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As a consequence of the 19th-century Russo-Circassian War and the Circassian genocide, most Circassians were exiled from their homeland and scattered...

Russia, Northern Caucasus Circassian coast, on the Black Sea Circassians, also known as Adyghe people Circassian diaspora Circassian language, a Northwest...

The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the systematic mass killing, ethnic cleansing, and forced displacement of between 95% and 97% of the Circassian...

Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide...

concept of Circassian beauty is an ethnic stereotype of the Circassian people. A fairly extensive literary history suggests that Circassian women were...

Circassian (Adyghe: Адыгабзэ; Kabardian: Адыгэбзэ), also known as Cherkess (/tʃɜːrˈkɛs/ chur-KESS), is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language...

also known as West Circassian, (or Lower Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia...

The Russo–Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, or termed by the Circassians as the Great War with the Tsar took place in the...

Circassians in Turkey refers to people born in or residing in Turkey that are of Circassian origin. The Circassians are one of the largest ethnic minorities...

Circassians are citizens and residents of Israel. They live primarily in two towns: Kfar Kama (Кфар Кама), and Rehaniya (Рихьаные). The Circassians of...

The Circassian diaspora are ethnic Circassians around the world who were driven from Circassia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century....

Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians worldwide to preserve their heritage and culture, save their language from extinction, raise awareness...

in the Circassian languages, encompassing both the Adyghe language (West Circassian) and the Kabardian language (East Circassian). A Circassian noun can...

The Circassian flag (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэ нып) is the national flag of the Circassians. It consists of a green field charged with twelve gold stars...

Circassian dance is an important and defining part of the culture of Circassian people. The national dances evoke imagery of combat and courtship. They...

Circassians in Jordan (Adyghe: Иорданием ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Yiwerdaniém yis Adıǵexer; Arabic: الشركس في الأردن) are descendants of Circassian refugees...

Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century. They moved to Syria...

Circassian paganism is the ethnic religion of the Circassians. It is based on worshipping the supreme god Thashkho (Тхьэшхо) and other deities under his...

also known as East Circassian and Kabardian-Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia...

Germany who are of Circassian origin. There are around 40,000 Circassians in Germany. After the Circassian genocide, Circassians were exiled to Ottoman...

USS Circassian was a large steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a supply ship for ships...

Circassian Americans (Adyghe: Адыгэ Американхэр; Kabardian: Адыгэ Американхэр) are Circassians living in the United States. They are mostly found in New...

International Circassian Association (ICA) is the umbrella organization that represents all Circassian institutions around the world. In various Circassian communities...

The Circassians in Romania were an ethnic minority in the territory that constitutes modern Romania. The presence of people with names derived from the...

Circassian cuisine is an ethnic cuisine, based on the cooking style and traditions of the Circassian people of the North Caucasus. This region lies between...

incomplete list of world-famous or notable Circassians, including both full Circassians and people of at least 50% Circassian descent. Figures who belong in two...

adjectives in the Circassian languages (Adyghe and Kabardian) share many characteristics with nouns. A key feature of Circassian grammar is phrase-final...

The Circassians in Egypt (Adyghe: Мысырым ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Mısırım yis Adıgəxər; Arabic: الشركس في مصر) are people of Egypt with Circassian origin...

The Circassians in Kosovo were a group of the Circassian people who lived in Kosovo beginning in the mid-19th century, when they were exiled during the...

Circassian cheese (Adyghe: адыгэ къуае Adyghe pronunciation: [aːdəɣa qʷaːja], Russian: адыгейский сыр adygeyskiy syr), is a cheese found across the North...

The Crimean–Circassian wars were a series of intermittent conflicts between the Crimean Khanate and various Circassian tribes from the late 15th century...

Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages. Note on Orthography: This article...

Adyghe language: Пщэу Iэтэм), known in English as Edhem the Circassian, was a Circassian Ottoman guerilla leader, social bandit, efe and soldier. He established...

the Crimea in 1783, the slave trade of Circassians from Caucasus became an independent slave trade. The Circassian slave trade of particularly women from...

The Circassians in Iran are an ethnic minority in Iran. Circassians in Iran differ somewhat from other Circassian diasporas, in that most in the former...

Circassians in Iraq refer to people born in or residing in Iraq who are of Circassian origin. "Circassians" in Iraq may refer to Circassians proper, but...

identified themselves as Circassian. After the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, large number of Circassians were exiled to the Ottoman...

The Circassian Heritage Center (Adyghe: Адыгэ Музей - Адыгэ КъыкIэныгъэ Гупчэ) is a heritage site and visitor center that reviews the history and heritage...

Khazar–Circassian Wars are a series of conflicts between the Turkic Khazar Khaganate and the Caucasian Circassian peoples with the reason of Circassians' not...

The Circassian–Georgian wars were a series of intermittent military conflicts, raids, and uprisings between the Georgian kingdoms and principalities and...

The Adyghe Khabze is the traditional worldview and moral code of the Circassian people. It regulates most aspects of individual as well as social life...

The International Circassian Council (ICC) is a political organization that represents Circassian peoples across the world, and seeks an independent Circassia...

Circassian chicken (Adyghe: Адыгэ чэты; Kabardian: Адыгэ джэд) is a dish of shredded boiled chicken served under or in a rich paste made with crushed walnuts...

Circassians in Cyprus (Adyghe: Къыбрысым ис Адыгэхэр; Turkish: Kıbrıs Çerkesleri; Greek: Κιρκάσιοι στην Κύπρο), refers to the Circassian community in Cyprus...

Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo–Adyghean, Abkhazo–Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages (from Ancient Greek, pontos...

The Circassian ambush near Anapa was a military engagement between Circassians and the Russian Empire that occurred in 1809 near the strategic Anapa fortress...

This was achieved by reforms of some Circassian leaders, as well as a series of violent revolts by Circassian peasants (Adyghe: Фэкъолӏ зау, lit. 'The...

the Napoleonic Wars and Russo-Circassian War, initially gaining prominence for his genocidal actions against the Circassians, whom he reportedly saw as a...

The Circassians in Saudi Arabia (Adyghe: СаIудий Хьэрыпыем ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Saudi Herıpıyem yis Adıǵexer; Arabic: الشركس في السعودية) are a small...

The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adygə Xasə, IPA: [aːdɘɣə́ xaːsə́]), also called the Great Parliament...

Михайловского укрепления) took place on 3 April 1840 during the Russo-Circassian War. The Circassians defeated the Russian defenses and won the siege. Unwilling...

Circassian music refers to the traditional songs and instruments of the Circassians. Circassian music is characterized by certain instruments, including:...

Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria was a document sent by Circassian leaders...

representing the indigenous Caucasian-Turkic Karachay people and the Cherkess or Circassian people. Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 44% of the population...

The Tughuzhuqo Qizbech movement was a major Circassian resistance effort during the Russo-Circassian War, led by the nobleman Qizbech Tughuzhuqo. Refusing...

Kabardian: Беслъэнеибзэ) is a dialect of the East Circassian language, spoken by the Besleney subgroup of Circassians. However, because the Besleney tribe lived...

Circassians is a broad ethnonym of the Turkic origin, which in Russia, Turkey and Persia used to be, and in the case of Turkey is now, applied to peoples...

indefinite. In Circassian, personal pronouns are strictly expressed only in the first person and second person in singular and plural forms. Circassian does not...

The Circassian Day of Mourning (Adyghe: Шъыгъо-шӏэжъ маф, Shygho-shezh maf; Russian: День памяти жертв Кавказской войны, Den pamyati zhertv Kavkazskoy...

Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They are also commonly known...

19 February 1840 (7 February O.S) during the Russo-Circassian War. Before the siege, the Circassians engaged in intense intelligence activities. After...

Hatuqay dialect is a dialect of Adyghe, spoken by the Hatuqay branch of the Circassian people. Linguistically, it is classified as one of the Steppe or Kuban...

sizable number of recruits were Bedouin and non-Arab Circassians. Men from the Druze and Circassian communities are subject to Israeli conscription laws...

are one of the Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai...

Military Road in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan in the east...

