Raymond Bernard Evans (4 Februari 1915 – 15 Februari 2007) adalah seorang penulis lagu asal Amerika Serikat. Ia bersama-sama menyusun lagu dan menulis lirik bersama Jay Livingston, dikenal karena lagu-lagu yang mereka buat untuk film. Evans menulis liriknya dan Livingston untuk lagu-lagunya.[1]
Biografi
Evans terlahir dari keluarga Yahudi[2] di Salamanca, New York, dari pasangan Philip dan Frances Lipsitz Evans.[3] Dia adalah penulis pidato perpisahan kelas SMA-nya, di mana dia bermain klarinet di band. Buku tahunan Salamanca High School dari tahun 1931 menyatakan: "Tema aslinya dan ceramah lisannya yang brilian adalah keputusasaan teman sekelasnya. Ray juga cukup humoris. Kadang satirnya positif membunuh."[4] Ia menerima gelar sarjana dalam Ekonomi dari Wharton School University of Pennsylvania pada tahun 1936, menulis tesis senior tentang "Hubungan antara bank sentral, bank anggota dan pasar uang ."[1]
Evans bertemu Jay Livingston saat menjadi mahasiswa di Penn. Bersama-sama mereka bermain di orkestra tari perguruan tinggi Universitas, "The Continentals." Selama liburan sekolah orkestra dilibatkan untuk bermain di beberapa kapal pesiar internasional. Setelah lulus duo tersebut melanjutkan kemitraan mereka, mencari karier sebagai tim penulisan lagu di New York dan kemudian Hollywood.[5] Istirahat besar pertama mereka terjadi setelah mengikuti audisi untuk komedian Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson pada tahun 1939. Lagu mereka "G'Bye Now" berhasil masuk ke revue Broadway Olsen and Johnson Hellzapoppin. Pada tahun 1946 Livingston dan Evans menandatangani kontrak dengan Paramount Studios di Hollywood.[6]
Livingston dan Evans, keduanya anggota ASCAP, memenangkan tiga Academy Awards,[7] pada tahun 1948 untuk lagu "Buttons and Bows", yang ditulis untuk film The Paleface; pada tahun 1950 untuk lagu "Mona Lisa", yang ditulis untuk film Captain Carey, U.S.A.; dan 1956 untuk lagu "Whatever Will Be, Que Sera Sera, yang ditampilkan di film Alfred Hitchcock The Man Who Knew Too Much dan dinyanyikan oleh Doris Day. Lagu populer lainnya yang ia dan Livingston tulis untuk sebuah film adalah lagu "Tammy", yang ditulis untuk film 1957 Tammy and the Bachelor. Lagu tersebut dinominasikan untuk Academy Award untuk Best Song. Livingston dan Evans juga menulis tema TV populer untuk pertunjukan termasuk Bonanza dan Mister Ed. Lagu Natal mereka "Silver Bells yang ditujukan untuk film Bob Hope tahun 1951 The Lemon Drop Kid, telah menjadi standar Natal.[8]
Evans muncul sebagai dirinya sendiri dengan Livingston di Sunset Blvd. (1950) di pesta malam Tahun Baru.
Pada tahun 1958, tim penulisan lagu ini dinominasikan untuk Tony Award untuk musikal Oh, Captain!. Evans juga berkolaborasi secara terpisah dengan Michael Feinstein, Henry Mancini, Max Steiner, dan Victor Young. Lagu "Dear Heart" dari film tahun 1964 dengan nama yang sama ditulis oleh Livingston dan Evans bersama Henry Mancini; lagu tersebut dinominasikan untuk Oscar dan untuk Song of the Year Grammy Award, dan telah direkam beberapa kali, untuk Andy Williams, Jack Jones, dan Henry Mancini.
