...

court cases, and over state court cases that turn on questions of U.S. constitutional or federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range...

Constitutional Council might refer to: Constitutional Council (Algeria) Constitutional Council (Cambodia) Constitutional Council (Chad) Constitutional...

Constitutional theory is an area of constitutional law that focuses on the underpinnings of constitutional government. It overlaps with legal theory, constitutionalism...

In the United States, the term constitutional carry, also called permitless carry, unrestricted carry, or Vermont carry, refers to the legal public carrying...

A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged...

A constitutional institution, constitutional body or constitutional organ is a government institution created by a constitution. As these institutions...

Founding Fathers, often referred to as its framing, was completed at the Constitutional Convention, which assembled at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between...

related opinion essay published in The Washington Post by the title "Our constitutional crisis is already here". He continued his criticism of Trump in November...

unconstitutional constitutional amendment is a concept in judicial review based on the idea that even a properly passed and properly ratified constitutional amendment...

Constitutional review, also called constitutionality review or constitutional control, is the evaluation, in some countries, of the constitutionality...

president of the United States. Each state has the opportunity to ratify constitutional amendments. With the consent of Congress, two or more states may enter...

power and the head of state being a ceremonial position, similar to constitutional monarchies. In some countries the head of state has reserve powers to...

Federal Constitutional Law is the core of the Austrian Constitution. Federal Constitutional Law may also refer to: German constitutional law, a body of...

Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets...

There are conventionally two types of monarchy: absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. Absolute monarchies, of which there are approximately twelve...

provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a constitutional amendment to incentivize the family planning program which was being...

Constitutional avoidance is a legal doctrine of judicial review in United States constitutional law that dictates that United States federal courts should...

The phrase constitutional theocracy describes a form of elected government in which one single religion is granted an authoritative central role in the...

A constitutional right can be a prerogative or a duty, a power or a restraint of power, recognized and established by a sovereign state or union of states...

A constitutional amendment (or constitutional alteration) is a modification of the constitution of a polity, organization or other type of entity. Amendments...

Constitutional hardball is the exploitation of procedures, laws and institutions by political actors for partisan gain in ways which violate current pre-established...

The (individual) constitutional complaint (German: (Individual-)Verfassungsbeschwerde) is an extraordinary legal remedy in German law. The procedure serves...

The Constitutional Protection Movement (Chinese: 護法運動) was a series of movements led by Sun Yat-sen to resist the Beiyang government between 1917 and 1922...

In September and October 1993, a constitutional crisis arose in the Russian Federation from a conflict between the then Russian president Boris Yeltsin...

The Constitutional Protection junta (Chinese: 護法軍政府) of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國) was established by Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou after the death...

The Constitutional Guard (French: Garde Constitutionnelle) was a French royal guard formation which lasted a few months in 1792 as part of the Maison du...

A constitutional referendum concerning the reform of the judicial system was held in Italy on 22 and 23 March 2026. Its purpose was to revise Title II...

Federal Constitutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht [bʊndəsfɐˈfasʊŋsɡəˌʁɪçt] ; abbreviated: BVerfG) is the supreme constitutional court for...

In political science, constitutional autochthony is the process of asserting constitutional nationalism from an external legal or political power. The...

In the United States, each state and territory has constitutional officers who lead the state governments of the United States. These officers may be elected...

The Constitutional Court (Thai: ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ, RTGS: San Ratthathammanun, pronounced [sǎːn rát.tʰā.tʰām.mā.nūːn]), officially the Constitutional Court...

The governor of Tamil Nadu is the constitutional head of state of Tamil Nadu and the representative of the president of India in the state. In the state...

The office of prime minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document, but exists only by long-established convention, whereby the...

A constitutional referendum was held in Thailand alongside the general election on 8 February 2026 to ask voters whether they approve beginning the process...

The constitutional reforms of Augustus were a series of laws that were enacted by the Roman Emperor Augustus between 30 BC and 2 BC, which transformed...

The Constitutional Court of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország Alkotmánybírósága) is a special court of Hungary, making judicial review of the acts of the...

The Constitutional Court of Bavaria is the state constitutional court of the Free State of Bavaria and is one of the three constitutional bodies alongside...

later by Lindsay Carter and Rob Rempel, are used by academics today. Constitutional psychology is a theory developed by Sheldon in the 1940s, which attempted...

The term constitutional republic is a way to highlight an emphasis on the separation of powers in a given republic, as with constitutional monarchy or...

Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM) is a group that aims to preserve Australia's constitutional monarchy, with Charles III as King of Australia...

constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by constitutional law...

The constitutional history of Colombia is the process of formation and evolution of the different constitutions that Colombia has had since its formation...

social transformation. Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. A developed country...

The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787. While the convention was initially intended to revise the league...

Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, have recognised and affirmed constitutional principles such as parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, democracy...

rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It espouses constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy found in the United Kingdom,...

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia) is one of the apex courts in Indonesia along...

The Constitutional Movement was a right wing political group in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1979 by Andrew Fountaine as the National Front Constitutional...

Constitutional reform in Japan, colloquially known as Kaiken-ron (改憲論), is an ongoing political effort to reform the Constitution of Japan. The effort...

The Constitutional Court of Korea (Korean: 헌법재판소; Hanja: 憲法裁判所) is a constitutional court of South Korea, seated in Jongno, Seoul. It is one of the two...

powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment. A similar change affecting the territories can be performed...

and 15th amendments deal with slavery, equal protection and certain constitutional rights; collectively, these are known as the Reconstruction Amendments...

Australian constitutional law is the area of the law of Australia relating to the interpretation and application of the Constitution of Australia. Legal...

parliament "violate[d] the constitutional and legal order, undermine[d] the Public Defender's role as an independent constitutional body, and erode[d] trust...

In relation to juristic persons, the constitutional documents (sometimes referred to as the charter documents) are the documents which define the existence...

within a state. Constitutional Law may also refer to: International constitutional law Constitutional theory Federal Constitutional Law (Austria) Australian...

a sovereign state in the Commonwealth of Nations that has the same constitutional monarch and head of state as the other realms. The current monarch is...

The Constitutional Court (German: Staatsgerichtshof, pronounced [ˈʃtaːtsɡəˌʁɪçtshoːf]) of Liechtenstein is the ultimate legal authority in Liechtenstein...

The First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Turkish: مشروطيت; Turkish: Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) was a period of constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire...

the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid disunion by resolving divisions over slavery with some new compromise. The 1860 Constitutional Union...

and government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic. The president of France is the...

Constitutional Bloc (Arabic: الكتلة الدستورية; transliterated as Al Kutla ad Dustuuriyya) was a Lebanese political party established in 1934 by Bechara...

The Constitutional Arch (Italian: arco costituzionale) was a term used in the post-war Italian political discourse to describe the parties that had taken...

Constitutional reform in the Philippines, colloquially known as charter change (cha-cha), refers to the political and legal processes needed to amend the...

has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Originally something of an afterthought, the vice presidency...