(Circassian:Джашъукъу) Yewıtx (Circassian:Еуытх) Jıtımqo (Circassian:Жьытымкъо) Qаnsаn (Circassian:Къансан) Qeĥu (Circassian:Къэхъу) Qoṩk (Circassian:Къошк)...

significant military engagement during the Russo-Circassian War, fought in 1834 between the combined forces of Circassian leaders Tughuzhuqo Kizbech and Hawduqo...

Crimean–Circassian War of 1518 was a military conflict between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality. The defeat paused Crimean attacks on...

The Circassian–Golden Horde War (1319–1327) was a series of military engagements between the Mongol-led Golden Horde and the Circassians (Zichia). During...

Kama (Hebrew: כְּפַר כַּמָא, Arabic: كفر كما, Adyghe: Кфар Кама) is a Circassian town located in the Lower Galilee of Israel's northern district, located...

Yidar Yinarmas (Circassian: Айдар) was a Circassian ruler of the Caucasus. He was the son of Prince Yinarmas, and the grandson of Prince Tabuldu. Prince...

The Circassian–Georgian war (1509–1512) was a series of military campaigns launched by the Circassians against the Georgian region of Mingrelia under the...

of the east bank of Jordan. It is not to be confused with the king's Circassian Bodyguard who, though part of the Special Royal Guard Command, are a separate...

Circassian is a pair of closely related Northwest Caucasian languages — Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian) — that share a common...

unity in early 19th-century Circassia, which was adopted by prominent Circassian figures (such as local rulers, commanders, aristocrats, clergy, and thamate...

Iranian Arabs. Circassian was once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

Circassians in Libya (Adyghe: Либием ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Libiyem yis Adıgəxər) refers to the Circassian diaspora settled in Libya, numbering about...

Russian military plans on the Caucasian front that culminated in the Circassian genocide. While he was disappointed by the results of the Congress of...

waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus...

multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators. Circassian refugees included the survivors of the Circassian genocide. Following the 1913 coup d'état, the...

The Besleney (Circassian: Беслъэней, Kabardian pronunciation: [basɬənəj]; Russian: Бесленеевцы) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing...

The Circassian Union and Charity Society (Adyghe: Адыгэ Зэготын ыкӀи ЗэдэӀэпыӀэн Хасэ) or Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti (Ottoman Turkish: چركس اتحاد...

Circassian smoked cheese is a smoked low-fat Circassian cheese, especially produced in the eastern Marmara region of Turkey. It is light yellow or cream-colored...

Хъырцыжъыкъо Алэ) was a Circassian military commander and nobleman from the Abzakh region who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Not much is recorded...

Giray’s campaigns to Circassia (1539–1551), also known as the Crimean–Circassian War of 1539–1551, were a series of large-scale military expeditions conducted...

was the folkloric Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia who unified all Circassians into one state. He led campaigns into several areas and expanded borders...

Mozdok in 1763 marked a critical event in the early phases of the Russo-Circassian War. The construction of this fortress by the Russian Empire was a strategic...

The Abzakh (Circassian: Абдзах, Abdzakh; Russian: абадзехи) also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing...

Къэлэубатыкъо Хьатыкъуай ШIупакIо) was a Circassian politician and military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1807 to 1827...

Russo-Circassian War between the forces of the Russian Empire and the Abadzekh tribe of the Circassians. In 1841, during the Russo-Circassian War, General...

related to the Abkhaz and Circassian peoples. Today, as a result of atrocities committed by Imperial Russia during the Circassian genocide, they live mostly...

Proto-Kabardian (or Proto Eastern Circassian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Kabardian dialects and the Besleney dialect. Together with its...

Crimes was a Circassian congress or conference held March 20, 2010, in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, funded in part by the Circassian members of the...

launched by the Crimean Khanate against the Circassian tribes of Natukhaj and Shapsug near the Circassian coast. In 1713, Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray...

Кушыку, Russian: Ажгериев Кушук), was a Circassian military commander and prince. He took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Kushuk's surname is Bechmirza,...

Verbs in Circassian languages can be distinguished between transitivity (intransitive, transitive and ditransitive), and valency (monovalent, bivalent...

mythology of the ethnic groups in the area, including Abazin, Abkhaz, Circassian, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar, and to some extent Chechen-Ingush folklore...

In the Circassian languages, as in all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. Circassian is polysynthetic...

National Assembly of Turkey of Circassian origin. He wrote a detailed work about Circassian history and was a Circassian nationalist. Father of Ismail...

are offered in English.[better source needed] The main language of the Circassians in Israel is Adyghe, and most of them also know Hebrew and Arabic. The...

sought to expand southward. Various Caucasian groups, including Abazins, Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Karachay-Balkars, Ossetians and Dagestanis (various...

historical regions of Circassia. It was inhabited by the Ubykh people, a Circassian tribe. It was a region located around Sochi. Ubykhia was ruled by the...

Къэрэмырзэ Алий, Russian: Али Карамурзина), was a Circassian commander and prince who partook in the Russo-Circassian War. Aliy belonged to the Karamirza family...

The Firman of 1854, sometimes called the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade, refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued...

Zhane were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived in the Zhane Principality...

Tatar: Къанжал дженки) or Crimean-Circassian War of 1708 was military conflict in 1708 fought between Circassians led by Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo and Crimean...

Empire and Circassians during the Russo-Circassian War in which Russian forces located and completely destroyed a detachment of 100 Circassians. In July...

The Principality of Zhane was a Circassian principality in Circassia inhabited by the Zhane, a Circassian sub-ethnic group. During the 16th and 17th centuries...

(Adyghe: Гъуае) were one of the Circassian tribes. They were destroyed after the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, as not a single member...

(also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups...

fourth largest ethnic group are the Assyrians (3–4%), followed by the Circassians (1.5%) and the Armenians (1%), most of which are the descendants of refugees...

can be a point of confusion for learners. It is tempting to read the Circassian alphabet letters phonologically, but this is not always accurate. For...

Can (Turkish: [dʒan]) is a common Turkish, Azerbaijani and Circassian given name and surname, meaning spirit, life, soul or heart. Turkish and Azerbaijani...

executive office established to coordinate national defense during the Russo-Circassian War. The influential tribes of Circassia regularly met to elect a Grand...

Хьэпхьалыкъо Умар) was a Circassian writer, poet, fabulist, translator and teacher. He is known as one of the most important figures in Circassian literature. He...

was a major engagement in the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), fought between the Russian Empire and Circassian tribes near Khosta in the Western Caucasus...

or Muhammad the Crippled-Armed, was a Circassian commander and prince. He participated in the Russo-Circassian War. Muhammad was one of the Kabardians...

military and political leaders during the Russo-Circassian War. It had ties to some of influential Circassian families and played an active role as both a...

The Crimean-Circassian War of 1552–1556 was a military conflict between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality. Kabardian prince Temruqo believed...

Central Caucasus. The campaigns involved forces from Kabardia, allied Circassian principalities, the Nogai Horde, and the Tsardom of Russia, and targeted...

Russians) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower...

b. 1896 – d. 24 October 1963) was a Circassian writer and teacher. She is considered one of the first Circassian female published writers. Melech was...

under the command of Grigory Zass and Circassians under the command of Aytech Qanoqo during the Russo-Circassian War. In July 1833, Zass was appointed...

precipitation: 500–2,000 mm. The ancestors of the modern Kabardians, known as Circassians or Kassogs, have inhabited the area since at least the 6th century BCE...

defeated. He then advanced deeper into Circassian territory and attacked the lands of the so-called “Baazyt Circassians”, whom Shora Nogmov identified as the...

African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian...

accommodated the Kabardians (a Circassian tribe) in Uzunyayla (Kayseri). As a result, Kayseri has a significant Circassian population. In the 1965 census...

The Circassian raids into Georgia (1587-1604) refers to a series of raids and attacks conducted by Circassian peoples against Georgian and Nakh territories...

Jaimoukha (Circassian: Жэмыхъуэ Амджэд, [ʒaməχʷa aːmd͡ʒad]; sometimes quoted as "Амыщ", the Circassian personal name) was a Jordanian Circassian writer,...

In the Circassian languages — Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian) — as in all Northwest Caucasian languages, the verb is the most...

during the Russo-Circassian War. The raid resulted in a Circassian victory. In October 1824, a mounted force of approximately 800 Circassians and rebel Kabardians...

