Qiaopi

Qiaopi (Hanzi sederhana: 侨批; Hanzi tradisional: 僑批) atau Fanpi (Hanzi: 番批), terdiri dari sepucuk surat dan uang yang dikirim oleh warga Tionghoa perantauan kepada keluarga mereka di Tiongkok.[1] Kiriman uang (qiaohui) atau perak atau uang (pikuan) dikirim bersama sepucuk surat (pixin) dalam satu amplop.[2] Hal ini membedakan qiaopi dari bentuk korespondensi lainnya seperti pos. Qiaopi kadang-kadang disebut sebagai zhengpi ("main pi")[1] atau surat-surat perak (银信; yin xin).[3]
Pada kesempatan tertentu, seperti pemberitahuan kematian, qiaopi mungkin hanya berupa surat tanpa disertai uang. Dalam kasus seperti itu, qiaopi akan disebut sebagai "baixin" (surat tanpa uang). Hanya dalam kesempatan yang sangat langka sepucuk "baixin" berisi uang.[4]
Pada tahun 2012, qiaopi ditambahkan ke Daftar Warisan Ingatan Dunia Asia-Pasifik dan pada tahun 2013, ditambahkan ke Daftar Warisan Ingatan Dunia Internasional.[5][6]
Lihat pula
Referensi
Kutipan
- ^ a b Benton & Liu (2018), hlm. 3.
- ^ Benton & Liu (2018), hlm. 6.
- ^ Kua (2019), hlm. 642.
- ^ Benton & Liu (2018), hlm. 7.
- ^ "Qiaopi and Yinxin: Correspondence and Remittance Documents from Overseas (2012) - Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific". www.mowcapunesco.org (dalam bahasa American English). 2014-11-04. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-02.
- ^ "Qiaopi and Yinxin Correspondence and Remittance Documents from Overseas Chinese | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". 2017-02-16. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-02-16. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-02.
Bibliography
- Benton, Gregor; Liu, Hong (2018). Dear China: Emigrant Letters and Remittances, 1820–1980. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29841-5.
- Benton, Gregor; Liu, Hong; Zhang, Huimei (2021). The Qiaopi trade and transnational networks in the Chinese diaspora. Chinese worlds. Abingdon New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-44510-2..
- "Climate of Singapore |". www.weather.gov.sg. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-01.
- Harris, Lane J. (2015). "Overseas Chinese Remittance Firms, the Limits of State Sovereignty, and Transnational Capitalism in East and Southeast Asia, 1850s-1930s". The Journal of Asian Studies. 74 (1): 129–151. doi:10.1017/S0021911814001697. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 43553647.
- Kim, JongHo (2018). "Between cooperation and survival: Overseas Chinese remittance business in Chaoshan during the Japanese occupation (1939-1945)". Social Transformations in Chinese Societies. 14 (2): 79–96. doi:10.1108/STICS-04-2018-0007. ISSN 1871-2673.
- Kua, Bak Lim (2019). "Money by Mail to China: Qiaopi and Chinese Remittance in Singapore". Dalam Kwa, Chong Guan; Kua, Bak Lim (ed.). A General History of the Chinese in Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. hlm. 637–652. ISBN 978-981-327-763-2.
- Liu, Hong; Benton, Gregor (2016). "The "Qiaopi" Trade and Its Role in Modern China and the Chinese Diaspora: Toward an Alternative Explanation of "Transnational Capitalism"". The Journal of Asian Studies. 75 (3): 575–594. doi:10.1017/S0021911816000541. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 44166279.
- Liu, Hong; Zhang, Huimei (2020). "Singapore as a nexus of migration corridors: The qiaopi system and diasporic heritage". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 29 (2): 207–226. doi:10.1177/0117196820933435. hdl:10356/152908. ISSN 0117-1968.
- "Qiaopi and Yinxin: Correspondence and Remittance Documents from Overseas (2012) - Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific". www.mowcapunesco.org (dalam bahasa American English). 2014-11-04. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-01.
- "Qiaopi and Yinxin Correspondence and Remittance Documents from Overseas Chinese | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". 2017-02-16. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 16 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-01.
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