Peninggalan dan kematian
Evans adalah penerima dalam Songwriters Hall of Fame.[9] Ia dan Livingston memiliki bintang di Hollywood Walk of Fame.[10]
Dia meninggal pada usia 92 tahun di Los Angeles, California, pada ulang tahun ke 42 kematian Nat King Cole, yang telah membuat "Mona Lisa" begitu terkenal.[11] Ia menikah hampir 56 tahun dengan aktris, penulis, dan penulis drama Wyn Richie Evans.[12] Peninggalannya dipelihara dan dikembangkan oleh Ray and Wyn Ritchie Evans Foundation di Culver City, California. Teater Ray Evans Seneca di kota asalnya di Salamanca, NY dinamai menurut namanya.
Karya
Ray Evans menulis lebih dari 700 lagu untuk film, pentas, dan televisi. Sebagian besar bersama dengan rekan penulis Jay Livingston.[13]
Karya untuk film
Tanggal
|
Film
|
Produksi
|
Lagu
|
1941
|
Secrets of a Co-Ed
|
Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)
|
Brazilly Willy
|
1944
|
I Accuse My Parents
|
Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)
|
- Are You Happy In Your Work?
- Love Came Between Us
- Where Can You Be?
|
1944
|
Swing Hostess
|
Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)
|
- I'll Eat My Hat
- I've Got An Invitation
- Let's Capture This Moment
- Music To My Ears
- Say It With Love
- Swing Hostess
- The Highway Polka
|
1944
|
Why Girls Leave Home
|
Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)
|
- Call Me
- The Cat and The Canary
- What Am I Sayin'?
|
1945
|
Crime, Inc.
|
Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)
|
- I'm Guilty
- Lonely Little Camera Girl
|
1945
|
Kitty
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Kitty
|
1945
|
People Are Funny
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Hey Jose
|
1945
|
The Stork Club
|
Paramount Pictures
|
A Square In The Social Circle
|
1946
|
Double Rhythm
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Have The Last Kiss On Me
|
1946
|
Monsieur Beaucaire
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- A Coach and Four
- Warm As Wine
- We'll Drink Every Drop In The Shop
|
1946
|
My Favorite Brunette
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Beside You
- My Favorite Brunette
|
1946
|
To Each His Own
|
Paramount Pictures
|
To Each His Own
|
1947
|
Champagne For Two
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Ho! Ho! Jose!
|
1947
|
Dream Girl
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Dream Girl
- Drunk With Love
|
1947
|
Easy Come, Easy Go
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Easy Come, Easy Go
|
1947
|
Golden Earrings
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Golden Earrings
|
1947
|
Paris In The Spring
|
Paramount Pictures
|
At The Carnival
|
1947
|
Smooth Sailing
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Great Feeling
|
1947
|
The Big Clock
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Big Clock
|
1947
|
The Imperfect Lady
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Piccadilly Tilly
|
1947
|
Whispering Smith
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Laramie
|
1948
|
Beyond Glory
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Beyond Glory
|
1948
|
Catalina Interlude
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Catalina
|
1948
|
Isn't It Romantic?
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- At The Nickelodeon
- I Shoulda Quit When I Was Ahead
- I Think of You
- Indiana Dinner
- Miss Julie July
- Wonderin' When
|
1948
|
Sorrowful Jones
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Havin' A Wonderful Wish (Time You Were Here)
- Rock-a-Bye Bangtail
|
1948
|
Speed to Spare
|
Pine-Thomas Productions-Paramount Pictures
|
Golden Earrings
|
1948
|
The Paleface
|
Paramount Pictures
|
|
1949
|
Bride of Vengeance
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Give My Love
- Give Thy Love
- The Wine of Old Giuseppe
|
1949
|
Copper Canyon
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Copper Canyon
|
1949
|
Dear Wife
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Dear Wife
- Havin' A Wonderful Wish (Time You Were Here)
- My Own True Love
|
1949
|
My Friend Irma
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Here's To Love
- Just For Fun
- My Friend Irma
- My Own, My Only, My All
|
1949
|
Paid In Full
|
Paramount Pictures
|
You're Wonderful
|
1949
|
Song of Surrender
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Song of Surrender
|
1949
|
Streets of Laredo
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Streets of Laredo
|
1949
|
Sunset Blvd.
