Awlad Muhammad

1829 Lapie Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Barbary states - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection - Barbarie-lapie-1829

Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812.[1][2] At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south, [3] as well as in the present-day territories of Chad and Niger[4]

The Muhammad Alwad dynasty was a prominent family that governed the Fezzan region, located in present-day southwestern Libya, from the late 15th century until the early 19th century. Emerging amid the decline of previous tribal confederations, the dynasty established control over key oases and trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1574 the Ottoman Tripolitania Empire, under Mahmut bey, invaded and occupied Fezzan, the Oasis, and a significant part of the Southern Sahara (present day niger and Chad)[5][6]. Most African historians believe this occurred in the year 1577, the same year that Idris Alooma sent his diplomatic delegation to the Ottomans. Muhammad Bey also exerted great effort in transferring the Ottoman system to Central Africa. He descended from Murzuq (Libya) with 500 soldiers southward at a distance of 1950 km² from the Mediterranean Sea; following a direct path, they reached the northern and southern parts of Lake Chad.[7][8] The greater part of the Sahara forms significant portions of present-day Niger, all of which were annexed to the Fezzan district (later the vassal). King Idris Aluma, ruler of the Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, sent three ambassadors to Istanbul in 1577 and offered his allegiance. Firearms were sent from Tripoli by order of the Ottoman court, and the sultanate came under Ottoman rule[9][10] Fezzan had been vassailized since 1574,[11]

In 1583 and 1585, Ottoman garrisons were slaughtered by the local rebels, leading to the Alwads return to power, under influence of Bornu and Tripoli.[12][13] But still under the Ottoman Control, as Sultan Murad III consolidated and stabilized Ottoman rule over the city and extended its influence to the surrounding area[14][15][16]The Ulads continued to depend on Bornu for military aid, resisting the Ottomans until a compromise was reached around 1626; in which occupying Turkish forces were withdrawn, and the hereditary authority of the Ulads was recognized as the ruler of The Muhammad Alwad Dynasty, under Ottoman influence.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
  2. ^ الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  3. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.
  4. ^ Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
  5. ^ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  6. ^ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–86. ISBN 9786050813012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN 0021-8537.
  8. ^ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–85. ISBN 9786050813012.
  9. ^ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf (
  10. ^ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
  11. ^ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centered and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  12. ^ PDF “Our delight is for the amir of the English”: a Bornoan history of the First World War (North
  13. ^ A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583 By Rémi Dewière
  14. ^ Osmanlı Belgelerinde: Trablusgarb. İstanbul: T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü: Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Yayın Nu.: 125, 2013, A. DVNS. MHM. D, 62/276, 80-81. 346 Cengiz Orhonlu, “Osmanlı-Bornu Münâsebetine Âid Belgeler,” İstanbul Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, Sayı 23, (Mart, 1969): 119-120.
  15. ^ Title: Fezzan Author: Rachel Simon Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0007740 Language: English First-online: 01 Oct 2010 ISSN: 1878-9781 Publisher: Brill
  16. ^ 31Froment de Champlagarde, Blondy (ed.), Histoire abrégée…, op. cit., p. 45; Bradford Martin, “Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the suppression of the Fazzan slave trade, 1881-1896”, Africa (Roma), 38 (4), 1983, p. 562.
  17. ^ THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM-BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by SÉBASTIEN FLYNN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2015
  18. ^ Libya, Chad, and the Central Sahara, by John Wright, pg 46
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