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (Russian: Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации) is a high court within the judiciary of Russia which...

The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by Lucius Cornelius Sulla (the Roman dictator) between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the constitution...

serving primarily as the country's constitutional court. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...

Constitution of the Fourth Republic of 1946, which created at the time new constitutional rights for French citizens, including social and economic rights. The...

A constitutional dictatorship is a form of government in which dictatorial powers stem from, and remain limited by, a constitution. The dictatorship usually...

republics or have a different royal house. All fifteen realms are constitutional monarchies and full democracies, where the King (or his representative)...

The Constitutional Council in Chile was tasked to draft a new constitution in 2023, submitted to referendum on 17 December 2023. The Constitutional Council...

The World Constitutional Convention (WCC), also known as the World Constituent Assembly (WCA) or the First World Constituent Assembly, took place in Interlaken...

The Constitutional Bloc may refer to: Constitutional Bloc (Bulgaria), a defunct political alliance in Bulgaria Constitutional Bloc (Lebanon), a political...

A constitutional referendum took place in Bangladesh on 12 February 2026, alongside the general election. Voters were asked about the provisions of the...

The Constitutional Court of Guatemala is the highest court for constitutional law in the Republic of Guatemala. It is tasked with preserving the constitutional...

Constitutional liberalism is a form of government that upholds the principles of classical liberalism and the rule of law. It differs from liberal democracy...

The Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe is the apex court in all constitutional matters in Zimbabwe. Established under the 2013 Constitution, it is a superior...

Garantism, also known as the theory of constitutional guarantees, is a legal theory and political philosophy developed by Italian jurist Luigi Ferrajoli...

exercised by the prime minister of Turkey. However, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 constitutional referendum abolished the office of prime minister...

The Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) is an emergency and extra-constitutional order that suspends either wholly or partially the Constitution of...

The Constitutional Democratic Party (Russian: Конституцио́нно-демократи́ческая па́ртия, romanized: Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya, K-D), also...

The monarchy of Spain (Spanish: Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head...

components of Canadian sovereignty and sits at the core of Canada's constitutional federal structure and Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The...

from being a multi-party state) have all contributed to this reform. Constitutional reform in Kenya has been a major issue since Kenya gained independence...

The Constitutional Court (Portuguese: Tribunal Constitucional, pronounced [tɾiβuˈnal kõʃtitusiuˈnal]) is the supreme constitutional court of Portugal...

Constitutional conventions in Australia are significant meetings that have debated the Australian Constitution. The first two gatherings debated Federation...

A convention, also known as a constitutional convention, is an uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably...

The California Constitutional Conventions were two separate constitutional conventions that took place in California during the nineteenth century which...

constitution consists of legislation, common law, Crown prerogative and constitutional conventions. Conventions may be written or unwritten. They are principles...

informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage. It passed in the November...

The Federal Constitutional Court (abbr. FCC; Urdu: وفاقی آئینی عدالت, romanised: Wafāqī Āʾīnī ʿAdālat) is the constitutional court of the Islamic Republic...

The Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic (Italian: Corte costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana) is the highest court of Italy in matters of...

under British sovereignty following decolonisation, albeit with varying constitutional statuses. Britain is notably the only country to still have territories...

Constitutional & Administrative Law (8th ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-57881-3. Bradley, A.W.; Ewing, K.D. (2007). Constitutional and...

Comparative constitutional law is a branch of constitutional law that focuses on the study and analysis of the constitutions of different countries to...

shaped debate concerning which methods the Supreme Court should use in constitutional adjudication. Amid years of sustained opposition from the anti-abortion...

groups may refer to themselves as militia, unorganized militia, and constitutional militia. While groups such as the Posse Comitatus existed as early as...

The United Kingdom constitutional law concerns the governance of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. With the oldest continuous political...

Constitutional Amendment Bill no. 3/2021 (popularly known as Constitutional Amendment of Shielding, Constitutional Amendment of Immunity or Constitutional...

The Constitutional Court of Slovenia (in Slovene: Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije, US RS) is a special court established by the Slovenian Constitution...

mandatory referendums include: Constitutional changes: Some countries or local governments choose to enact any constitutional amendments with a mandatory...

A Constitutional Judge is a position that exercises the authority of the Constitutional Court as one of the branches of judicial power. There are nine...

The Constitutional Court (Dutch: Grondwettelijk Hof; French: Cour constitutionelle; German: Verfassungsgerichtshof) is the federal constitutional court...

The Constitutional Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Konstytucyjny [trɘˈbu.naw kɔn.stɘ.tuˈt͡sɘj.nɘ]) is the constitutional court of the Republic of Poland, a...

Persian Constitutional Revolution (Persian: مشروطیت, romanized: Mašrutiat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enqelâb-e Mašrute), also known as the Constitutional Revolution...

Constitutional patriotism (German: Verfassungspatriotismus) is the idea that people should form a political attachment to the norms and values of a pluralistic...

In the Philippines, a constitutional convention (sometimes shortened to as con-con) is one of the three ways to amend the Constitution of the Philippines...

The Peruvian Constitutional Court or Constitutional Tribunal is an independent constitutional agency of Peru that was established in the 1993 Constitution...

The Constitutional Union Party was a political party which ran in the 1860 United States elections. It mostly consisted of conservative former Whigs from...

Privy Council, which counsels the Sultan on questions of compassion, constitutional modifications, and honorific designations, the Legislative Council,...

A constitutional referendum was held in Chile on 17 December 2023, to determine whether the public approved a new constitution drafted by an appointed...

A constitutional referendum was held in Kazakhstan on 15 March 2026 to determine whether to approve the draft of a new constitution of Kazakhstan. According...

(Grundgesetz) of the Federal Republic of Germany establishes a separate Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) that is empowered with reviewing...

matter of ongoing debate in the United States since its inception at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, becoming more controversial by the latter years...

governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing lieutenant governors...

known as the Parque Viva case) was a proceeding brought before the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica. It involved a...

The Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee (est. January 2003) of the United Kingdom was a select committee of the House of Commons which looked into...

The Democratic Constitutional Rally or Democratic Constitutional Assembly (Arabic: التجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي et-Tajammu‘ ed-Dustūrī ed-Dīmuqrāṭī, French:...

In law, South African constitutional litigation is the area dealing with the rules and principles concerning constitutional matters in the country of...

In India, a Constitutional body is a body or institute established by the Constitution of India. They can only be a created or changed by passing a constitutional...

The constitutional history of Canada begins with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, in which France ceded most of New France to Great Britain. Canada was the colony...

A constitutional referendum was held in the Maldives on Saturday 4 April 2026, the same day as the local elections. The referendum asked voters whether...

The Constitutional Club was a London gentlemen's club, now dissolved, which was established in 1883 and disbanded in 1979. Between 1886 and 1959 it had...

A constitutional referendum was held in Lithuania on 12 May 2024, alongside the first round of the presidential elections. Voters were asked whether they...