Исмаил, romanized: Babuk İsmail; Arabic: إسماعيل بابوق; 1841–1920) was a Circassian aristocrat that established the first mayoral council and held office...

Cherkesogai (Russian: Черкесогаи), or Circassian Armenians (Armenian: չերքեզահայեր cherk'ezahayer; Circassian: Адыгэ-ермэлы, Adyge-ermely; Russian: черкесские...

dynasty governed until 1250, when the Mamluks, a military caste of Turco-Circassian origin, took control. The Mamluks ruled Egypt for the next three centuries...

dough turnover filled with either potatoes or Circassian cheese, and well known popular dish in the Circassian cuisine. Haliva stuffed with cottage cheese...

The Circassian–Kumyk Wars or Kabardian–Kumyk Wars were a series of conflicts between the feudal lords of Kabardia, Abazins, and the Principality of Besleney...

Dogomuqo Berzeg (1766–1846) was a Circassian military commander and politician who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1827 to 1839...

January 1860), or Sefer Pasha, was a Circassian diplomat and military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1859 to 1860...

Television) is a Circassian television channel broadcast from Jordan. Established in 2007, the channel's programs cover topics related to Circassian history and...

contributed significantly to Circassian culture and Circassian literature). He is considered one of the founders of Circassian ethnography and historical...

The Circassian raid on Trebizond was a military assault carried out by a Circassian fleet under the command of Artabil against the Empire of Trebizond...

The Siege of Anapa was a key military operation during both the Russo-Circassian War and the Russo-Turkish War. Taking place between May 14 and June 24...

descended from the Circassian chieftains of Great Kabarda, whence the surname, literally meaning "children/descendants of a Circassian" in Georgian. They...

(Быкъэ-хъанум, also spelled Bika-caton; fl. 1419), was a royal princess of the Circassian principality of Hytuk, and later the reigning princess of the city of...

Пшикой Ахеджако; 1779–1838) was a Circassian politician, military commander and prince who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. The name Pshiquy is a given...

widely accepted as the final military engagement of the Russo-Circassian War, as the Circassian people could no longer continue to resist the invading Imperial...

ШакӀобзэ, Kabardian: ЩакIуэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language in the Circassian subgroup. According to linguist John Colarusso, Chakobsa is also known...

Barzagi; Turkish: Hacı Giranduk Berzeg) was a Circassian military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1860 to 1864. Most of...

under Russian control in the early nineteenth century after the Russo-Circassian War. The origin of the name Kabardia is disputed among historians. It...

This is a list of Circassian ethnic enclaves, containing cities, districts, and neighborhoods with predominantly Circassian population, or are associated...

Hatuqay was a historical principality in Circassia, inhabited by Hatuqay Circassians. Established in the 14th century by separating from the Chemguy Principality...

was a Circassian, and Carlo's "intense blue eyes" and other "marked Circassian features" has been seen as a trait inherited by his Circassian mother...

majority of ethnic Circassians today are Muslim while a minority retain Orthodox Christian or pagan beliefs. Historically, Circassians were predominantly...

romanized: Məxhoṩ) were one of the Circassian tribes. The tribe was mostly annihilated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. When the Bzhedug...

Palestinian citizenship as well. These include groups of Kurds, Nawar, Circassians, Bosnians, Assyrians, Romani, Druze, Africans, Dom, Russians, Turks and...

Battle of the Cherek River was a significant engagement during the Russo-Circassian War, taking place on April 30, 1810, near the Cherek River in Kabarda...

lands and Armenian province: hereditary Sovereign and Possessor of the Circassian and Mountain Princes and of others; Sovereign of Turkestan, Heir to Norway...

The Circassian–Kumyk War (1552–1567) was a series of military confrontations and political struggles between the Kabardian-Circassian princes and the...

leader of Circassia from 1848 to 1859. He was one of the Circassian leaders in the Russo-Circassian War. A dictator, his era was marked with various reforms...

In the Circassian languages—comprising the Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian) branches—the verbal system is highly polysynthetic...

Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza (c. 1620 – after 1 March 1666) was a Circassian noblewoman who became Princess consort of Moldavia by marriage to Vasile Lupu...

[rəjħaːnəja]), also spelled Reihaniyye, is a Circassian town in northern Israel. It is one of the only two Circassian towns in Israel, the other being Kfar Kama...

in 1924 as a national district (raion) for the Circassian Shapsugs tribe of the Black Sea Circassians (Russian: причерноморские адыги) within the Krasnodar...

Kartlian and Gruzian tsars and over the land of the Kabardians, over the Circassian and mountain princes, and of others the hereditary sovereign and possessor...

William of Rubruck, who travelled to the Caucasus in 1253, wrote that the Circassians had never "bowed to Mongol rule", despite the fact that a whole fifth...

Akdogan, Riley Keough, Barry Keoghan and Harry Melling, and follows the Circassian diaspora in New Jersey. The film had its world premiere as the opening...

studies Adygean (Circassian) diaspora communities in Israel and beyond. Merza was born in Paris circa 1980. Her father's family were Circassian, originally...

marginalized. Ethnic minority groups in Syria like the Kurds, Turkmen, Circassians, Chechens, etc. were systematically persecuted and oppressed under discriminatory...

one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form...

Kheghache were one of the Circassian tribes. They were completely exterminated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. None were recorded...

Colarusso, pp. 158–168 (Circassian Saga 34: How Pataraz Freed Bearded Nasran, Who Was Chained to the High Mountain), 168–169 (Circassian Saga 35: Bound Nasran);...

battle between Russian forces led by Yuri Bibikov and combined Turkish–Circassian troops led by Aji Mustafa Pasha. It ended in a Russian victory. On February...

Cemiyeti) or the People's Branch (Turkish: Halk Zümresi) was a force of Circassian and Abkhazian volunteers led by Çerkes Ethem during the Turkish War of...

"'Itsik Nash"; born June 23, 1989) is a Circassian-Israeli football player. Nash was born at the Circassian village Kfar Kama at the Lower Galilee and...

In the Circassian languages (such as Adyghe and Kabardian), the distinction between andative and venitive motion is a pervasive and highly productive feature...

Production history Produced 1600 to present (Still in use by Jordan's royal Circassian guard) Specifications Mass approx. 0.3–1 kg (0.66–2.20 lb) Blade length...

coast. The local resistance to this process became a part of the Russo-Circassian War which ended in a Russian victory and the genocide of the local population...

the Ottoman government, proposing a formal military coalition between Circassian and Chechen forces and the Ottoman state to resist the further Russian...

the Circassians. This was the first campaign of the Crimean khans in a series of numerous campaigns against the tribes of the Circassians, Circassians and...

Qizbech Tughuzhuqo was a Circassian soldier, military commander and a leader of the Shapsug who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. A cavalry commander...

Circassian house of peasant (Adyghe: фэкъолӀ) origin of Shapsug tribe of Circassia. They are said to be one of the four largest houses of Circassians...

originally formed as Ahrar al-Sharkas (Arabic: كتيبة أحرار ألشركس, The Free Circassian Battalion), is an armed group based in the Quneitra Governorate of Syria...

folklore of the peoples of the Caucasus, other sources do not mention the Circassian campaign in the Crimea. The dating of the Bakhchisarai Campaign remains...

The Kabarda horse or the Circassian horse (Kabardian: Адыгэш; Adyghe: Шагъди), is a horse breed originating from Circassia. Historically, the breed has...

13, 2026). "'Butterfly Jam' Review: Barry Keoghan and Riley Keough Are Circassian Siblings in Kantemir Balagov's Vibrant but Unruly Community Portrait"...

Province, Turkey. It is inhabited by Circassians, Alevi Kurds and Sunni Turks, and had a population of 192 in 2022. Circassian tribes in the village are the...

the Circassian slave trade in so called Circassian beauties continued as a separate trade until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The Circassian slave...

Juglans regia, known by various common names including the common walnut, English walnut, or Persian walnut amongst other names, is a species of walnut...

ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷʼɘt͡sʷ]) were a Circassian warrior clan who were mostly destroyed in the Circassian genocide and the Russo-Circassian War. The remaining adherents...