|
Paramount Pictures
|
|
1949
|
The Great Lover
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- A Thousand Violins
- Lucky Us
|
1949
|
The Heiress
|
Paramount Pictures
|
My Love Loves Me
|
1950
|
Ace In The Hole
|
Paramount Pictures
|
We're Coming Leo
|
1950
|
Captain Carey, U.S.A.
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Mona Lisa
|
1950
|
Fancy Pants
|
Paramount Pictures
|
|
1950
|
Lucy Gallant
|
Paramount Pictures
|
How Can I Tell Her?
|
1950
|
My Friend Irma Goes West
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Baby, Obey Me!
- I'll Always Love You (Day After Day)
- Singing a Vagabond Song
- The Fiddle and Gittar Band
|
1950
|
No Man of Her Own
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Lie
|
1950
|
Samson and Delilah
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Song of Delilah
|
1950
|
The Furies
|
Paramount Pictures
|
T.C. Round-Up Time
|
1950
|
The Redhead and the Cowboy
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Trav'lin' Free
|
1951
|
Aaron Slick from Punkin Crick
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Chores
- I'd Like To Baby You
- Life Is A Beautiful Thing
- Marshmallow Moon
- My Beloved
- Purt' Nigh, But Not Plumb
- Saturday Night In Punkin Crick
- Soda Shop
- Step Right Up
- Still Water
- The Spider and the Fly
- Why Should I Believe In Love?
- Will You Be At Home In Heaven?
|
1951
|
Anything Can Happen
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Love Laughs At Kings
|
1951
|
Crosswinds
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Crosswinds
|
1951
|
Here Comes The Groom
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Bonne Nuit
- Here Comes The Groom
- Misto Cristofo Columbo
- Your Own Little House
|
1951
|
My Favorite Spy
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Just A Moment More
|
1951
|
Rhubarb
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Friendly Finance Company
- It's A Priv'lege To Live In Brooklyn
|
1951
|
Sangaree
|
Pine Thomas Productions-Paramount Pictures
|
Sangaree
|
1951
|
Somebody Loves Me
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Honey, Oh, My Honey
- Love Her!
- Love Him!
- Thanks To You
|
1951
|
Son of Paleface
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- California Rose
- What A Dirty Shame
- Wing-Ding Tonight
|
1951
|
That's My Boy
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Ridgeville Fight Song
|
1951
|
The Lemon Drop Kid
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- It Doesn't Cost A Dime To Dream
- Silver Bells
- They Obviously Want Me To Sing
|
1951
|
When Worlds Collide
|
Paramount Pictures
|
When Worlds Collide
|
1952
|
Houdini
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Golden Years
|
1952
|
Off Limits
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- All About Love
- Right or Wrong
- The Military Policeman
|
1952
|
The Stars Are Singing
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Haven't Got A Worry
- I Do! I Do! I Do!
- I Don't See What You See In Me
- Lovely Weather For Ducks
- My Heart Is Home
- My Kind of Day
- Woof
|
1952
|
Those Redheads from Seattle
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Mister Banjo Man
|
1952
|
Thunder In The East
|
Paramount Pictures
|
The Ruby and the Pearl
|
1952
|
What Price Glory
|
20th Century Fox
|
- All My Love
- My Love, My Life
- You and Me Together
|
1953
|
Here Come The Girls
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Ali Baba
- Don't Take My Heart
- Girls!