The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (立憲民主党, Rikken-minshutō; CDP or CDPJ) is a liberal political party in Japan. It is the primary centre-left...

The presumption of constitutionality is a legal principle in the constitutional law of some jurisdictions that the judiciary should presume statutes enacted...

service delivery through secure and efficient digital platforms. One constitutional exception in the legislative process is that certain types of bills...

Amendment of the Constitution (The Family) Bill 2023 proposed to expand the constitutional definition of family to include durable relationships outside marriage...

century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majles, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing...

political position and has evolved significantly through successive constitutional reforms. The first minister chairs the Welsh Cabinet, leads the formulation...

The Constitutional Court of Kosovo (Albanian: Gjykata Kushtetuese e Kosovës; Serbian: Уставни суд Косова, Ustavni sud Kosova) is the final authority for...

Constitutional references to God exist in the constitutions of a number of nations, most often in the preamble. A reference to God in a legal text is called...

of the ministers. The Constitutional Court of Hungary has the right to challenge legislation on the grounds of constitutionality. Since 1902, the assembly...

In early December 1936, a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson, an American socialite...

The Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA) was a United Kingdom government department. Its creation was announced on 12 June 2003; it took over the...

The Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation (Russian: Конституционное совещание Российской Федерации) was a consultative body of representatives...

and indicate a poor prognosis. Other sub-types of symptoms include: constitutional or general symptoms, which affect general well-being or the whole body...

There is ongoing legal debate about the constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact in the United States. At issue are interpretations...

(such as the King's Law of Denmark-Norway), they are distinct from constitutional monarchies, in which the authority of the monarch is restricted (e.g...

A constitutional referendum was held in the Bahamas on 7 June 2016. Voters were asked whether they approve of four separate constitutional amendments....

abortion that federal law does not preempt. The case concerned the constitutionality of a 2018 Mississippi state law that banned most abortion operations...

Unity Advisory on 31 May 2018. The Taskforce was assigned to provide constitutional and legislative solutions in 9 broad categories: Lack of National Ethos...

voted upon in a future election. These may be further divided into constitutional amendments and statutory initiatives. Statutory initiatives typically...

The Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA) is a political organization of local police officials in the United States who contend...

The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR; formerly Law Center for Constitutional Rights) is an American progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization...

Customary constitution or constitutional customary law is the part of the constitution that corresponds to unwritten customary law. Therefore, depending...

The Constitutional Act 1791 (31 Geo. 3. c. 31) (French: Acte constitutionnel de 1791) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain which was passed during...

Ottawa. The patriation process saw the provinces granted influence in constitutional matters and resulted in the constitution being amendable by Canada only...

The Constitutional Council (French: Conseil constitutionnel, [kɔ̃sɛj kɔ̃stitysjɔnɛl]) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was established...

The Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863 was a constitutional convention held in the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. The convention...

Minister Han Duck-soo assumed the role of acting president pending the Constitutional Court's decision on whether to accept the impeachment. Han was himself...

The Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, popularly known as Con-Con, convened on December 8, 1969, and concluded on September 3, 1970. The convention...

conducted on non-constitutional issues are known as plebiscites, with the term referendum being reserved solely for votes on constitutional changes, which...

the ruler of one of a number of modern monarchies (either absolute or constitutional). The title of king is used alongside other titles for monarchs: in...

Shetland and the Western Isles are all regions of Scotland. Their constitutional status has periodically been discussed, for example during the Scottish...

During the French Revolution, a constitutional bishop was a Catholic bishop elected from among the clergy who had sworn to uphold the Civil Constitution...

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova) represents the sole body of constitutional jurisdiction...

On 8 November 2023 a constitutional crisis unfolded in Turkey between the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court when the Court of Cassation intervened...

This article contains the results of the 1979 Iranian Constitutional Assembly election....

Constitution, which was in effect until 1978. The text was drafted by the 1993 Constitutional Conference, which was attended by over 800 participants. Sergei Alexeyev...

(Hebrew: חוקי היסוד‎, romanized: Ḥukey HaYesod) are fourteen quasi-constitutional laws of the State of Israel, some of which can only be changed by a...

The Constitutional Court of Saarland (also Saarland Constitutional Court) is the constitutional court of the German state of Saarland. The court also...

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske) is an institution that acts as the interpreter and guardian...

The 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum was a constitutional referendum held on 14 October 2023 in which the proposed Aboriginal and Torres Strait...

that a Constitutional Loya Jirga should be convened to draft a new constitution. The Emergency Loya Jirga of 2002 set up an Afghan Constitutional Commission...

constitution, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822, approved by the constitutional assembly or cortes (see the Liberal Revolution of 1820), the Carta was...

The Constitutional Court (Serbian: Уставни суд, romanized: Ustavni sud) is the court authorized to perform judicial review in Serbia. It rules on whether...

A constitutional referendum was held in Mali on 18 June 2023. It was initially scheduled for 9 July 2017. However, in late June 2017 it was postponed with...

The Kenseikai (憲政会; "Constitutional Politics Association") was a short-lived political party in the pre-war Empire of Japan. The Kenseikai was founded...

Constitutional colorblindness is a legal and philosophical principle suggesting that the Constitution of the United States, particularly the Equal Protection...

republic under the rule of law and was ratified by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1789, as a doctrine and guiding principle. Conservative...

Yuan and direct democracy exercised by the de facto residents before constitutional amendments made it a dormant body in 2000 and dissolved it (subject...

The Constitutional Court of Turkey (Turkish: Anayasa Mahkemesi or AYM) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey. It "examines the...

kinds of political and economic systems, from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and from a market economy to a planned economy. Some examples...

Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republikas Satversmes tiesa, also the Satversme Court) is an independent court, which...

Advice is a formal instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another that, in many parliamentary systems, is usually binding. For example...

A constitutional referendum was held in Ecuador on 21 April 2024, amid the 2024 Ecuadorian conflict. The referendum was held on proposed security measures...

The Greek constitutional crisis of 1985 was the first constitutional dispute to occur in the newly formed Third Hellenic Republic after the fall of the...

motion and vote of confidence. The no-confidence vote is a defining constitutional element of a parliamentary system (and derivatives such as the semi-presidential...

Two constitutional referendums were held simultaneously in Ireland on 27 October 2011, each on a proposed amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The...

The Polish constitutional crisis, also known as the Polish rule-of-law crisis, is a political conflict ongoing since 2015 in which the Polish government...

and by the people. — Constitution of the French Fourth Republic The constitutional amendment of 25 June 1992 added the first paragraph, designating French...

associated with views that contemporary society should be considered in the constitutional interpretation of phrases. The Constitution is referred to as the living...

Parliament – Act No. 108 of 1996 – but, since the passage of the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, neither it nor the acts amending it are allocated act numbers...

Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned...

The Constitutional Party (Maltese: Partit Kostituzzjonali) was a pro-British political party in Malta. It had representatives in the Maltese Legislative...

minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet. Not outlined in any constitutional document, the prime minister is appointed by the monarch's representative...