The Fair Circassian is a 1781 tragedy by the British writer Samuel Jackson Pratt. It is an adaptation of the novel Almoran and Hamet by John Hawkesworth...

Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك البرجية, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Burjiya) or Circassian Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك الشركس, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Sharkas), sometimes...

(rus. Рамзес Тлякодугов; born 12 December 1976) is a retired Russian (Circassian) bodybuilder and the winner of the prestigious NABBA World Championships...

was the destruction of the Circassian town/village of Karamirzey by the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Circassian War. The Russian forces carried...

1890 – 20 January 1974), was a Circassian writer, historian, and playwright, famous for his advocacy of the Circassian culture. He produced works in almost...

Читао, Turkish: Çetaw Sülalesi, Çetav Sülalesi or Çetao Sülalesi) is a Circassian knightly house of Abzakh tribe of Circassia. They are found in Republic...

least in the latter case, Sosruku served as a direct inspiration. In Circassian mythology, it was the Nart Sosriqwe, minion of the gods and his doting...

Jembulat Boletuqo (Adyghe: Болэтыкъо Джамболэт) was a Circassian military commander, politician, Prince of Princes of Circassia and the grand prince of...

Ust-Labinsk was a major clash between the Crimean Khanate and a coalition of Circassian principalities, led by the Chemguy tribe, on June 6, 1761 near the right...

Adyghe Hase or Circassian Khase (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adəɣɛ Xasɛ, lit. 'Circassian council') is a political party active in the...

(Adyghe: Гъуазэ; "The Guide") is a Circassian newspaper in Turkey published since 1911. It uses Turkish as well as Circassian. Today, it is published online...

persecutions such as the Circassian genocide during the 1860s. Following its conquest of Circassia, around 1 to 1.5 million Circassians – almost half of the...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

ethnically Circassian (Adyghe). Myts observed: "Although some Latin sources call Alexei I a 'Greek,' one should not rule out the 'Circassian' (Adyghe)...

administrative and religious elite. In the 17th century, Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian gholams (slave-soldiers) emerged as the "Third Force" and became the primary...

Керзек; 1799–1880?) was a Circassian military commander and a nobleman of the Natukhaj region who participated in the Russo-Circassian War. He was involved...

workers froze to death in the steppes or became victims of attacks by Circassians. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm. The Ottoman Empire, though...

Zichia (/ˈzɪkiə/; Medieval Circassian: Адзыгъуей, Adyghe: Адыгей) was the predecessor of Circassia and a medieval kingdom on the northeastern shore of...

(Russian: Сочи) is the Russified form of the Circassian "Ş̂açə" (Adyghe: Шъачэ) which in turn is of Ubykh-Circassian origin, coming from the Ubykh name "Ş̂uaça"...

eldest of the four sons of Grand Prince Aslanbek Qeytuqo. Since the Circassians didn't write their own history and all information comes from external...

esɛnt͡ʃ]; Adyghe: Зэйшъо Тэуфик; 1904 – 7 October 1992) was an Ubykh Circassian citizen of Turkey, known for being the last speaker of the Ubykh language...

Pshada [ru], a nobleman of the Natukhai from the Shupako house, and a Circassian leader. Although him and his family initially maintained good relations...

"Lewti, or the Circassian Love-chaunt" is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798. This poem was first published in the Morning Post...

Увжыкъуэ, Russian: Увжуко Жанситов), was a Circassian commander and nobleman who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Most of the information about Janseid...

The Black Sea Incident or Destruction of Russian soldiers by Circassians was an attack on Russian soldiers who were part of a fleet sent to invade Circassia...

House of Talostan is a Circassian princely house of Kabardia of Circassia. They are found in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation; as well as in Republic...

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire, lasting from 1917 to 1922, sparked by the overthrowing of the Russian Provisional...

This article is a list of Heroes of the Soviet Union of North Caucasian origin. Lado Davydov Sergey Sarkhoshev Kadi Abakarov Magomed-Zagid Abdulmanapov [ru]...

The Principality of Copa (Italian: Copa, Kopa or Copario) was a Circassian principality that developed during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was established...

Kosovo War, the village housed a large Circassian community. When the war broke out, however, the Circassian residents were evacuated to the Adyghe Republic...

Caucasus arrived in the city, especially after 1864, in what is known as the Circassian genocide. Next to Constantinople, Smyrna (now İzmir) and Salonika (now...

Emanne Beasha (Arabic: إيمان بيشة; Circassian: Иман Биша; born 18 September 2008) is a Jordanian-American classically-trained singer. She is the winner...

- September 26, 1844) was a Circassian military commander, nobleman and double agent who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Due to the rise of democratic...

father of Ismail I, into the North Caucasus. The campaign targeted the Circassian tribes, including the Kabardians and Chemguys, as well as Christian Alans...

This was particularly the case of the Circassians. Some of the Circassian slaves were serfs and slaves to Circassian princes, who in their capacity as vassals...

Kamennobrodskoye massacre was a surprise attack carried out by Kabardian and other Circassian mountaineer forces against the Russian settlement of Kamennobrodskoye...

created a Circassian national cultural project named Freedom to promote and disseminate Circassian culture and folklore. The story of the Circassian nation...

000 speakers. Northwest Caucasian, also called the Abkhazo-Adyghean, Circassian, or Pontic family, with a total of about 2 million speakers. Includes...

Petyhorcy (singular: Petyhorzec, Latin: pientho-horcensis, Lithuanian: Petihorai) was a type of regular medium-armoured light cavalry exclusively in the...

generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), named after the predominant ethnicity or...

arson of the village of Kalofer, suffered in two waves at the hands of Circassian bashi-bazouk in the course of July 1877, as part of the Russo-Turkish...

distinct political entity from the late 1530s until the end of the Russo-Circassian War in 1860s. For much of its history, Besleney was an ally of the Crimean...

known amongst Russians as the cherkeska due to its association with Circassians, who are thought to be the first people Russians saw to wear the garment...

Natukhaj are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their areas historically...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

brief military and diplomatic episode involving the Great Horde and the Circassians, which took place in the North Caucasus region during the internal decline...

Барзагь, Adyghe: Бэрзэдж, Russian: Берзег, Turkish: Berzeg Ailesi) is a Circassian princely house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of...

Adamians (Adyghe: Адэмый, romanized: Adəmıy) were a Circassian tribe who were massacred in the Circassian genocide. Today, they are assimilated into the Chemguy...

night of 12 March 1840 (29 February O.S.) during the Russo-Circassian War. The Circassians attacked the fort after the morning prayer, and seven and a...

Natkho (Hebrew: נילי נאתכו; February 18, 1982 – November 5, 2004) was a Circassian-Israeli basketball player who played for Maccabi Raanana and Elitzur Ramla...

Шериев; born 18 January 2003) is a Russian freestyle wrestler of Kabardian Circassian origin who currently competes at 70 kilograms. Cherkess, a native of Kabardino-Balkaria...

Concentrations of megaliths, dolmens (Adyghe: исп-унэ) and stone labyrinths dating between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium...

Regardless, he is honored as a national hero among the Chechens and Circassians in the current day. Uscherman was born around the year 1760 to a poor...

million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide:...

to the throne or levied as fines for crimes committed by Circassian subjects. When Circassian leaders refused to deliver the required number of captives...

Abaza–Abkhaz (Abazgi) and Adyghe ("Circassians" in English). Abkhazians are closely ethnically related to Circassians and Abazins. There are also three...

were disputes with Circassians, who demanded the events be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologized for the 19th century Circassian genocide, environmental...

(Kabardian: Къурей зауэ) was a stage on the eastern theater of the Russo-Circassian War (1763-1864) in 1779 between the Russian Empire and the Grand Principality...

1975, in the Circassian magazine Yamçı, a Circassian female author named Karden D. expressed her hope for the emancipation of Circassian women from being...

re-drawn. These peoples included Turks, Kurds, Albanians, Bosnian Muslims, Circassians, Serb Muslims, Greek Muslims, Muslim Roma, and Pomaks. They were subject...

Hatuqay are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their ancestral tongue is...

