Common Program

Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference logo
Overview
JurisdictionCommunist China
Date effective29 September 1949
Head of stateChairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
RepealedNever formally repealed; superseded by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
SupersedesConstitution of the Republic of China
Picture of CPPCC members when the Common Program was discussed and passed at the conference in 1949.

The Common Program was the primary general policy document passed by the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in September 1949. Replacing the constitution of the Republic of China, the Common Program served as the provisional constitution of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 until September 1954, when the PRC's first formal constitution was passed and ratified by the 1st National People's Congress.

Background

On September 29, 1949, the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference unanimously adopted the Common Program as the basic political program for the country following the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution.[1]: 25 

The Common Program functioned as China's provisional constitution until 1954.[2]: 67 

Provisions

The Common Program was composed of a preamble and seven chapters.[3]: 78  It defined China as a "new democracy" which would practice a people's democratic dictatorship led by the proletariat and based on an alliance of workers and peasants which would unite all of China's "democratic classes" (defined as those opposing imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism and favoring an independent China).[1]: 25 

The Common Program described people's congresses as the primary organs through which the people would exercise state power.[1]: 26  It stated that the National People's Congress was the highest body of state power.[1]: 26  According to the Common Program, all state organs should practice democratic centralism.[1]: 26 

The Common Program described the primary task of the new government as eliminating feudal, compradorial, and fascist ideologies.[4]: 27 

Generally, the Common Program prioritized ownership of the state-owned economy, although it also gave consideration to some private interests.[1]: 4  It did not seek to eliminate capitalism as a whole, instead encouraging private enterprises viewed as beneficial to the national economy and sought to implement a mixed economy.[1]: 4–5 

In Article 26, the Common Program defines "development of production" as the primary goal intended to be achieved through the establishment of socialist relations of production.[5]: 63  It states, "The basic principle for the economic construction of the People's Republic of China is ... to achieve the goal of developing production and a flourishing economy ... to promote the development of the entire society and economy."[5]: 63 

The Common Program addresses agriculture in Article 34, stating that "the People's Government should organize peasants and all labor power that can carry out agricultural work to ... [develop] agricultural production ... Every step of land reform should be integrated with the revival and development of agricultural production."[5]: 80 

Article 35 emphasized the development of heavy industry, such as mining, iron and steel, power, machinery, electrical industry, and the chemical industry "in order to build a foundation for the industrialization of the nation."[5]: 81 

Regarding China's foreign policy, Articles 54 and 56 state that China's foreign relations would be based on respect for mutual sovereignty.[6]: 469 

Academic analysis

Researcher Zheng Qian compares the Common Program's support for an economy with mixed forms of ownership to Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy during the post-1921 transitional period in the Soviet Union.[1]: 5 

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Zheng, Qian (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4878-0391-9.
  2. ^ Li, Xiaobing (2018). The Cold War in East Asia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-65179-1.
  3. ^ Zhang, Runhua (2014). The Constitutional and Legal Development of the Chinese Presidency The Emperors' New Clothes?. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739189900.
  4. ^ Li, Hongshan (2024). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231207058. JSTOR 10.7312/li--20704.
  5. ^ a b c d Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295751719.
  6. ^ Leung, Beatrice; Wang, Marcus J. J. (3 May 2016). "Sino–Vatican Negotiations: problems in sovereign right and national security". Journal of Contemporary China. 25 (99): 467–482. doi:10.1080/10670564.2015.1104921. ISSN 1067-0564.

Further reading

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