The New Zealand constitutional crisis of 1984 arose following the 1984 general election, and was caused by a major currency crisis. The crisis led the...

The Federal Constitutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht, usually abbreviated BVerfG) is the federal constitutional court of Germany. It is...

Constitution Party, Constitutional Party, or Constitutionalist Party may refer to one of several political parties. Progressive Party (China) or Constitutionalist...

remnant of the preceding absolutist Kingdom of France) was a short-lived constitutional monarchy that existed from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792...

A constitutional referendum was held in the Maldives on 17 and 18 April 1952. The new constitution would convert the country from a monarchy to a republic...

Proposition 3, titled Constitutional Right to Marry, was a California ballot proposition that passed by vote in the 2024 general election on November 5...

York has held nine Constitutional conventions: in 1776–1777, 1801, 1821, 1846, 1867–1868, 1894, 1915, 1938, and 1967; a Constitutional Commission in 1872–1873;...

Network opposed the 17 July written deal. On 4 August 2019, the Draft Constitutional Declaration was initially signed by Ahmed Rabee for the FFC and by the...

The Constitutional debate of Canada is an ongoing debate covering various political issues regarding the fundamental law of the country. The debate can...

capitals. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government. English-language media often use...

During the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911), Iranian women organized protests, raised funds, and even participated in armed resistance. Even...

A constitutional referendum was held in France on 28 September 1958. Voters were asked whether they approved of the adoption of a constitution for the...

The Constitutional Court of Colombia (Spanish: Corte Constitucional de Colombia) is the supreme constitutional court of Colombia. Part of the Judiciary...

The Constitutional Army (Spanish: Ejército constitucional), also known as the Constitutionalist Army (Spanish: Ejército constitucionalista), was the army...

constitutional identity in the context of the transfer of power from Nation State level to the European level. Understood in this way, Constitutional...

Constitutional Democratic Party may refer to: Constitutional Democratic Party, Russia Constitutional Democratic Party (Italy) Constitutional Democratic...

Constitutional pluralism is a legal doctrine dealing with real or perceived conflicts between national constitutions and international law, as enshrined...

so was never put to a vote. The Twenty-first Amendment introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty and removed all references to capital punishment...

The Constitutional Court of Romania (Romanian: Curtea Constituțională a României) is the institution which rules on whether the laws, decrees or other...

city of Suwayda. The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitutional Declaration during the provisional period as follows: legislative power...

Household Law governs the line of imperial succession. Pursuant to his constitutional role as a national symbol, and in accordance with rulings by the Supreme...

The Constitutional Bar (Romanian: Baroul Constituțional), also known as the Romanian Constitutional Bar (Romanian: Baroul Constituțional Român) or the...

Ministry of the Interior and tasks and powers are regulated in the Federal Constitutional Protection Act (Bundesverfassungsschutzgesetz [BVerfSchG]). Together...

An Australian constitutional referendum was planned, and then abandoned, in 2013. The referendum was proposed to change section 96 of the Constitution...

The Constitutional Council (Kazakh: Конституциялық Кеңес, romanized: Konstitutsiialyq Keñes) was a collective body of constitutional jurisdiction in Kazakhstan...

either totally or partially. A constitutional referendum, which can be requested in some cases when a new constitutional law is approved by Parliament...

amendments to the Constitution of Ireland which had been recommended by the Constitutional Convention. The amendment to permit same-sex marriage in the Republic...

Union Council of Ministers. Although the president of India is the constitutional, nominal, and ceremonial head of state, in practice and ordinarily,...

Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الإعلان الدستوري للجمهورية العربية السورية), also known as the 2025 Interim Constitution...

his leadership, violence erupted across Moscow in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. As a result, a new constitution was implemented and the 1993...

The Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten (Dutch: Constitutioneel hof van Sint Maarten) is a court of Sint Maarten. As a constitutional court it evaluates...

federated republic within Yugoslavia. In that form, it lasted until the constitutional reforms from 1990 to 1992, when it was reconstituted, as the Republic...

The Constitutional Court of Montenegro is a special court authorized to act as the interpreter and guardian of the Constitution of Montenegro. It rules...

The Constitutional Court of Slovakia (officially Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic, Slovak: Ústavný súd Slovenskej republiky) is a special court...

uncodified traditions and conventions. Canada is one of the oldest constitutional monarchies in the world. The Constitution of Canada comprises core written...

The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference was a conference held in Windhoek between 1975 and 1977, tasked with the development of a constitution for a self-governed...

A constitutional referendum was held in Luxembourg on 7 June 2015. Although the referendum was non-binding, the government said they would adhere to the...

The Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark (Danish: Danmarks Riges Grundlov), also known as the Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, or simply...

The Constitutional Rights Union (CRU) (Armenian: Սահմանադրական իրավունքների միություն, romanized: Sahmanadrakan iravunk’neri miut’yun) is a conservative...

member of the Democratic Party (PD), Boschi served as Minister for Constitutional Reforms and Relations with the Parliament from February 2014 to December...

The monarchy of Belgium is the constitutional and hereditary institution of the monarchical head of state of the Kingdom of Belgium. As a popular monarchy...

neither by the component states nor the federal political body without constitutional amendment. Sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority...

then Prime Minister of South Korea, became acting president while the Constitutional Court of Korea was due to determine whether to accept the impeachment...

established by the Articles of Confederation, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen...

consisting of a collection of constituent territories united by the Constitutional Act, which applies to the entire territory. It consists of metropolitan...

The 25th Constitutional Government of Portugal (Portuguese: XXV Governo Constitucional de Portugal) is the current cabinet of the Portuguese government...

The Constitutional Court of Russia is one of two highest courts in court system of the Russian Federation. It is composed of eleven Judges of the Constitutional...

supreme law of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite...

classified into three types: 3rd Class, 4th Class, and those under constitutional charters. A few older cities are incorporated under legislative charters...

consult the supreme court about the constitutional validity of an issue. The president shall assent to constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold...

presiding judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 transferred these roles to the lord speaker, the lord...

constitution, but has evolved as a political convention based on the constitutional principle that the prime minister is appointed (with the subsequent...

The Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy (ICM; Arabic: الملكية الدستورية العراقية) is a monarchist political party in Iraq formerly led by the late Sharif Ali...

sak'onst'it'utsio sasamartlo) is the constitutional court of Georgia, the country's judicial body of constitutional review, having the greatest significance...

The Constitutional Court of the State of Berlin (German: Verfassungsgerichtshof des Landes Berlin; abbreviated BerlVerfGH) is the state constitutional court...

The Constitutional Court (Spanish: Tribunal Constitucional) is the supreme interpreter of the Spanish Constitution, with the power to determine the constitutionality...

A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay on 25 November 1917. Amongst the changes to the system of government, the new constitution would create...