Soldatskaya was a episode during the Russo-Circassian War, highlighting the fierce resistance of the Circassian people against Russian expansion in the North...

romanized: Tchopsınə) were a Circassian tribe. They were destroyed in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. Tchopsin in translation...

Shapsugh music. The four groups are the main constituents of the Adiga (Circassian) nation. In the olden days, the musical lore was preserved and disseminated...

abandoned during the Ottoman period from the 15th century until 1878, when Circassians were resettled there. The city grew after it was connected to the Hejaz...

Ludmilla Tchérina (born Monique Tchemerzine; 10 October 1924 – 21 March 2004) was a French prima ballerina and actress. She studied with Blanche d'Alessandri...

legitimacy of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus, an effort by Circassian, Chechen, Dagestani and Ingush peoples to create a single state in the...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

This is a list of deities associated with blacksmiths and craftspeople. The African and Ancient Greek blacksmith dieties have been compared and contrasted...

Yevdakimov, who supervised the operations of Circassian genocide during the 1860s, dehumanised Muslim Circassians as "a pestilence" to be expelled from their...

Muslim Circassians and Chechens, fleeing Russian persecution, sought refuge in the Levant. In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled...

a Circassian craftsman and musician. He currently lives in the Republic of Adygea, and he is well known in the North Caucasus and among Circassian diaspora...

Ailesi) is a Circassian privateer house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of Psou River until the end of Russo-Circassian War. They were...

1968 Can (album), 1979 Can (South Korean band) Can (name), Turkish and Circassian given name and surname can (verb), the modal of possibility in English...

La Circassienne au Bain ("The Circassian Lady in the Bath"), also known as Une Baigneuse ("A Bathing Lady"), was a large Neoclassical oil painting from...

[bʐɐdɘʁʷ]; Russian: Бжедуги; Turkish: Bjeduğlar) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Many of them immigrated to Turkey in the 1860s, but there is still...

a Turkish actress, beauty pageant titleholder, painter, and singer of Circassian and Georgian descent. She received a Golden Orange in 2002. Her acting...

of the slabs pertain to Circassian sultans. One of these two records the achievements of one of the most notable circassians, Sultan Barsbay. The document...

example above, we specifically used SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) order, but Circassian allows any word order. Adyghe nouns inflect for number, case, and definiteness...

Khatizovich Baragunov (Kabardian: Бэрэгъун Хьэтиз и къуэ Владимир), was a Circassian singer and musicologist. He was born in the village of Kenzhe, Kabardino-Balkarian...

was an Ottoman soldier, gendarme officer, pasha, and militia leader of Circassian origin. He became a guerrilla leader in Anatolia and started a series...

Dernekleri Federasyonu) or KAFFED is the largest Circassian association in Turkey and is a union of Circassian and other North Caucasian associations from...

Самыр; born June 27, 1968; Izobilny, Stavropol Krai, Soviet Union) is a Circassian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences, and head researcher of the Department...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

Black Sea coast (Russian: Черноморское побережье России) also rarely Circassian coast (Adyghe: Адыгэ хы аушу, Adyge xy aušu; Russian: Черкесское побережье...

(Russian: Тлецерук, Turkish: Tletseruk/Tleseruk Ailesi) is a prehistoric Circassian family lineage belonging to the Shapsug tribe of the Adyghe, one of the...

Ибрахьим), is a Circassian writer, especially known for his dramatic works. He is considered one of the pioneers of Western Circassian literature. He was...

abandoned. The present village was founded by Circassians from the Caucasus after the ethnic cleansing of Circassians by the Russian Empire in the second half...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Lalla Ruqaya. Originally, a Circassian slave concubine purchased from Hajj Lʿarbi al-Humaydi Bricha alongside another Circassian concubine, Amina. She became...

of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority...

September 1961) is a Turkish actor, director, producer and screenwriter of Circassian origin. He has received a Golden Boll Award, a Golden Objective Award...

seeking to reclaim inherited lands had formed an alliance with the Western Circassian principalities. He supported the exiled Tokhtamish family and brought...

Mamxegi) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Originally, the Mamkhegs...

Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people, an ethnic group of Circassians who originally inhabited the eastern coast of the Black Sea before being...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Turks from Central Asia, but from about 1400 their origin shifted to Circassian and European. Female slaves were used for sexual slavery and domestic...

lineage to) the various Persian Empires, the Nogai Horde, Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the North Caucasus and the Mughals of the Indian subcontinent. It...

the East Turkestan Government in Exile announced its recognition of the Circassian genocide. On May 5, 2026, the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the...

Khan or Najafqoli Khan b. Qazaq Khan Cherkes was an Iranian gholam of Circassian origin, who served as beglerbeg (governor) of Shirvan (1st term; 1653...

الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق; born c. 1336) was the first Sultan of the Circassian Mamluk Burji dynasty of Egypt ruling from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399...

Hunzibs Khwarshis Tsez Northwest Caucasian languages Abazins Abkhazians Circassians Abzakhs Besleneys Bzhedugs Chemirgoys Kabardians Natukhajs Shapsugs Ubykhs...

(region)"), "national" or ethnoreligious (Palestinian, Arab, Israeli, Druze, Circassian), linguistic (Arabic-speaking), civic (feeling "Israeli" or not), etc...

Russo-Turkish War and the Russo-Circassian War. Anapa, under the name of Bighurqale, was one of the important ports of the Circassians. It was especially frequented...

The given name is also popular among Turkish-Circassians because Sinem means "my eyes" in the Circassian language, meaning my dear. It may refer to: Sinem...

battle against the Circassians, the Ottoman-led force was decisively defeated. The Circassians killed all Ottoman soldiers and the Circassian mercenaries serving...

СултIан Къылыщджэрый; 15 March 1880 – 17 January 1947) was a Russian and Circassian general of Crimean Tatar descent. A career military officer, Klych-Girey...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

is a Circassian house of peasant and privateer origin of Shapsug tribe of Circassia. It actively supported Circassia during the Russo-Circassian War and...

Canibek Giray (1568–1636) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate. He reigned from 1610 to 1623 and again from 1628 to 1635. During his first reign he fought...

of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority...

late medieval nobility institution Twelve Circassian tribes, an historical self-division of the Circassian people Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari)...

of the Caucasian and Circassian history for illustrating the shifting political balance between the nomadic groups and Circassian polities during this...

earliest recorded ascent of the eastern summit was on 10 July 1829 by a Circassian man named Khillar Khashirov, and the western summit in 1874 by a British...

just three days. Circassian cheese is made across the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and parts of Russia) by the Circassian people. It is made...

tax regulations were introduced, legitimizing the Circassian slave trade again. The so-called Circassian slave trade was to continue until the 20th century...

Nayef and she has Circassian origin. She is the daughter of Adnan Mawloud Kalimat (d. on 12 September 2019), leader of the Circassians tribal council of...

Circassian (Adyghe–Kabardian) is conjugated polypersonally: the verb agrees with several of its arguments at once, and a single word can encode a subject...

included the Circassian genocide, which was the deadliest ethnic cleansing campaign of the 19th century. Between 1.5 and 2 million Circassians were mass...

Georgians, and of all other ethnic groups in the Caucasus, such as Chechens, Circassians, Ossetians, and many others. Ktor panir (կտոր պանիր) — is an Armenian...

(2001). "Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE". The Circassians: A Handbook. Routledge. pp. 42–45. "Circassian". Encyclopædia...

Çerkes Hasan Bey, or Hasan the Circassian (1850 – 17 June 1876) was an Ottoman military officer and the brother-in-law of Sultan Abdulaziz. His sister...

1820 - 17 September 1889). Second Kadın after Hoşyar's death. She was of Circassian origin and was raised by Nurtab Kadın, a consort of Mahmud II (father...

predominantly of Turkic origins, while the Burji sultans were predominantly Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali,...

raise awareness of the Circassian diaspora worldwide. The trip traced (in reverse) the path of the exodus that brought the Circassians to Jordan. He is married...

