CRISPR

CRISPR (Bahasa Inggris: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, dilafalkan crisper^[2]) adalah bagian dari DNA prokariota yang mengandung urutan dasar pendek, berulang. Dalam suatu pengulangan palindrom, urutan nukleotida adalah sama dalam kedua arah. Setiap pengulangan diikuti oleh bagian pendek DNA pengatur jarak dari paparan sebelumnya oleh DNA asing (yakni suatu virus atau plasmid).^[3] Kelompok kecil dari gen cas (CRISPR-associated system) terletak di samping urutan CRISPR.

Sistem CRISPR/Cas adalah suatu sistem kekebalan prokariota yang memberikan perlawanan terhadap elemen genetik asing seperti yang hadir dalam plasmid dan bakteriofag^[4]^[5]^[6] yang menyediakan bentuk sistem imun adaptif. RNA menyimpan urutan pengatur jarak yang membantu protein Cas mengenali dan memotong DNA eksogen. Protein Cas yang dipandu RNA lainnya memotong RNA asing.^[7] CRISPR ditemukan dalam sekitar 40% dari genom bakteri yang telah disekuensing dan 90% arkea yang telah disekuensing.^[8]^{[note 1]}

Versi sederhana CRISPR/Cas yang disebut CRISPR/Cas9 telah digunakan untuk memodifikasi genom. Genom sel dapat dipotong ke tempat yang diinginkan, sehingga gen yang ada dapat dihilangkan dan yang baru ditambahkan.^[9]^[10]^[11] Teknik ini dapat digunakan untuk berbagai macam hal, dari kedokteran hingga peningkatan mutu bibit.^[12]^[13]

Lihat juga

Catatan

^ 71/79 Archaea, 463/1008 Bacteria CRISPRdb, Date: 19.6.2010 Diarsipkan May 16, 2015, di Wayback Machine.

Referensi

^ Horvath P, Barrangou R (January 2010). "CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea". Science. 327 (5962): 167–70. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..167H. doi:10.1126/Science.1179555. PMID 20056882.
^ Sawyer E (9 February 2013). "Editing Genomes with the Bacterial Immune System". Scitable. Nature Publishing Group. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2015.
^ Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (March 2010). "CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea". Nature Reviews Genetics. 11 (3): 181–90. doi:10.1038/nrg2749. PMC 2928866 . PMID 20125085.
^ Redman M, King A, Watson C, King D (August 2016). "What is CRISPR/Cas9?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition. 101 (4): 213–5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459. PMID 27059283.
^ Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P (March 2007). "CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes". Science. 315 (5819): 1709–12. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1709B. doi:10.1126/science.1138140. PMID 17379808. (perlu mendaftar)
^ Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (December 2008). "CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA". Science. 322 (5909): 1843–5. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1843M. doi:10.1126/science.1165771. PMC 2695655 . PMID 19095942.
^ Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems". Science. 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. PMID 27493190.
^ Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C (May 2007). "The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats". BMC Bioinformatics. 8: 172. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-172. PMC 1892036 . PMID 17521438.
^ Ledford, Heidi (3 June 2015). "CRISPR, the disruptor". News Feature. Nature. 522 (7554).
^ Snyder B (21 August 2014). "New technique accelerates genome editing process". research news @ Vanderbilt. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University.
^ Hendel A, Bak RO, Clark JT, Kennedy AB, Ryan DE, Roy S, Steinfeld I, Lunstad BD, Kaiser RJ, Wilkens AB, Bacchetta R, Tsalenko A, Dellinger D, Bruhn L, Porteus MH (September 2015). "Chemically modified guide RNAs enhance CRISPR-Cas genome editing in human primary cells". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (9): 985–9. doi:10.1038/nbt.3290. PMC 4729442 . PMID 26121415.
^ Ledford H (March 2016). "CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning". Nature. 531 (7593): 156–9. doi:10.1038/531156a. PMID 26961639.
^ Maxmen A (August 2015). "The Genesis Engine". WIRED. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-05.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