The Constitutional Court of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Конституційний Суд України, romanized: Konstytutsiinyi Sud Ukrainy, pronounced [konstɪtʊˈts⁽ʲ⁾ijnɪj ˈsud...

The Constitutional Reform Commission (Bengali: সংবিধান সংস্কার কমিশন, romanized: Sôṅbidhān Sôṅskār Kômiśôn) was established by the Interim government in...

Turkish constitutional referendum 2007 Turkish constitutional referendum 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum...

A constitutional law, in the Italian legal system, is an Act of Parliament that has the same strength as the Constitution of Italy. This means that in...

Constitutional Union Party may refer to: Union Party (United States, 1850), a party active in the south in the early 1850s Constitutional Union Party...

A referendum on constitutional reform was held in Mexico on 22 September 1867. After the execution of the Emperor Maximilian, reinstated President Benito...

In the U.S. state of Florida, county constitutional officers are independently elected officials in each county who lead departments and perform specific...

Plessy v. Ferguson, which had ruled that racial segregation laws were constitutional as long as the facilities for each race were equal, a doctrine that...

7th Constitutional Government was sworn in. Internal issues within the Alliance forced a new government to take office, the VIII Constitutional Government...

Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Конституциялық Соты; Russian: Конституционный Суд Республики Казахстан)...

Parliament and are not subject to constitutional review. Gábor Halmai and Zoltán Szente, researchers of comparative constitutional law, claimed that the constitution...

The Seiyūhontō (Japanese: 政友本党}, lit. 'Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party') was a political party in Japan active from 1924 to 1927. The party was established...

The Constitutional Assembly (Indonesian: Konstituante) was a body elected in 1955 to draw up a permanent constitution for the Republic of Indonesia. It...

A constitutional referendum was held in Grenada on 24 November 2016. Voters were asked whether they approved of seven amendments, with each one voted on...

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: Конституционный Суд Республики Татарстан, Tatar: Татарстан Республикасы Конституция суды...

The Constitutional Party (German: Verfassungspartei), also known as the German-Liberal Party (German: Deutschliberale Partei) was the main representative...

The Constitutional Union (Arabic: الاتحاد الدستوري, romanized: al-ittiḥād ad-dustūri; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜⵓⵔⵉ, romanized: alittiad...

The Libyan Constitutional Union is a Libyan monarchist political organization which proclaimed its opposition to the regime of Libya's Colonel Muammar...

of South Africa from October 2009 to August 2011. He served in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from August 1999 until his retirement in August...

Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, instituted proceedings before the Constitutional Court for an evaluation of the consistency of the Constitution of the...

selection commission. The number of judges is set by section 23(2) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which established the Supreme Court, but may be increased...

Urgell, appointed by the pope). Most of the monarchies in Europe are constitutional monarchies, which means that the monarch does not influence the politics...

Proposition 218 is an adopted initiative constitutional amendment which revolutionized local and regional government finance and taxation in California...

Article 50, at the time the 1937 Constitution was adopted, provided that constitutional amendments could be enacted by the Oireachtas (parliament) under the...

The Rikken Kokumintō (Japanese: 立憲国民党, lit. '"Constitutional Nationalist Party"') was a minor political party in the Empire of Japan. It was also known...

A constitutional crisis emerged in Bangladesh on 5 August 2024, after the prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, resigned and exile to India as protesters stormed...

has the power of judicial review, which allows it to determine the constitutionality of any law or official act. The modern Supreme Court was established...

elected along with the president in democratic elections. Their only constitutional mission is to replace the president in case of death, permanent or temporary...

union of the United States in 1788, Virginia's five unlimited state constitutional conventions took place in 1829–30, 1850, around the time of the Civil...

The Scottish Constitutional Convention (SCC) was an association of Scottish political parties, churches and other civic groups, that developed a framework...

The Cornish Constitutional Convention (CCC; Cornish: Senedh Kernow) was formed in November 2000 with the objective of establishing a devolved Cornish Assembly...

Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa. That came into existence upon independence...

multicameral, depending on their constitutional design. There are several types of legislatures, reflecting the different constitutional principles of power on...

The Constitutional Court of Belarus is the only court in the country, which has the power of constitutional review. The main purpose of the court is to...

not described by the Australian constitution but rather defined by constitutional convention deriving from the Westminster system and responsible government...

Federalism in the United Kingdom aims at constitutional reform to achieve a federal United Kingdom or a British federation, where there is a division of...

The Constitutional Reform Committee is a committee of the Government of Jamaica tasked with revising and reforming Jamaica's constitutional arrangements...

persuade the government of Quebec to symbolically endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation...

The Girondin constitutional project, presented to the French National Convention on 15 and 16 February 1793 by Nicolas de Caritat, formerly the Marquis...

parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy, is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies. It holds that the legislative...

Territory. The 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 provided constitutional framework for the establishment of Urban Local Bodies. There are three...

Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 of 2004, is an amendment to the Kentucky Constitution that made it unconstitutional for the state to recognize or perform...

The 1995–1996 Belarusian constitutional crisis was a confrontation between a Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko and an opposition-dominated Supreme...

decision that African Americans could not become citizens. The clause constitutionalized the Civil Rights Act of 1866's grant of citizenship to all born within...

jurist who is best known for his work in constitutional litigation. He has frequently appeared in the Constitutional Court of South Africa and led evidence...

The Thuringian Constitutional Court (short: ThürVerfGH) is the state constitutional court of the Free State of Thuringia. The court is located in Weimar...

civil servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his role as the constitutional advisor to the Constituent Assembly of India. He was also India's representative...

decision-making body of the government. Its members are bound by constitutional and quasi-constitutional conventions and norms, including collective responsibility...

The National Constitutional Assembly is a social-democratic and pan-Africanist political party. It was originally a non-governmental organisation formed...

Albanian jurist, chairwoman of the Constitutional Court of Albania since 2025. She has been justice of the Constitutional Court since 2019. Papajorgji was...

solidarity or collective ministerial responsibility, is a cornerstone constitutional convention in parliamentary systems and a cornerstone of the Westminster...

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body in India tasked with recruiting officers for All India Services and the Central Civil...

The Constitutional Accountability Center (CAC) is a non-profit think tank located in Washington, D.C., that seeks to advance a progressive interpretation...

The National Constitutional Committee (NCC) is a senior organ of the UK Labour Party concerned with discipline. It is covered by Clause IX: of the Labour...

The Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986 was the constitutional convention tasked with drafting the present iteration of the Constitution of the...

receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Some proposed amendments are introduced over and...

A constitutional referendum was held in the Maldives in August 1953. The proposed amendments would result in the country becoming a sultanate again. This...

A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 1 May 1945. The change to the constitution was approved in the Legislature in December 1945, and would...

The Constitutional Court of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության սահմանադրական դատարան, romanized: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yan sahmanadrakan dataran)...

The Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee was a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2010...

Rikken Kakushintō (Japanese: 立憲革新党, lit. 'Constitutional Reformist Party') was a political party in Japan. The party was established in May 1894 as a merger...