African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian...

other country in the Middle East. The Circassians in Israel are non-Arab, predominantly Sunni Muslims. The Circassians have had good relations with the Jewish...

women, but white girls, typically of Circassian or Georgian origin. However, they were very expensive. Both Circassian and Georgian women were systematically...

police officers and 17 civilians were injured. A march to protest the Circassian genocide took place in May 2011.[citation needed] In 2013, protests took...

his family. Circassian Day of Mourning, held May 21, commemorating the Circassian genocide and the Circassian defeat in the Russian-Circassian War Day of...

siege. At some point, Aurangzeb married Aurangabadi Mahal, who was a Circassian or Georgian. Aurangzeb arrived in Agra on 2 May 1644 to see his sister...

army, raised in times of war. The army primarily enlisted Albanians and Circassians as bashi-bazouks, but recruits came from all ethnic groups of the Ottoman...

Russians in Pakistan are a small expatriate community and consist entirely of students, employees, families and diplomats stationed inside the country...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

the general chairman. It is a party founded by Circassians in Turkey, and is also known as the "Circassian Solidarity Party" in unofficial media, and defends...

Жанхъуэт), nicknamed Beslan the Fat (Kabardian: Беслъэн ПцIапцIэ) in Circassian oral history, was a Kabardian prince associated with the ruling dynasty...

Abkhaz people and some Circassian people, suggesting the Kaskians proper and Abešla might have been the ancestors of the Circassians, Kartvelians and other...

Caucasian family (also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo–Adyghean, Abkhazo–Circassian, Circassian, North Pontic or Pontic) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also...

romanized: ʻĪleht Abāẓah) is an Egyptian aristocratic family of maternal Abazin and Circassian, and paternal Egyptian origins whose historical stronghold is in the Nile...

sedentary populations, as far back as the ancient Egyptians. Among the Circassians, most families maintain a tamga to this day, and the customs related...

(Adyghe: Андзорыкъу Аетулахь-бий; 1888–1919), was an Ottoman footballer of Circassian descent. He was the founder and second president of the major Turkish...

to the Turkish market. Turks in Asia Minor are also partly supplied by Circassian eunuchs. The Coptic priests before. Scholz, Piotr O. (2001). Eunuchs and...

massacres took place between Bulgarians and Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians and Abazas, who were expelled from the Caucasus by the Russian Empire...

Hatokhshoqo Hatokhshoqo (Kabardian: ХьэтIохъущокъуэ и къуэ ХьэтIохъущокъуэ) was a Kabardian prince of the Hatokhshoqo dynasty and, briefly, Grand Prince...

of annihilating Circassian en masse, burning entire Circassian villages with the people in it and encouraging violation of Circassian women and children...

or Onya Moshe Perrad (Arabic: أمينة داود محمد المفتي; 1939–2008) was a Circassian-Jordanian spy for the Israeli Mossad, who left Islam and converted to...

of the Dnieper River and then the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. "The plan to develop Russia as a southern power had begun in earnest...

Known as a ruthless general with no mercy, he took an active part in the Circassian genocide. Born in 1750 in the noble family of Antonovich in the Kharkiv...

Russian expansion into Circassia during the early stages of the Russo-Circassian War, particularly after the establishment of the Mozdok fortress in 1763...

infobox for more variants.) The name is used in Afrikaans, Belarusian, Circassian, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, English (especially in Devon dialect)...

Mataz (Circassian: мэтазэ), often called psyhaluje (Circassian: псыхьалыжъо) or haluš, are filled dumplings in Circassian cuisine. They are made by wrapping...

was among the first European accounts of the life and customs of the Circassian people. Little is known about Interiano's personal life. He served as...

to the Emperor"). On 25 March 1915, Broz was wounded in the back by a Circassian cavalryman's lance and captured during a Russian attack near Bukovina...

1864, the area was the scene, significant in Circassian history, of the last battles of the Russian–Circassian War.[citation needed] The village was the...

commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city, escorted by French Circassian cavalry (Gardes tcherkesses)....

forces under the command of Colonel Levashov and the Abzakh Circassians during the Russo-Circassian War. On 30 December 1862, following successful raids and...

Mevsimi and Börü. Of Circassian and Turkish origin, Özge Gürel was born on 5 February 1987 in Istanbul. Her father is of Circassian descent while her maternal...

noun Jeannette, Spanish proper noun Juanita, Russian Жанет (Zhanet), Circassian Джэнэт (Dzhenet), and Hungarian Zsanett. It is also the diminutive of...

population. These groups include long-established communities such as Circassians, Armenians, and Christians, as well as large populations of Palestinians...

cheese Castelo Branco cheese Cathare Chabichou Chabis Chevrotin Circassian cheese Circassian smoked cheese Couronne lochoise Crottin de Chavignol Dolaz cheese...

background. Other backgrounds included Albanians, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Pomaks, Macedonian Muslims, Greek Muslims, Serb Muslims...

from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. "Neo-Nazi Circassians on Turkey". caucasusforum.org. Archived from the original on 14 July...

Circassian nobility displaced from the North Caucasus following the Caucasian War (1817–1864). Renowned for their aristocratic refinement, Circassian...

(males and females), Druze (males only), and Circassians (males only). Because the Druze and Circassian communities are less populous, their women are...

raid by the western Circassians under Feti-Girey and the Kuban-based sarkir Kazi-Girey. They, along with the Chemguy Circassians, attacked Kabardian summer...

AH in the Islamic calendar). As the eighteenth Sultan of Egypt of the Circassian Burji dynasty, Qaitbay stabilized the Mamluk state and economy. He consolidated...

the country, in order of the number of speakers: Turkish, Neo-Aramaic, Circassian, Chechen, Armenian, and Greek, none of which are official. Historically...

Sayyida Meyyan bint Shihab Al Said (Arabic: ميان بنت شهاب آل سعيد) is an Omani artist and member of the royal family. She was previously married to Sayyid...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Education and Research, making him the first federal minister in Germany with Circassian ancestry. After his party's victory in the 2026 Baden-Württemberg state...

would embark upon the Circassian genocide in the Caucasus, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the Circassian people. The last living...

of the Adyghe Khabze, the traditional ethical and legal code of the Circassians. Shapsug nobles, having lost their status, sought refuge in Bzhedug lands...

one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea alongside Shapsugs. Historically, Proto-Circassian possessed a distinct...

Its population is 423 (2022). The village is populated by Kabardian Circassians. Mahalle Archived 2015-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Turkey Civil Administration...

further aggravated by the need to accommodate more than 600,000 Muslim Circassians, expelled by the Russians from the Caucasus, to the Black Sea ports of...

Би́тов, 27 May 1937 – 3 December 2018) was a prominent Russian writer of Circassian ancestry. Bitov was born in Leningrad. His father was an architect and...

Yegerukaevtsy) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town...

commanded the Russian troops during the Russo-Circassian War and played a major role in the Circassian genocide. The son of a poor Don Cossack who had...

dynasty, he participated in occasional factional struggles among the Circassian nobility and gradually consolidated power through a combination of military...

born 7 July 1986) (Circassian: Мудран Беслъэн) is a Russian judoka (since 2008) and former Sambo wrestler (2003–2008) of Circassian descent. He won the...

Kurds, and had a population of 241 in 2021. It formerly had a Shapsug Circassian population. Köy Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Turkey Civil...

and the Circassians. Both men and women are drafted from the Jewish community, whereas only men are drafted from the Druze and Circassian communities...

Kabardia. Tatars and Nogais engaged in robbery and extortion against Circassians. A general uprising broke out in Kabardia. In 1707, the Crimean Tatars...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Джэбэгъ; Russian: Жабаги Казаноков; Arabic: قنزنوقة جباغ) was a Kabardian Circassian jurist, philosopher, poet, thamate and diplomat. As the chief qadi (of...

Sazdeğirmeni is a Circassian village in the Çorum District of Çorum Province in Turkey. As of 2022, its population was 61. Köy Archived 6 July 2015 at...

populations, with smaller communities of ethnic Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians, and Yazidis. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region...

 1694 – 13 March 1733) was a French letter-writer and the daughter of a Circassian prince. Her father's palace was pillaged by the Turks, and as a child...

Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятиго́рск; Circassian: Псыхуабэ, Psıxwabæ) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Podkumok River, about 20 kilometers...

including former SS members such as Trawniki guard Jakob Reimer and Circassian collaborator Tscherim Soobzokov, fled to the United States under the guise...