- Heavenly Days
- Here Come The Girls
- It's Torment
- Never So Beautiful
- See The Circus
- When You Love Someone
- Ya Got Class!
|
1953
|
Red Garters
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- A Dime and a Dollar
- Bad News
- Brave Man
- Ginger Pete
- Good Intentions
- Lady Killer
- Let Me Love You
- Man and Woman
- Meet A Happy Guy
- Red Garters
- The Robin Randall Song
- This Is Greater Than I Thought
- Vaquero!
|
1954
|
Casanova's Big Night
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Pretty Mandolin
|
1954
|
Mister Roberts
|
Warner Bros.
|
Let Me Hear You Whisper
|
1954
|
Sabrina
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Dream Girl
|
1954
|
Three Ring Circus
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Hey, Punchinello
|
1955
|
Raw Wind in Eden
|
Universal International Pictures
|
The Magic Touch
|
1955
|
The Man Who Knew Too Much
|
Paramount Pictures
|
|
1955
|
The Second Greatest Sex
|
Universal International Pictures
|
The Second Greatest Sex
|
1956
|
Istanbul
|
Universal International Pictures
|
I Was A Little Too Lonely (And You Were A Little Too Late)
|
1956
|
Tammy and the Bachelor
|
Universal International Pictures
|
|
1956
|
The Mole People
|
Universal International Pictures
|
The Mole People
|
1956
|
The Scarlet Hour
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Never Let Me Go
|
1957
|
Omar Khayyam
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Tell My Love
- The Loves of Omar Khayyam
|
1957
|
Saddle the Wind
|
MGM
|
Saddle the Wind
|
1957
|
The James Dean Story
|
Warner Bros.
|
Let Me Be Loved
|
1957
|
This Happy Feeling
|
Universal International Pictures
|
This Happy Feeling
|
1958
|
Another Time Another Place
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Another Time Another Place
|
1958
|
Girls On The Loose
|
Universal Pictures
|
I Was A Little Too Lonely (And You Were A Little Too Late)
|
1958
|
Houseboat
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Almost In Your Arms
- Bing! Bang! Bong!
|
1958
|
Once Upon A Horse
|
Universal International Pictures
|
Once Upon A Horse
|
1958
|
The Big Beat
|
Universal International Pictures
|
As I Love You
|
1958
|
Vertigo
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Vertigo
|
1959
|
A Private's Affair
|
20th Century Fox
|
- 36-24-36
- If You're Willing to Be Mine
- Love Is A Private Affair
- The Same Old Army
- Warm and Willing
|
1959
|
The Blue Angel
|
20th Century Fox
|
Lola-Lola
|
1959
|
Take a Giant Step
|
United Artists
|
Take a Giant Step
|
1960
|
All Hands On Deck
|
20th Century Fox
|
- All Hands On Deck
- I Got It Made
- Little Friend
- Somewhere There's Home
- There's No One Like You
- You Mean Everything To Me
|
1961
|
The Two Little Bears
|
20th Century Fox
|
Honey Bear
|
1961
|
Too Late Blues
|
Paramount Pictures
|
- Free
- How Shall We Begin?
- Love Is Mardis Gras
- Moonlight In Mexico
- More and More Amor
- Take Your Time
- That's Loneliness
- Those Bad Old Days
- Three Dollar Bill
|
1962
|
Krazy Kat
|
King Features-Paramount
|
- Kolin Kelly
- Krazy Kat
- Mrs. Kwakk-Kwakk
- Offissa Pup
|
1962
|
Wait Until Dark
|
Warner Bros.
|
Wait Until Dark
|
1964
|
Dear Heart
|
Warner Bros.
|
Dear Heart
|
1964
|
Tammy and the Doctor
|
Universal Pictures
|
Tammy
|
1964
|
Those Calloways
|
Walt Disney
|
Angel
|
1964
|
Youngblood Hawke
|
Warner Bros.
|
On My Way (The Youngblood Hawke theme)
|
1965
|
Charade
|
Universal Pictures
|
Punch and Judy
|
1965
|
Harlow
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Lonely Girl
|
1965
|
Never Too Late
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Never Too Late
|
1965
|
The Night of the Grizzly
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Angela
|
1965
|
The Third Day
|
Warner Bros.
|
Love Me Now
|
1966
|
Arabesque
|
Universal Pictures
|
We've Loved Before
|
1966
|
Is Paris Burning?
