Benthozoa
| Benthozoa | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| (unranked): | Benthozoa Erives and Fritzsch, 2019 |
| Clades | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Myriazoa Schultz et al., 2023 | |
The Benthozoa or Myriazoa[1] are a proposed crown clade including all living animals except Ctenophora.[2]
This proposal is an alternative to the Porifera-sister hypothesis in which Porifera (sea sponges) are the sister group to Eumetazoa (all other animals, including Ctenophora).[3]
Evolution
The group name Benthozoa comes from the hypothesized transition of its early ancestors from an entirely holopelagic life cycle to one with a benthic adult form.[2]
Schultz et al. proposed the alternative name Myriazoa (meaning "numerous animals") as a replacement that avoids assumptions about evolutionary novelties.[1] They do not recognize morphological characters uniting Porifera to the Parahoxozoa, but found that patterns of gene distributions across chromosomes strongly support the occurrence of an irreversible group of changes in the shared ancestor of Porifera and Parahoxozoa but not in the ancestor they share with Ctenophora.[1]
Ctenophores share multiple features with Parahoxozoa, including extracellular digestion, germ layers and a nervous system. The absence of these features in sponges implies either convergence between the two other groups, or their loss in Porifera.[3]
The following cladogram is adapted from figure 4g of Schultz et al. (2023),[1] although Nielsen (2019) notes that whether Cnidaria is considered sister to Placozoa or Bilateria varies among recent phylogenetic analyses.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H.D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023). "Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals". Nature. 618 (7963): 110–117. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..110S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10232365. PMID 37198475.
- ^ a b Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. bioRxiv 10.1101/704551. doi:10.1534/g3.119.400951. PMC 7003098. PMID 31879283.
- ^ a b c Nielsen, Claus (2019). "Early animal evolution: a morphologist's view". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (7) 190638. Bibcode:2019RSOS....690638N. doi:10.1098/rsos.190638. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 6689584. PMID 31417759.
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