Karachay Uprising of 1855 was a rebellion by the Karachay people and Circassian mountain tribes against the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. This...

Aslandjeriy Cherchanuqo was a Circassian politician and ruling prince of the Principality of Hatuqay in the early 19th century. His reign was considered...

59–71 in a late edition of The Fair Circassian available online at Google Books: Samual Croxall, The Fair Circassian, accessed 19 August 2010 The 8th edition...

La circassienne (The Circassian Woman) is an opera (opéra comique) in three acts composed by Daniel Auber to a French-language libretto by Eugène Scribe...

a 1500-men force. The family managed to seize control of Yozgat. The Circassian Çerkez Ethem Bey was then sent to suppress the uprising. On 20 June he...

classified as Arab, some identifying as Palestinian, and including Druze, Circassians, all other Muslims, Christian Arabs, Armenians (which Israel considers...

presidential election The Abaza Family, Egypt's largest aristocratic family of Circassian Abazin origin. Mohammed Ahmed Sadek, Egyptian army general Ahmed Subhy...

and to lesser degree by small minorities of Baháʼís, Samaritans and Circassians. As of 1931, the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine was 26...

Bosnian and Kosovo Wars), the Rwandan genocide, the Tamil genocide, the Circassian genocide, the Congolese conflicts, the War in Darfur, the South Sudanese...

000–1,500,000 Circassians.[page needed] The Georgian government has officially recognised the events as a genocide, as have Circassian advocacy organisations...

one Shapsugh family. The Golan Circassians constituted the largest concentration of Caucasians in Syria. Most Circassian refugees from the Golan resettled...

1946) was a Circassian linguist, folklorist, educator, and campaigner against illiteracy. He was one of the initiators and founders of Circassian studies...

Maria is a feminine given name. It is given in many languages influenced by Christianity. It was used as the feminine form of the unrelated Roman name...

she is often referred to as being of Circassian heritage; though, in Persian, the word Cherkes (چرکس, 'Circassian') is sometimes applied generally to peoples...

4%) Circassian (13.2%) Abazins (8.2%) Nogais (1.5%) Other (6.0%) In 2021, the population included: Russians (45.5%) Karachays (23.8%) Circassians (16%)...

the Circassian diaspora and International Circassian Association. After the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia the separatism in Circassian regions...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

Cekrezi, which is the Albanian name for Circassians. Circassians would have inhabited this region after the Circassian genocide. Since then they are either...

Turco-Circassian officers. This broad effort at reform was opposed by European interests, many of the large landowners, the Turkish and Circassian elite...

– 27 November 2023) was a Jordanian author, producer, and director of Circassian origin. Quandour was born in Amman, Jordan, the son of army general Izzat...

onslaught by the late Ottoman army (which included Arab, Kurdish, and Circassian irregulars) resulted in an estimated 3.4 million deaths, divided between...

Turkish, de Marigny also knew some Adyghe and Ancient Greek. He compiled a Circassian-French dictionary. Having held many posts, de Marigny served as the vice-consul...

cauliflower. A similar dish of boiled chicken with walnut paste is known as Circassian chicken in Turkish, Levantine, and Egyptian cuisine, as well as aquz in...

inverse in Circassian languages. STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 73: 81-111. 10.1515/stuf-2019-0028. Arkadiev, Peter M. (2017). "Circassian directional...

dialect. It is also believed that the Hakuchis are a blend of various Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Ubykh, Abdzakh and others. This is why the Hakuchi dialect...

Empire. Aside from Turks, members and supporters were mostly Albanians, Circassians, Kurds, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and Arabs. Jewish and Arab members of...

1876 in Yozgat – April 15, 1922, in Ankara) was an Ottoman general of Circassian origin, who served both the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army. List of...

Mountain ASSR (present-day Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) Result White-Circassian victory Belligerents Russian State Kabardians Russian SFSR Balkars Commanders...

Circassia in the 1830s and participated in the Russo-Circassian War on the side of the Circassians. During this time, he wrote and published his memoirs...

with slave origin came from the Black Sea slave trade; around a hundred Circassian males intended for Mamluks were being trafficked via the Black Sea slave...

Adildjeriy Temruqo Hatokhshoqo (died 1807), was a Circassian noble from Kabardia of the Hatokhshoqo dynasty. He held the Russian rank of Premier Major...

10,000 Circassians. Koyuncu lists between 11,000 and 20,000 Tatars and Circassians, while Mehmet Çetinkaya claims that some 6,000 Circassian families...

theories, in part, may have been from: Ancient Caucasian peoples like the Circassians, Georgians, Durdzuks, and Armenians. The Oghuric Bulgars and Khazars...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Hassan I and the mother of Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz. Lalla Ruqaya was a Circassian concubine given to Hassan I by the merchant Hajj Lʿarbi al-Humaydi Bricha...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

until her death. Reftarıdil Kadın (1838 – 3 March 1936). Second Kadın. Circassian of the Hatko family. She gave birth to a son. Şayan Kadın (4 January 1853...

Circassian minority, the Druze have been required by law to serve in the Israel Defense Forces since 1956. However, as is the case for the Circassian...

of Jewish soldiers, all citizens including large numbers of Druze and Circassian men are subject to mandatory conscription. Originally, they served in...

Yedisu District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Circassians and Kurds and had a population of 122 in 2021. "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri...

was originally the homeland of the Hatuqwai Circassians, but none were left in the region after the Circassian genocide. The population was 5038 as of 2018...

Greek courtesan Phryne. It may have been influenced by the idea of the Circassian woman, a common theme in the nineteenth century due to the Russian Conquest...

Gudastviri (Georgia (country)) Tsimboni (Georgia (country) )(Adjara) Shuvyr (Circassians ) Sahbr, Shapar (Chuvashia) Tulug (Azerbaijan) Volynka (Ukrainian: Волинка)...

Viktors Arājs Herberts Cukurs Other nationalities Tscherim Soobzokov (Circassian) Aarne Kauhanen (Finnish) Assistance Organizations Ratlines State involvement...

Ünsal (born June 21, 1993) is a Turkish actress. Ünsal's mother is of Circassian descent, while her father is of Azerbaijani descent. She is a graduate...

journalist Ali Kemal. Ali Kemal's father was a Turk while his mother was a Circassian reputedly of slave origin. His other paternal ancestry includes English...

World War II. The political entity had dual leadership representing the Circassian population and the Cossack population which had been settled by the order...

title did not exist in the 16th century. Her origins are unknown but Circassian, Albanian, Montenegrin, or Crimean origins are attributed to her. Mahidevran...

uniting a number of movements in the North Caucasus, including elements of Circassians, Abazins, Chechens, Cossacks, Ossetians and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries...

by Levantine Arabs, Jews, Kurds, Assyrians, Armenians, Chechens and Circassians. The population of the modern Levant border is approximately 57.6 million...

1790 – 11 September 1837), was a Tunisian politician of Circassian origin. From the Circassian slave trade to a mamluk of Hammuda ibn Ali, of high rank...

with a minority of Circassians, who settled in the Danube Vilayet between 1855 and 1862, and a second one of some 35,000 Circassian families (140,000–175...

Шьаабан Амбер-иԥа Абашь; 1890 – 1953) was the rider of the 'Abkhaz Hundred' Circassian cavalry regiment of the Caucasian native division in Imperial Russia during...

of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863. Of Circassian origin, Ayn al-Hayat was a victim of the Circassian slave trade, married Muhammad Ali, and gave...

regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (mainly Zanj), the Caucasus (mainly Circassians), Central Asia (mainly Tartars), and Central and Eastern Europe (mainly...

were sent on The Eastern Front to fight against the Russian Army and Circassian bandits. A soldier who has survived the battle, an unnamed Croat, takes...

very popular drink in the North Caucasus, it is a part of traditional Circassian cuisine to this day. Traditional kefir was made in goatskin bags that...

Göçeri is a Besleney Circassian village (köy) in the Hamamözü District, Amasya Province, Turkey. Its population is 68 (2021). Köy, Turkey Civil Administration...

(1787–1792) and the Russo-Circassian War Siege of Anapa (1791), a battle in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and the Russo-Circassian War Siege of Anapa (1828)...