The Constitutional Court of Algeria is Algeria's highest judicial body. It replaced the Constitutional Council by the Algerian constitutional amendment...

A constitutional referendum was held in France in 1973 and 1974. While most voting took place in July 1793, the last day of voting was not until 4 April...

2026 (H.B. 1 of 2026), and known colloquially as CAB3, is a proposed constitutional amendment bill introduced in the Parliament of Zimbabwe in February...

The Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 was called to change the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines. The delegates were elected on November...

such it is a concept of human rights law, international law as well as constitutional law, particularly used for claims of popular sovereignty. In contrast...

Grunnlovsforsamlingen or Riksforsamlingen) is the name given to the 1814 constitutional assembly that adopted the Norwegian Constitution and formalised the...

political power, under the 1946 constitution his role in the system of constitutional monarchy is reduced to "the symbol of the State and of the unity of...

business matters. Feldman's work is focused on AI innovation, ethics and constitutional law with an emphasis on innovation, free speech, law and religion, and...

The Constitutional Assembly of Latvia (Latvian: Satversmes sapulce) was independent Latvia's first elected legislative body. Its main task was creating...

May 24, 1969) is a South Korean jurist who serves as a justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea. She was nominated by Supreme Court Chief Justice Kim...

the field of constitutional law. It was created in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, at a time of urgent need for constitutional assistance in...

provincial jurisdiction over natural resources; provided for future constitutional conferences; and set out the procedures for amending the Constitution...

The Polish Constitutional Tribunal crisis has been an ongoing political conflict in Poland starting in the second half of 2015 over the appointment of...

Breach of the peace or disturbing the peace is a legal term used in constitutional law in English-speaking countries and in a public order sense in the...

its enforceable constitutional laws are existing in format of unwritten constitution, when recognized by decisions of the Constitutional Court of Korea...

Constitution, at the time the world's longest, greatly changed the constitutional setup within Yugoslavia. It increased the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina...

the 1787 Constitutional Convention between two groups, one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment...

Constitutional Political Economy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on constitutional economics published by Springer Science+Business Media...

The Constitutional Telegraphe (1799–1802) was a newspaper produced in Boston, Massachusetts, at the turn of the 19th century. The paper sympathized with...

The Order of Constitutional Merit is a civil order of merit established by royal decree on 18 November 1988. The order is granted those who have carried...

The secretary of state for constitutional affairs was a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the...

A constitutional referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 21 October 2007, following the constitutional crisis caused by amendments passed since the Tulip...

The chief justice of South Africa is the most senior judge of the Constitutional Court and head of the judiciary of South Africa, who exercises final authority...

The Constitutional Court (French: Cour Constitutionnelle) was established by the Constitution of the Third Republic on 18 February 2006 as the highest...

over to the delegates who assembled to create the new document at a constitutional convention. Fairbanks (technically, in this instance, College) was selected...

In the history of Utah, the Utah Constitutional Convention was held from March 4, 1895 to May 8, 1895. The 1895 convention was the Utah Territory's seventh...

the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum, Turkey adopted a presidential system. In 2025, following the adoption of the Constitutional Declaration, Syria...

In India, a governor is the constitutional head of state in each of the Indian states and has powers and functions at the state level similar to those...

The politics of Turkey take place in the framework of a constitutional republic and presidential system, with various levels and branches of power. Turkey's...

with state law, Congress and three-quarters of the states in 1868 constitutionalized the 1866 Act by enacting the Fourteenth Amendment, whose first section...

Acts. Other Commonwealth countries had taken over the authority for constitutional amendment after the Statute of Westminster 1931, but at the time, Canada...

election to be held on June 3 of that year, to elect 72 delegates to a constitutional convention. On May 11, Stevenson's successor, George L. Shoup, issued...

has never been a federal constitutional convention since the original one, at the state level more than 230 constitutional conventions have assembled...

Lt. Governor, Louisiana Senate, acting Louisiana Governor, Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Hiram Rhodes Revels – Mississippi 1870 (also Mississippi...

may either be voluntarily or, as is the case in many countries for a constitutional amendment, as a mandatory part of the procedure for passing a law. These...

The Constitutional Assembly of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Конституційна Асамблея, romanized: Konstytutsiina Asambleia) is a special auxiliary agency under the...

president of the Constitutional Court of Korea (Korean: 헌법재판소장; Hanja: 憲法裁判所長; RR: Heonbeopjaepansojang) is the chief justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea...

A constitutional referendum has been planned to be held in Burkina Faso since 2019. Shortly before his reelection in November 2020, President Kaboré, who...

The Constitutional Court of South Africa is the supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa, and is the apex court in...

A constitutional referendum was held in France on 24 September 2000. The proposal to reduce the mandate of the President from seven years to five years...

The Offshore Constitutional Settlement (OCS) is an agreement between the Commonwealth of Australia and the States which provides the basis for an agreed...

Henri's role was largely ceremonial as a constitutional monarch. However, he sparked a minor constitutional crisis in 2008 when he refused to grant royal...

form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the apex constitutional court, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts...

imposed by a dictatorship). During the Greek War of Independence, three constitutional texts (Constitutions of 1822, 1823 and 1827) were adopted by the Greek...

The Constitutional Court (TC), created by the Dominican Constitution of 2010, is a constitutional court the mission of which is to guarantee the supremacy...

Constitution of Tonga established the role of the monarch. The first constitutional monarch of Tonga was George Tupou I. Three days before his coronation...

judge, Chairwoman of the Constitutional Court of Albania between 2023 and 2025. She served as justice of the Constitutional Court between 2023 and 2025...

The Ugandan Constitutional Conference, held at Lancaster House in the autumn of 1961, was organised by the British Government to pave the way of Ugandan...

The Constitutional Council (CC) is a 10-member constitutional authority in Sri Lanka tasked with maintaining independent commissions and monitoring its...

1962) is a retired South African judge who served as a justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa from 2013 to 2025. At the time of his retirement...

of the Third Republic by the Vichy régime: the constitutional laws of 1875 were the only constitutional laws recognized by the provisional government of...

Ministers to assist and advise the president in the discharge of their constitutional functions. To quote, Article 53, 74 and 75 provide as under: The executive...

officio authority (in addition to their constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy"...

state of Sudan, formed on 21 August 2019, by the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration. The initial council was dissolved by its Chairman Abdel...

The Movement for the Return of Constitutional Legitimacy and its affiliated groups, such as the Libyan Constitutional Union, in Libya advocate for the...

A referendum on the new constitution of France was held in French Polynesia on 28 September 1958 as part of a wider referendum held across the French Union...

The Federal Constitutional Law (German: Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, abbreviated B-VG) is a federal constitutional law in Austria serving as the centerpiece...

itself in the text, by the people of Latvia, as represented in the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, on 15 February 1922 and came into force on 7 November...

The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the...

unilaterally by the central government (i.e. not without the process of constitutional amendment). The sub-units therefore have a lower degree of protection...

Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a term describing a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and thus height of a child with no physical...

people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island". Constitutional amendment Politics of the Republic of Ireland History of the Republic...

War), 1866 (at the end of the American Civil War), and 1869. Texas constitutional conventions took place in 1861, 1866, 1868–69, and 1875. The constitution...

the country's constitutional name, and 72% supported the Republic's accession to NATO only if it was admitted under its constitutional name. Only 8% supported...

constitution were adopted, modified by a consensus for more democracy in the constitutional structure. It was agreed that the Senate should be chosen, directly...

the Kingdom of Spain. It was enacted after its approval in 1978 in a constitutional referendum; it represents the culmination of the Spanish transition...

The Constitutional Pilsener (Estonian: Põhiseaduse Pilsner) was a beer brand brewed by A. Le Coq in 2007, in celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of...

The first attempts at a constitutional system in China started near the end of the Qing dynasty, which was overthrown following the 1911 Revolution. The...

The president of Peru (Spanish: presidente del Perú), officially the constitutional president of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: presidente constitucional...

A constitutional and electoral age referendum was held in Denmark on 28 May 1953. Both proposals were approved by voters, leading to both a new constitution...

academic known for his work in constitutional law and human rights law. He is Professor of Fundamental Rights and Constitutional Law at the University of Johannesburg...

Canadian constitutional law (French: droit constitutionnel du Canada) is the area of Canadian law relating to the interpretation and application of the...

they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes (Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland) to facilitate...

Rights, enacted in 1960, which was a federal statute rather than a constitutional document. The Bill of Rights exemplified an international trend towards...

for the Second Circuit, where he favored a broad interpretation of constitutional protections. Four years later, Johnson appointed him as the U.S. Solicitor...

so-called "unconstitutional constitutional law"—that is, an amendment to constitutional law text that appears constitutional by its form, albeit unconstitutional...

The Constitutional Right Party (Finnish: Perustuslaillinen Oikeistopuolue, Swedish: Konstitutionella högerpartiet), from 1973 to 1980 Constitutional People's...

Constitutional Assembly elections were held in South Vietnam on 11 September 1966. A total of 532 candidates contested the 117 seats. The Assembly drafted...

Since 2009, McConnell has been a professor and Director of the Stanford Constitutional Law Center at Stanford Law School. He is also a senior fellow at Stanford...

codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document. The political differences between a federal republic and other...

also has the power of judicial review, except for constitutional matters, reserved to the Constitutional Court. The Court was originally established pursuant...

making a decision for an undetermined period). There are usually strict constitutional conventions concerning when these powers may be used, and these conventions...

and some types of private bodies like trade unions, and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law as articulated by A. V. Dicey and others...

France by an electoral college. The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the constitutional council, proclaimed the results of the election...

Most U.S. states and the District of Columbia have a constitutional, statutory, judicial code, or court decision provision either expressly or by interpretation...

The Sequoyah Constitutional Convention was an American Indian-led attempt to secure statehood for Indian Territory as an Indian-controlled jurisdiction...

A constitutional referendum was held in Equatorial Guinea on 16 November 1991. The new constitution would replace the one-party state with multi-party...

The constitutional institutions of Italy (Italian: organi costituzionali italiani) are institutions of the Italian Republic which are defined in the constitution...

recall the parliament, and schedule an election. Thus began the Second Constitutional Era which lasted from 1908–1912 and also the Turkish Revolution, an...

from 2005 until 2010. Previously he was the first president of the Constitutional Court of Hungary from 1990 to 1998. A prominent jurist and pro-democracy...

The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also called the Dismissal, culminated with the dismissal of the prime minister, Gough Whitlam of the Australian...

fundamental rights, the Basic Law provides the constitutional complaint with an appeal to the Federal Constitutional Court (Article 93 paragraph 1 No. 4a). Article...

the East African Court of Justice, and as chairman of the Tanzanian Constitutional Review Commission. Warioba was born in Bunda District of Mara Region...

The Constitutional Act on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Ustavni Zakon o Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske) is a constitutional...

monarch serves as the country's sovereign and head of state. It is a constitutional monarchy, modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy...

have been abrogated (superseded), in whole or in part, by a subsequent constitutional amendment or Congressional statute. This list does not included decisions...

Japanese constitutional monarchy contributed to its 1906 peak in published materials by Qing aristocrats. Usage of gònghé among these constitutional monarchists...

of Australia, currently Charles III. The governor-general has many constitutional and ceremonial roles in the Australian political system, in which they...

A constitutional referendum was held in Ethiopia on 1 February 1987. The new constitution would make the country a one-party socialist state with the Communist...

registered in May 1993. Before September 2005 the party was known as Constitutional Democratic Party (Ukrainian: Конституційно-демократична партія;...

The Constitutional Court of Korea is one of two highest courts in the court system of South Korea. It is composed of nine Constitutional Court justices...

on the U.S. Capitol. Before his election to Congress, Raskin was a constitutional law professor at American University Washington College of Law, where...

constitutional monarchy. However, the king is vested with somewhat more executive and legislative power than is typically the case for constitutional...

governor-general. Kenya became a republic within the Commonwealth under a 1964 constitutional amendment and the monarch, governor-general and prime minister were...

the Constitution of 1824, then it was abolished in 1836 by the Seven Constitutional Laws, then briefly restored in 1846 following the restoration of the...

approved in the same election in which it was ratified. More than 150 constitutional amendments have been approved by Oklahoma voters. From 1890 onward,...

The Constitutional Court of Zambia is the apex court in Zambia for matters related to the Constitution. It was established in 2016, before which the High...

As early as 1888, some journalists and members of Congress favored a constitutional amendment to grant the district electoral votes. Still, such an amendment...

Uganda. It was developed by the Supreme Court of India in a series of constitutional law cases in the 1960s and 1970s that culminated in Kesavananda Bharati...

won, or evolved over time. In most parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto political leader...

to the process of governance of the state, are carried out. In most constitutional monarchies, prerogatives can be abolished by Parliament under its legislative...

It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided With the New Politics of Extremism is a 2012 book of political analysis...

he retired from politics in 2008. He also served as a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy from 2011 to 2015. On 31 January 2015, Mattarella was...

referendum laws and practice in various countries. On 19 March 2011 a constitutional referendum was held in Egypt, following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011...

Governor of Virginia. As a delegate from Virginia, he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving...

the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. It was promulgated in Constitutional Gazette number 114 on Sunday, July 7, 1991, and is also known as the...

the amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan. "Zardari signs 20th Constitutional Amendment bill". DAWN.COM. DAWN MEDIA GROUP. Retrieved 24 April 2014...

Minister of the Interior in Romano Prodi's government. He served on the Constitutional Court of Italy from September 2013 to September 2022, to which he was...

the Roman Catholic Church and to certain other named denominations. Constitutional amendment Politics of the Republic of Ireland History of the Republic...

philosophy of law, nominalism finds its application in what is called constitutional nominalism. Plato was perhaps the first writer in Western philosophy...

and underground French Catholic Church loyal to the Papacy, and a "constitutional church" that was subservient to the State. The schism was not fully...