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Paris Smiles
|
1966
|
The Oscar
|
Embassy Pictures
|
- Maybe September
- The Glass Mountain
|
1966
|
This Property is Condemned
|
Paramount Pictures
|
Wish Me A Rainbow
|
1966
|
Torn Curtain
|
Universal International Pictures
|
The Green Years
|
1966
|
What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?
|
United Artists
|
In the Arms of Love
|
1976
|
The Far Side of Paradise
|
New World Pictures
|
Foxtrot
|
1976
|
W.C. Fields and Me
|
Universal International Pictures
|
The Joke's On Me
|
1984
|
The Secret Diary of Sigmund Freud
|
20th Century Fox
|
Angel In The Night
|
1986
|
Mona Lisa
|
Handmade Film and Palace Productions
|
Mona Lisa
|
Karya untuk pentas
Tanggal
|
Musikal
|
Produksi
|
Lagu
|
1940
|
Hellzapoppin'
|
Olsen and Johnson
|
- Bounce
- G'bye Now
- My Heart's On Ice
- My Heartzapoppin'
- The Window Wiper Song
|
1941
|
Sons o' Fun
|
Olsen and Johnson
|
Additional Music by Jay Levinson and Ray Evans
|
1942
|
New Hellzapoppin' of 1943
|
Olsen and Johnson
|
Hellzapoppin' Polka
|
1951
|
I Love Lydia
|
Players Ring, Hollywood, California
|
- Gee, It's Gonna Be Wonderful
- Give The Little Girls A Great Big Hand
- I Love Lydia
- I Was Waiting for You
- I Wouldn't Have Had To
- Let Me Put It This Way
- Leçon de danse
- My Most Delectable Dream
- One Last Fling
- Riviera
- The Order of the Garter
- Viva La Buck
- Viva La Duel
|
1954
|
Oh, Captain!
|
Alvin Theatre
|
- A Very Proper Town
- All Over Again
- All The Time
- Anywhere But Here
- Captain Henry St. James
- Double Standard
- Femininity
- Give It All You Got
- Hey, Madame
- I've Been There (And I'm Back)
- It's Never Quite The Same
- Life Does A Man A Favor
- Love Is Hell
- Oh Captain Prologue
- Oh Captain! (Overture)
- Surprise
- The Morning Music of Montmartre
- Three Paradises
- We're Not Children
- You Don't Know Him
- You're So Right For Me
|
1954
|
That's Life
|
Los Angeles Revue
|
- Chihuahua Choo-Choo
- Clink, Clank, Clunk
- The Livin' Lovin' Doll
|
1961
|
Let It Ride
|
Eugene O'Neill Theater
|
- Broads Ain't People
- Ev'rything Beautiful
- Happy Birthday Erwin!
- He Needs You
- Hey Jimmy Joe John Jim Jack
- His Own Little Island
- I Wouldn't Have Had To
- I Wouldn't Settle for Less
- I'll Learn Ya
- If Flutterby Wins
- It Just Didn't Happen That Way
- Just An Honest Mistake
- Let It Ride!
- Love, Let Me Know
- Run! Run! Run!
- The Best Undressed Girl In Town
- The Nicest Thing
- There's Something About A Horse
- Who's Doing What To Erwin?