CRISPR-Cas: A Laboratory Manual Edited by Jennifer Doudna, University of California, Berkeley; Prashant Mali, University of California, San Diego
Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (August 2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems". Science. 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. PMID 27493190.
Sander JD, Joung JK (April 2014). "CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (4): 347–55. doi:10.1038/nbt.2842. PMID 24584096.
Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F (January 2016). "Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity". Science. 351 (6268): 84–8. doi:10.1126/science.aad5227. PMC 4714946 . PMID 26628643.
Terns RM, Terns MP (March 2014). "CRISPR-based technologies: prokaryotic defense weapons repurposed". Trends in Genetics. 30 (3): 111–8. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.01.003. PMID 24555991.
Westra ER, Buckling A, Fineran PC (May 2014). "CRISPR-Cas systems: beyond adaptive immunity". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 12 (5): 317–26. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3241. PMID 24704746.
Andersson AF, Banfield JF (May 2008). "Virus population dynamics and acquired virus resistance in natural microbial communities". Science. 320 (5879): 1047–50. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1047A. doi:10.1126/science.1157358. PMID 18497291.
Hale C, Kleppe K, Terns RM, Terns MP (December 2008). "Prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs in Pyrococcus furiosus". RNA. 14 (12): 2572–9. doi:10.1261/rna.1246808. PMC 2590957 . PMID 18971321.
van der Ploeg JR (June 2009). "Analysis of CRISPR in Streptococcus mutans suggests frequent occurrence of acquired immunity against infection by M102-like bacteriophages". Microbiology. 155 (Pt 6): 1966–76. doi:10.1099/mic.0.027508-0. PMID 19383692.
van der Oost J, Brouns SJ (November 2009). "RNAi: prokaryotes get in on the act". Cell. 139 (5): 863–5. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.018. PMID 19945373.
Karginov FV, Hannon GJ (January 2010). "The CRISPR system: small RNA-guided defense in bacteria and archaea". Molecular Cell. 37 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.033. PMC 2819186 . PMID 20129051.
Pul U, Wurm R, Arslan Z, Geissen R, Hofmann N, Wagner R (March 2010). "Identification and characterization of E. coli CRISPR-cas promoters and their silencing by H-NS". Molecular Microbiology. 75 (6): 1495–512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07073.x. PMID 20132443.
Díez-Villaseñor C, Almendros C, García-Martínez J, Mojica FJ (May 2010). "Diversity of CRISPR loci in Escherichia coli". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 5): 1351–61. doi:10.1099/mic.0.036046-0. PMID 20133361.
Deveau H, Garneau JE, Moineau S (2010). "CRISPR/Cas system and its role in phage-bacteria interactions". Annual Review of Microbiology. 64: 475–93. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134123. PMID 20528693.
Koonin EV, Makarova KS (December 2009). "CRISPR-Cas: an adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes". F1000 Biology Reports. 1: 95. doi:10.3410/B1-95. PMC 2884157 . PMID 20556198.
"The age of the red pen". The Economist. August 22, 2015. ISSN 0013-0613. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-25.

Pranala luar

Jennifer Doudna talk: Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough Technology

[9] 71/79 Archaea, 463/1008 Bacteria CRISPRdb, Date: 19.6.2010 Diarsipkan May 16, 2015, di Wayback Machine.

[pmid20056882-1] Horvath P, Barrangou R (January 2010). "CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea". Science. 327 (5962): 167–70. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..167H. doi:10.1126/Science.1179555. PMID 20056882.

[sawyer2013-2] Sawyer E (9 February 2013). "Editing Genomes with the Bacterial Immune System". Scitable. Nature Publishing Group. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2015.

[pmid20125085-3] Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (March 2010). "CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea". Nature Reviews Genetics. 11 (3): 181–90. doi:10.1038/nrg2749. PMC 2928866 . PMID 20125085.

[4] Redman M, King A, Watson C, King D (August 2016). "What is CRISPR/Cas9?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition. 101 (4): 213–5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459. PMID 27059283.

[pmid17379808-5] Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P (March 2007). "CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes". Science. 315 (5819): 1709–12. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1709B. doi:10.1126/science.1138140. PMID 17379808. (perlu mendaftar)

[pmid19095942-6] Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (December 2008). "CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA". Science. 322 (5909): 1843–5. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1843M. doi:10.1126/science.1165771. PMC 2695655 . PMID 19095942.

[Mohanraju2016-7] Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems". Science. 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. PMID 27493190.

[pmid17521438-8] Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C (May 2007). "The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats". BMC Bioinformatics. 8: 172. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-172. PMC 1892036 . PMID 17521438.

[nature99-10] Ledford, Heidi (3 June 2015). "CRISPR, the disruptor". News Feature. Nature. 522 (7554).

[vb99-11] Snyder B (21 August 2014). "New technique accelerates genome editing process". research news @ Vanderbilt. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University.

[pmid26121415-12] Hendel A, Bak RO, Clark JT, Kennedy AB, Ryan DE, Roy S, Steinfeld I, Lunstad BD, Kaiser RJ, Wilkens AB, Bacchetta R, Tsalenko A, Dellinger D, Bruhn L, Porteus MH (September 2015). "Chemically modified guide RNAs enhance CRISPR-Cas genome editing in human primary cells". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (9): 985–9. doi:10.1038/nbt.3290. PMC 4729442 . PMID 26121415.

[13] Ledford H (March 2016). "CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning". Nature. 531 (7593): 156–9. doi:10.1038/531156a. PMID 26961639.

[14] Maxmen A (August 2015). "The Genesis Engine". WIRED. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-05.

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[note 1]

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