Sayyid Bilarab bin Haitham Al Said (Arabic: بلعرب بن هيثم آل سعيد; born 10 January 1995) is a member of the Omani royal family and second in line for the...

mid-to-late 16th century. He is regarded as one of the most influential Circassian rulers of the period, known for consolidating Kabardian power, leading...

Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo. He opposed the construction of the Mozdok fortress on Circassian lands, and saw it as a Russia invasion of Circassia. In January 1764,...

resumed, but only Circassians were allowed to be sold. As a result, most of the Mamluk recruits in the 15th century were of Circassian origin. Timur died...

adventure in the Caucasus. He is captured by Circassian tribesmen but then saved by a beautiful Circassian woman. Despite its Romantic and Orientalist...

active in meeting with the members of the Circassians diasporas, and trying to solve the problem of the Circassians compatriots living abroad. In December...

Yedisu District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Circassians and had a population of 32 in 2021. The hamlet of Yukarı Karabolat is...

Pshemakho Tamashevich Kotsev (12 April 1884 – 8 January 1962), was a Circassian politician, writer, activist and second prime minister of the Mountainous...

Farhad Beg Cherkes (died 1614) was a Circassian favourite at the Safavid court of king (shah) Abbas I (r. 1588–1629). Having risen through the gholam ranks...

assimilated into Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto-Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans, and by the Goths. Other Sarmatians were assimilated...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Tserkezoi is the Greek name of the Circassians who inhabited Cyprus in the late 19th century. There is another article...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

line of clothing under the name Ivy People. Her maternal family is of Circassian descent. Her paternal family is of Turkish descent who immigrated from...

Ali bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (Arabic: علي بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, romanized: ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Hāshimī; 1879 – 13 February 1935),...

Constantinople for trial for impregnating a Circassian concubine of the Sharif and having sex with his entire harem of Circassian and Georgian women. The chief black...

there are estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million practitioners. Among Circassians, the Adyghe Habze faith has been revived after the fall of the Soviet...

chief consort (BaşKadin) of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire. Of Circassian and Georgian origin, Servetseza Kadın belonged to the Temruko princely...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

Chicken tikka masala Chicken Vesuvio Chimaek Chikuzenni Chilli chicken Circassian chicken Cola chicken Coq au vin Country Captain Dak-bokkeum-tang Dapanji...

sultan's death after 1640 Hatice Turhan Sultan ترخان سلطان unknown Russian, Circassian or Ukrainian Ibrahim 8 August 1648 sultan's deposition 4 August 1683 Hatice...

carried on between the mountaineers and the Ottoman Empire. Since the Circassian beauties were usually traded for gold and other commodities before being...

populations, with smaller communities of ethnic Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians and Yazidis. The supporters of the region's administration state that...

with cow milk) and molded into a wooden basket. Circassian smoked cheese is a smoked low-fat Circassian cheese, especially produced in the eastern Marmara...

settle. But later other people like Circassians from the Caucasus, Turks from Veliko Tarnovo (modern Bulgaria), Circassians and Tatars from Dobruja (modern...

Hunza rulers. Circassians had vines growing right in their gardens twining round fruit trees and yielding extremely rich fruit. The Circassian tradition of...

the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, Muslim Georgians, Hamshenis...

Georgian, or a Circassian Woman; to begin with the King, who commonly is a Georgian, or a Circassian by the Mother's side. Circassians alongside the Georgians...

Dadi-yurt – 1819 – Russo-Circassian War Battle of Khunzakh – 1830 – Russo-Circassian War Battle of Gimry – 1832 – Russo-Circassian War Battle of Argvani...

for Ethem the Circassian]. Yeni Asya (in Turkish). Istanbul. Uğurlu, Nurer (2007). Çerkez Ethem Kuvvetleri Kuvayı Seyyare [Circassian Ethem Forces Kuvayi...

Bergüzar Gökçe Korel Ergenç (née Korel; Turkish pronunciation: [beɾɟyˈzaːɾ koˈɾel æɾˈɟentʃ]) is a Turkish actress. Korel made her debut as Leyla in Kurtlar...

Yedisu District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Circassians (Abzakh) and by Kurds of the Abdalan, Çarekan, Lolan and Şadiyan tribes...

from neighbouring Circassia. Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have...

Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Sunni Circassians and had a population of 274 in 2022. "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri"...

Manbij, Damascus Languages Arabic, Chechen Religion Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Other Chechens (especially Chechen Kurds), Circassians in Syria...

home?" read part of the message sent to the office of Özdemir, who has Circassian roots. The death threats were condemned by Angela Merkel, and Interior...

was the ninth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from AD 1422 to 1438. He was Circassian by birth and a former slave of the first Burji Sultan, Barquq. A former...

(Adyghe: Лэпсы; Turkish: Lepsi) is a dish from Circassian cuisine, eaten mainly in the Düzce area by both Circassian and Turkish people. The ingredients are...

Pasha (died 3 May 1866) was an Ottoman military officer and statesman of Circassian origin. He was known for his strength and fame in wrestling. He was raised...

(Adyghe: Джанбэч ыкъо Алэджыкъу; also known as Elyok) was a 16th-century Circassian prince and military leader of the Principality of Hatuqay. Led by him...

campaigns (1687–1689), when he, with his army of Nogais, Kumyks, and Circassians, helped stop the Russian invasion. Shahbaz Giray's first recorded campaign...

in 1885. These qubba-s are grave monuments of two nineteenth century Circassian governors-general of the Sudan in the service of Viceroy Muhammad 'Ali...

1937 in Manyas, Balıkesir) is a Turkish lawyer and politician. He is of Circassian origin. He graduated from Ankara University Law School. He has been in...

promoted to code: la ; Tatar: Adalecode: tat promoted to code: tt ) was a Circassian tribe centered on the Taman Peninsula which their principality lived during...

Kurdish-speaking population Arabic-speaking population Zaza-speaking population Circassian-speaking population Greek-speaking population Armenian-speaking population...

club based in Amman, Jordan. The club was founded in 1944 under the Circassians name Koban club. The name (Al Ahli) was honorably given by the late King...

head final and are conjugated for tense, person, number, etc. Some of Circassian verbs can be morphologically simple, some of them consist only of one...

profound impression. Urquhart was also the self-proclaimed designer of the Circassian national flag (which was adopted as the flag of Adygea in 1992). Urquhart...

Mihail Mikhailovich Chemiakin or Shemyakin (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Шемякин; born 4 May 1943) is a Russian-American painter, stage designer, sculptor...

Pyatigorsk — June 10, 1844, Saint Petersburg) was a Kabardian (East Circassian) public figure, educator, ethnographer, philologist and poet. He was born...

titleholder of Circassian origin who was crowned Miss Turkey 1998 and represented her country at Miss Universe 1998. Born to a Circassian mother and a German...

Russian-controlled Hmeimim base and onward to Moscow. Louka is a Sunni Muslim of Circassian origins. Louka has been subject to international sanctions by the United...

population is 19,667 (2022). The district is populated by Turks, Kurds, Circassians, Chechens, and Armenians. There is one municipality in Kangal District:...

popular choice for Druze recruits, and also including many soldiers from Circassian, Arab Christian, and Bedouin backgrounds. The Border Police was founded...

carried out by Russian forces under Colonel Levashov against the Abzakhs (Circassians) in December 1862. The Sup River valley was a key region within the Abzakhs...

miquelet lock, a type of flintlock mechanism known for its reliability. Circassian versions are noted for their miquelet locks with particularly long and...

Tarator Turkish cold bulgur soup Yoğurt Cheeses Beyaz peynir Braided cheese Circassian cheese Civil peyniri Çömlek cheese Dolaz cheese Hellim Kars gravyer cheese...

Dobrudja's Muslim population of Turks, Tatars and Circassians. As they were moving south, bands of Circassian paramilitaries (bashi-bazouk) started looting...

North Caucasian ethnic groups, including the Abazins, Balkars, Chechens, Circassians, Dagestanis, Ingush, Karachays and Ossetians. The MRNC encompassed the...

of 895 in the 2004 census. The inhabitants of the village are ethnic Circassians from the Abzakh, Shapsugh, Kabardian and Bzhedug tribes. General Census...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...