- You're The Nicest Thing
|
1976
|
Kentucky Lucky
|
Unproduced
|
- Any Other Way
- Country Mornin' Young
- East To Asheville, South To Atlanta
- Firin' Up The Seminole Express
- Kentucky Lucky
- Put It In A Box
- The Female He-Male Hoedown Song
- The Single Girl
- This Is Home
|
1979
|
Sugar Babies
|
Mark Hellinger Theatre
|
- Sugar Baby Bounce
- Warm and Willing
|
1984
|
The Italian Look
|
Unproduced
|
- Afternoon In Athens
- All About Women
- Cara Mia
- It's In To Be In
- Just As You Are
- Kind O' Nice
- Look-A-Here Joe
- See Ya, Love Ya
- The Four Generals
- The Garbage Disposal
- The Italian Look (Finale)
- Viva La Difference
|
1984
|
West of East
|
Unproduced
|
- Almost In Love
- Broken Promises
- That's What I'm Afraid Of
- The Day After Tomorrow
- West of East
- What Am I Afraid Of
- Wild West Showing
|
1987
|
The Red Parasol
|
Unproduced
|
- Bon! Bon! Bon!
- It Just Didn't Happen That Way
- Tango For Lechers
- The Natives Are Restless Tonight
- The Red Parasol
- The Story
- Yes
|
1987
|
What Fools These Mortals Be
|
Unproduced
|
- Brotherhood
- It's A Miracle
- Let's Be Lovers
- Let's Paint The Whole World With Love
- Love Is Blind
- Lysander Loves Hermia, Helena Loves Demetrius
- Unfair!
|
1988
|
The Odyssey of Runyon Jones
|
Valley Music Theater
|
- Don't Brother Me
- I Gave You A River
- I Got A Plan
- Law and Order
- Old Gypsy Man
- Pootsy
- The Book of Regulations
- The Odyssey of Runyon Jones
- What Is A Dog?
- What Is A Robot?
|
1990
|
The Passions of Perichole
|
Unproduced
|
- As The Bird Flies
- But I Miss Him
- For The Man I Love
- I Need Your Love
- I'll Make Every Moment Me
- Mother Earth
- Soul Music
- That's Where I Belong
- The Battle Hymn of Him And Her
- The Poor Proud People of Peru
- The World Belongs To Me
- What Can I Do That's New
- What Has She Got
|
Karya untuk Televisi
Referensi
- ^ a b Ray Evans papers, 1921-2012, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Bloom, Nate (2006-12-19). "The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs". InterfaithFamily. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-19.
- ^ "NNDB". Diakses tanggal 29 September 2014.
- ^ The Seneca. Salamanca, NY: Published by the senior class of Salamanca High School. 1931.
- ^ Whorf, Michael (2012). American Popular Song Lyricists: Oral Histories, 1920s-1960s. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
- ^ Gottlieb, Robert and Robert Kimball, eds. (2002). Reading Lyrics. New York: Pantheon Books.
- ^ Spencer Leigh (19 October 2001). "Obituary: Jay Livingston". The Independent. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-27.
- ^ Furia, Philip & Lasser, Michael (2006). America's Songs: The Stories Behind the Songs of Broadway, Hollywood, and Tin Pan Alley. Routledge. hlm. 233.
- ^ "Ray Evans". Songwritershalloffame.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-08-02.
- ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-04. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Que Sera composer Ray Evans dies". BBC News. 2007-02-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-17.
- ^ "Wyn Ritchie Evans: Performer, Wife of Ray Evans (obituary)". Variety. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2014.
- ^ The Ray and Wyn Ritchie Evans Foundation Official Website
Pranala luar
- Ray Evans di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
- The Ray and Wyn Ritchie Evans Foundation Official Website
- Ray Evans papers, 1921-2012, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.
- Obituary, The Guardian, 20 Februari 2007
- Obituary Diarsipkan 2007-02-22 di Wayback Machine., The Independent, 20 Februari 2007
- Obituary[pranala nonaktif permanen], The Telegraph, 20 Februari 2007
- Obituary, The New York Times, 17 Februari 2007
|
---|
Umum | |
---|
Perpustakaan nasional | |
---|
Lain-lain | |
---|