Jolly Roger
Jolly Roger adalah bendera kapal yang dikibarkan oleh kapal pembajak sebelum atau saat serangan, pada awal abad ke-18 (paruh akhir Zaman Keemasan Pembajakan). Kebanyakan bendera semacam itu mengibarkan motif tengkorak manusia, atau “Death's Head”, seringkali disertai oleh unsur lain, pada bidang hitam, terkadang disebut "bendera Death's Head" atau "bendera hitam".
Bendera yang paling umum diidentifikasikan sebagai Jolly Roger pada saat ini – lambang tengkorak dan tulang silang pada bendera hitam – dipakai pada 1710an oleh sejumlah kapten pembajak, yang meliputi Samuel Bellamy, Edward England, dan John Taylor. Lambang tersebut menjadi bendera pembajak yang paling umum dipakai pada 1720an, meskipun rancangan lain juga dipakai.
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ "Cabinet of Curiosities". sjofartsmuseum.ax. Åland Maritime Museum. February 2018. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2024.
Daftar pustaka
Buku
- Allaway, Jim (2004). Hero of the Upholder. Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-23-5.
- Admiralty (1997). His Majesty's Submarines. World War II Monographs. Vol. 401 (Edisi 3rd). Merriam Press.
- Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). Submarines at War 1939–45. Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-22-7.
- Mackay, Richard (September 2003). A Precarious Existence: British Submarines in World War I. Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-17-0.
- Simpson, Andy (3 January 2014). Why Would Anyone Want to Swing a Cat?: ... and 499 other questions. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. hlm. 163–64. ISBN 978-1849019477.
- Sumner, Ian (2001-10-25). The Royal Navy 1939–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-195-8.
- Williamson, Gordon (2007). U-Boats Vs Destroyer Escorts: The Battle of the Atlantic. Duel Series. Vol. 3. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-133-5.
Jurnal dan artikel berita
- Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 April 2003). "Cruise missile sub back in UK". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2010.
- Richards, Bill; Smith, Peter (December 2006). "Onslow's Jolly Roger". Signals (77). Australian National Maritime Museum: 10–12. ISSN 1033-4688.
Situs web
- Bartelski, Andrzej S. "Dzik – Operational history". Polish Navy Homepage 1939–1947. Polish Navy. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 31 March 2014. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2010.
- Bartelski, Andrzej S. "Sokol – Operational history". Polish Navy Homepage 1939–1947. Polish Navy. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 7 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2010.
- "Submariners – Traditions and Values". Defence Jobs. Australian Defence Force. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2 August 2008. Diakses tanggal 24 March 2010.
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