Cinnoline

Cinnoline
Cinnoline molecule
C=black, H=white, N=blue
Cinnoline molecule
C=black, H=white, N=blue
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Cinnoline[1]
Other names
Benzopyridazine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.423 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 205-964-8
1126565
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C8H6N2/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)5-6-9-10-8/h1-6H checkY
    Key: WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C8H6N2/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)5-6-9-10-8/h1-6H
    Key: WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYAA
  • n1nccc2ccccc12
Properties
C8H6N2
Molar mass 130.150 g·mol−1
Melting point 39 °C (102 °F; 312 K)
Acidity (pKa) 2.64[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkYX markN ?)

Cinnoline is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the formula C8H6N2. It is isomeric with other naphthyridines including quinoxaline, phthalazine and quinazoline. Neither the unsubstituted heterocycle nor any derivatives is known to occur naturally.[3]

Properties

The free base can be obtained as an oil by treatment of the hydrochloride with base. It co-crystallizes with one molecule of ether as white silky needles, (m.p. 24–25 °C or 75.2–77.0 °F) upon cooling ethereal solutions. The free base melts at 39 °C or 102.2 °F. It has a taste resembling that of chloral hydrate and leaves a sharp irritation for some time.

Discovery and synthesis

The compound was first obtained in impure form by cyclization of the alkyne o-C6H4(N2Cl)C≡CCO2H in water to give 4-hydroxycinnoline-3-carboxylic acid. This material could be decarboxylated and the hydroxyl group reductively removed to give the parent heterocycle. This reaction is called the Richter cinnoline synthesis.[4]

Improved methods exist for its synthesis. It can be prepared by dehydrogenation of dihydrocinnoline with freshly precipitated mercuric oxide. It can be isolated as the hydrochloride.[5]

Cinnolines are cinnoline derivatives. A classic organic reaction for synthesizing cinnolines is the Widman–Stoermer synthesis,[6] a ring-closing reaction of an α-vinyl- aniline with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite:

The sodium nitrite is first converted to nitrous acid and then dinitrogen trioxide. The latter electrophilically attacks the amine nitrogen to form a nitrosamine and then diazonium salt. Finally the diazonium closes a ring into the vinyl group.
Widman–Stoermer reaction

A conceptually related reaction is the Bamberger triazine synthesis towards triazines.

Another cinnoline method is the Borsche cinnoline synthesis.

Safety

Cinnoline is toxic.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 212. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. ^ Brown, H.C.; et al. (1955). Baude, E.A.; Nachod, F.C. (eds.). Determination of Organic Structures by Physical Methods. New York: Academic Press.
  3. ^ a b Prashanthi Evangelin; Sasi Gold; Elisha; Radhika; Krishna Vamsi; Arathi (January 2020). "A Concise Review on Cinnolines". Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science. 10 (04): 897–901.
  4. ^ Victor von Richter (1883). "Über Cinnolinderivate". Chemische Berichte. 16: 677–683. doi:10.1002/cber.188301601154.
  5. ^ Parrick, J.; Shaw, C. J. G.; Mehta, L. K. (2000). "Pyridazines, cinnolines, benzocinnolines and phthalazines". Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). pp. 1–69.
  6. ^ Bradford P. Mundy; Michael G. Ellerd; Frank G. Jr. Favaloro (2005). Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis. ISBN 0-471-22854-0.

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