A constitutional referendum was held in Uzbekistan on 30 April 2023. It was to be held on proposed constitutional amendments. Parliament approved the...

government with a Parliament of Canada. A governor general fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British sovereign on Canadian soil. Similar arrangements...

The secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs is the head of the Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau in Government of Hong Kong, which...

"The Society of Constitutional Republicans. Those citizens who are in favour of the proposition for forming "The Society of Constitutional Republicans."...

country's general elections. Voters were asked questions on summoning a Constitutional Convention, payment of members of the National Congress, creating a...

International constitutional law is the study of constitutions in general, and combines aspects of constitutional law, public international law and legal...

The Constitutional Court is the highest authority in Benin on matters of constitutionality. Composed of seven justices, it is the body that regulates the...

The Constitutional Council of Nepal is a high-level constitutional body established under Article 284 of the Constitution of Nepal. Its primary mandate...

The politics of Morocco are conducted within the framework of a semi-constitutional monarchy, characterized by a parliamentary system and a multi-party...

Representatives, the District is represented by a delegate, who because of the constitutional provisions is not allowed to vote on the House floor but under House...

body, also holds the power to initiate several constitutional processes, including initiating constitutional amendments (then determined by a national referendum)...

Australia has multiple forms. It includes a written constitution, unwritten constitutional conventions, statutes, regulations, and the judicially determined common...

unlimited powers except for the limits it has set itself by adopting constitutional and legal documents. What would be considered the executive or judicial...

threats from the United States Navy had led Cakobau to establish a constitutional monarchy with a government dominated by European settlers in 1871, following...

the president may only be removed from office by a trial before the Constitutional Court. The president is solely responsible for appointing the prime...

Sultan of Selangor (سلطان سلاڠور) is the title of the constitutional ruler of Selangor, Malaysia who is the head of state and head of the Islamic religion...

as the 9th president of the Constitutional Court of Korea. He has been described as progressive bloc of the Constitutional Court. Born 27 January 1996...

matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly...

A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose...

court until 2020.) Constitutional Court (憲法法庭): abstract review of the constitutionality of statutes and regulations, constitutional complaint against...

The constitutional law of the United States is the body of law governing the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution. The subject...

the judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa by year of delivery and by author. List of judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa...

The Young Finnish Party or Constitutional-Fennoman Party (Finnish: Nuorsuomalainen Puolue or Perustuslaillis-Suomenmielinen Puolue) was a liberal and nationalist...

The Coloured vote constitutional crisis, also known as the Coloured vote case, was a constitutional crisis that occurred in the Union of South Africa...

In Canada, the term quasi-constitutional is used for laws which remain paramount even when subsequent statutes, which contradict them, are enacted by the...

1983. On 8 November 2023 a constitutional crisis unfolded in Turkey between the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court when the Court of Cassation...

The associations of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (Persian: انجمن‌های جنبش مشروطه) are a number of political and state communities that not only...

organisation of government, the relationship between the different constitutional organs, and lays out the fundamental rights of Finnish citizens, and...

The Constitutional Court of Chile (Tribunal Constitucional de Chile in Spanish) is Chile's constitutional tribunal. It is not part of the judicial branch...

previously ruled the mainland and now controls Taiwan. It functions as the Constitutional Court and oversees the courts of Taiwan, including the ordinary courts...

The Constitutional Court (Dutch: Constitutioneel hof) is the constitutional court for the Republic of Suriname. Its establishment was already foreseen...

The Constitutional Educational League was an American anti-communist organization. Founded in 1919 during America's First Red Scare, the group gained major...

culture but only accept the principles of the country's constitution (constitutional patriotism). Civic nationalism is frequently contrasted with ethnic...

The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Конституционен съд) is in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of acts and statutes brought before...

In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is a compound that contains the same number and type...

The Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal (Spanish: Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional) is a national court in Bolivia charged with adjudicating the...

The Constitutional Court of Ecuador (Spanish: Corte Constitucional del Ecuador), previously the Constitutional Tribunal of Ecuador (Tribunal Constitucional...

and declare its constitutionality; as in the Czech Republic, there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation...

independent, self-governing dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations, a constitutional monarchy with a Prime Minister and a Governor-General as the viceregal...

Belgier) rather than "King of Belgium" in order to reflect the monarchy's constitutional and popular function. Since 1831, there have been seven Kings of the...

hoped would rule that his legislative initiatives did not exceed the constitutional authority of the government. Since the U.S. Constitution does not define...

schedule early elections on the grounds that he had withdrawn from his constitutional duties. Some of his own party voted for his removal. Ukraine's new government...

Louisiana's constitution was adopted (adopted in Convention) during the Constitutional Convention in 1974, ratified by the voters of the state on April 20...

needed] Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by a centre-left government and confirmed...

already has highly developed infrastructures, (e.g., they already are a constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized state). Immanuel Kant...

Pennsylvania's Constitution has undergone five versions. Pennsylvania held constitutional conventions in 1776, 1789–90, 1837–38, 1872–73, and 1967–68. The current...

The governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state of the southern Indian state of Kerala. The governor is appointed by the president of India...

monarchies of Malaysia exist in each of the nine Malay states under the constitutional monarchy system as practised in Malaysia. The political system of Malaysia...

The Constitutional Party (Spanish: Partido Constitucional) was a political party in Peru. The party was founded in 1886 by Andrés Avelino Cáceres, a national...

The Tanzanian Constitutional Review Commission is the national commission established as per the Constitutional Review Act of 2011 for the collection...

Bill of Rights was proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification. Initially, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted...

a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system. The term government...

established an amending formula for the Canadian Constitution. These constitutional changes had the consent of all provincial governments except Quebec's...

The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic (Czech: Ústavní soud České republiky) is the supreme constitutional court in the Czech Republic and the...

The Constitutional Court (French: Cour constitutionnelle) is the supreme authority on Burundi's constitutional law. The Constitutional Court deals with...

The Constitutional Reform of 1848 (Dutch: Grondwetsherziening van 1848) laid the basis for the present system of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands...

public opinion on a second, binding referendum aimed at convening a constitutional assembly. The referendum would have run concurrently with the November...

provides for an independent judiciary, led by a Supreme Court and a Constitutional Court. The Ministry of Justice handles the administration of courts...

is one who has assumed authority, regardless of whether by lawful, constitutional, or legitimate means; very frequently, the term is reserved for those...

A constitutional referendum was held in Chad on 10 December 1989. The new constitution made the country a one-party state with the National Union for Independence...

There was a constitutional crisis in Ukraine from 27 October until 25 December 2020, with an aftermath until about May 2022. On 27 October 2020, decision...

Sucre. Constitutional reform by National Convention. Constitutional reform by referendum. Constitutional reform by Supreme Decree. Constitutional reform...